The A-repeat links ASF/SF2-dependent Xist RNA processing with random choice during X inactivation (original) (raw)

References

  1. Lyon, M.F. Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L). Nature 190, 372–373 (1961).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  2. Martin, G.R. et al. X-chromosome inactivation during differentiation of female teratocarcinoma stem cells in vitro. Nature 271, 329–333 (1978).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  3. Avner, P. & Heard, E. X-chromosome inactivation: counting, choice and initiation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 59–67 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  4. Marahrens, Y., Loring, J. & Jaenisch, R. Role of the Xist gene in X chromosome choosing. Cell 92, 657–664 (1998).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  5. Gribnau, J., Luikenhuis, S., Hochedlinger, K., Monkhorst, K. & Jaenisch, R. X chromosome choice occurs independently of asynchronous replication timing. J. Cell Biol. 168, 365–373 (2005).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  6. Lee, J.T., Davidow, L.S. & Warshawsky, D. Tsix, a gene antisense to Xist at the X-inactivation centre. Nat. Genet. 21, 400–404 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  7. Luikenhuis, S., Wutz, A. & Jaenisch, R. Antisense transcription through the Xist locus mediates Tsix function in embryonic stem cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 8512–8520 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  8. Wutz, A. & Jaenisch, R. A shift from reversible to irreversible X inactivation is triggered during ES cell differentiation. Mol. Cell 5, 695–705 (2000).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  9. Panning, B. & Jaenisch, R. DNA hypomethylation can activate Xist expression and silence X-linked genes. Genes Dev. 10, 1991–2002 (1996).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  10. Sheardown, S.A. et al. Stabilization of Xist RNA mediates initiation of X chromosome inactivation. Cell 91, 99–107 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  11. Wutz, A., Rasmussen, T.P. & Jaenisch, R. Chromosomal silencing and localization are mediated by different domains of Xist RNA. Nat. Genet. 30, 167–174 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  12. Hoki, Y. et al. A proximal conserved repeat in the Xist gene is essential as a genomic element for X-inactivation in mouse. Development 136, 139–146 (2009).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  13. Cattanach, B.M. & Rasberry, C. Identification of the Mus castaneus Xce allele. Mouse Genome 92, 114–115 (1994).
    Google Scholar
  14. Panning, B., Dausman, J. & Jaenisch, R. X chromosome inactivation is mediated by Xist RNA stabilization. Cell 90, 907–916 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  15. Mlynarczyk-Evans, S. et al. X chromosomes alternate between two states prior to random X-inactivation. PLoS Biol. 4, e159 (2006).
    Article Google Scholar
  16. Lee, J.T. & Lu, N. Targeted mutagenesis of Tsix leads to nonrandom X inactivation. Cell 99, 47–57 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  17. Sun, B.K., Deaton, A.M. & Lee, J.T. A transient heterochromatic state in Xist preempts X inactivation choice without RNA stabilization. Mol. Cell 21, 617–628 (2006).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  18. Norris, D.P. et al. Evidence that random and imprinted Xist expression is controlled by preemptive methylation. Cell 77, 41–51 (1994).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  19. Brockdorff, N. et al. Conservation of position and exclusive expression of mouse Xist from the inactive X chromosome. Nature 351, 329–331 (1991).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  20. Brown, C.J. et al. The human XIST gene: analysis of a 17 kb inactive X-specific RNA that contains conserved repeats and is highly localized within the nucleus. Cell 71, 527–542 (1992).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  21. Perocchi, F., Xu, Z., Clauder-Munster, S. & Steinmetz, L.M. Antisense artifacts in transcriptome microarray experiments are resolved by actinomycin D. Nucleic Acids Res. 35, e128 (2007).
    Article Google Scholar
  22. Lin, S., Xiao, R., Sun, P., Xu, X. & Fu, X.D. Dephosphorylation-dependent sorting of SR splicing factors during mRNP maturation. Mol. Cell 20, 413–425 (2005).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  23. Fazzio, T. & Panning, B. Condensin complexes regulate mitotic progression and interphase chromatin structure in embryonic stem cells. J. Cell Biol. 188, 491–503 (2010).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  24. Mathews, D.H., Sabina, J., Zuker, M. & Turner, D.H. Expanded sequence dependence of thermodynamic parameters improves prediction of RNA secondary structure. J. Mol. Biol. 288, 911–940 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  25. Zuker, M. & Jacobson, A.B. “Well-determined” regions in RNA secondary structure prediction: analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2791–2798 (1995).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  26. Cartegni, L., Wang, J., Zhu, Z., Zhang, M.Q. & Krainer, A.R. ESEfinder: A web resource to identify exonic splicing enhancers. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3568–3571 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  27. Zhao, J., Sun, B.K., Erwin, J.A., Song, J.J. & Lee, J.T. Polycomb proteins targeted by a short repeat RNA to the mouse X chromosome. Science 322, 750–756 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  28. Maenner, S. et al. 2-D structure of the A region of Xist RNA and its implication for PRC2 association. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000276 (2010).
    Article Google Scholar
  29. Marahrens, Y., Panning, B., Dausman, J., Strauss, W. & Jaenisch, R. Xist-deficient mice are defective in dosage compensation but not spermatogenesis. Genes Dev. 11, 156–166 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  30. Sado, T., Hoki, Y. & Sasaki, H. Tsix silences Xist through modification of chromatin structure. Dev. Cell 9, 159–165 (2005).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  31. Csankovszki, G., Panning, B., Bates, B., Pehrson, J.R. & Jaenisch, R. Conditional deletion of Xist disrupts histone macroH2A localization but not maintenance of X inactivation. Nat. Genet. 22, 323–324 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  32. Heard, E. et al. Methylation of histone H3 at Lys-9 is an early mark on the X chromosome during X inactivation. Cell 107, 727–738 (2001).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  33. Rougeulle, C. et al. Differential histone H3 Lys-9 and Lys-27 methylation profiles on the X chromosome. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 5475–5484 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  34. Cartegni, L., Chew, S.L. & Krainer, A.R. Listening to silence and understanding nonsense: exonic mutations that affect splicing. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3, 285–298 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  35. Herzing, L.B., Romer, J.T., Horn, J.M. & Ashworth, A. Xist has properties of the X-chromosome inactivation centre. Nature [see comments] 386, 272–275 (1997).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  36. Lee, J.T., Lu, N. & Han, Y. Genetic analysis of the mouse X inactivation center defines an 80-kb multifunction domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3836–3841 (1999).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  37. Monkhorst, K., Jonkers, I., Rentmeester, E., Grosveld, F. & Gribnau, J. X inactivation counting and choice is a stochastic process: evidence for involvement of an X-linked activator. Cell 132, 410–421 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  38. Nesterova, T.B. et al. Skewing X chromosome choice by modulating sense transcription across the Xist locus. Genes Dev. 17, 2177–2190 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  39. Nesterova, T.B. et al. Dicer regulates Xist promoter methylation in ES cells indirectly through transcriptional control of Dnmt3a. Epigenetics Chromatin 1, 2 (2008).
    Article Google Scholar
  40. Sado, T., Hoki, Y. & Sasaki, H. Tsix defective in splicing is competent to establish Xist silencing. Development 133, 4925–4931 (2006).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  41. Shibata, S. & Lee, J.T. Characterization and quantitation of differential Tsix transcripts: implications for Tsix function. Hum. Mol. Genet. 12, 125–136 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  42. Wutz, A. & Gribnau, J. X inactivation Xplained. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 17, 387–393 (2007).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  43. Lee, J.T. Homozygous Tsix mutant mice reveal a sex-ratio distortion and revert to random X-inactivation. Nat. Genet. 32, 195–200 (2002).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  44. Blewitt, M.E. et al. SmcHD1, containing a structural-maintenance-of-chromosomes hinge domain, has a critical role in X inactivation. Nat. Genet. 40, 663–669 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  45. Fazzio, T.G., Huff, J.T. & Panning, B. An RNAi screen of chromatin proteins identifies Tip60-p400 as a regulator of embryonic stem cell identity. Cell 134, 162–174 (2008).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  46. Cohen, H.R. & Panning, B. XIST RNA exhibits nuclear retention and exhibits reduced association with the export factor TAP/NXF1. Chromosoma 116, 373–383 (2007).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  47. Plath, K. et al. Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in X inactivation. Science 300, 131–135 (2003).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  48. Huang, Y., Yario, T.A. & Steitz, J.A. A molecular link between SR protein dephosphorylation and mRNA export. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 9666–9670 (2004).
    Article CAS Google Scholar
  49. Nusinow, D.A. et al. The histone domain of macroH2A1 contains several dispersed elements that are each sufficient to direct enrichment on the inactive X chromosome. J. Mol. Biol. 371, 11–18 (2007).
    Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references