N2O changes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the preindustrial – Part 1: Quantitative reconstruction of terrestrial and marine emissions using N2O stable isotopes in ice cores (original) (raw)

Amundson, R., Austin, A. T., Schuur, E. A. G., Yoo, K., Matzek, V., Kendall, C., Uebersax, A., Brenner, D., and Baisden, W. T.: Global patterns of the isotopic composition of soil and plant nitrogen, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 17, 1031, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001903, 2003.

Anderson, R. F., Ali, S., Bradtmiller, L. I., Nielsen, S. H. H., Fleisher, M. Q., Anderson, B. E., and Burckle, L. H.: Wind-driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean and the deglacial rise in atmospheric CO2, Science, 323, 1443–1448, 2009.

Bard, E., Rostek, F., Turon, J.-L., and Gendreau, S.: Hydrological Impact of Heinrich Events in the Subtropical Northeast Atlantic, Science, 289, 1321–1324, 2000.

Battaglia, G. and Joos, F.: Hazards of decreasing marine oxygen: the near-term and millennial-scale benefits of meeting the Paris climate targets, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 797–816, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-797-2018, 2018a.

Battaglia, G. and Joos, F.: Marine N2O emissions from nitrification and denitrification constrained by modern observations and projected in multimillennial global warming simulations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 92–121,https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gb005671, 2018b.

Baumgartner, M., Schilt, A., Eicher, O., Schmitt, J., Schwander, J., Spahni, R., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: High-resolution interpolar difference of atmospheric methane around the Last Glacial Maximum, Biogeosciences, 9, 3961–3977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3961-2012, 2012.

Baumgartner, M., Kindler, P., Eicher, O., Floch, G., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Spahni, R., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Leuenberger, M., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: NGRIP CH4 concentration from 120 to 10 kyr before present and its relation to a _δ_15N temperature reconstruction from the same ice core, Clim. Past, 10, 903–920, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-903-2014, 2014.

Bereiter, B., Eggleston, S., Schmitt, J., Nehrbass-Ahles, C., Stocker, T. F., Fischer, H., Kipfstuhl, J., and Chappellaz, J.: Revision of the EPICA Dome C CO2 record from 800 to 600 kyr before present, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 542–549, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL061957, 2015.

Bernard, S., Röckmann, T., Kaiser, J., Barnola, J.-M., Fischer, H., Blunier, T., and Chappellaz, J.: Constraints on N2O budget changes since pre-industrial time from new firn air and ice core isotope measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 493–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-493-2006, 2006.

Bock, M., Schmitt, J., Beck, J., Schneider, R., and Fischer, H.: Improving accuracy and precision of ice core _δ_D(CH4) analyses using methane pre-pyrolysis and hydrogen post-pyrolysis trapping and subsequent chromatographic separation, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1999–2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-1999-2014, 2014.

Bock, M., Schmitt, J., Beck, J., Seth, B., Chappellaz, J., and Fischer, H.: Glacial/interglacial wetland, biomass burning, and geologic methane emissions constrained by dual stable isotopic CH4 ice core records, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, E5778–E5786,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613883114, 2017.

Bouwman, A. F., Beusen, A. H. W., Griffioen, J., Van Groenigen, J. W., Hefting, M. M., Oenema, O., Van Puijenbroek, P. J. T. M., Seitzinger, S., Slomp, C. P., and Stehfest, E.: Global trends and uncertainties in terrestrial denitrification and N2O emissions, Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 368, 20130112, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0112, 2013.

Cartapanis, O., Bianchi, D., Jaccard, S. L., and Galbraith, E. D.: Global pulses of organic carbon burial in deep-sea sediments during glacial maxima, Nat. Commun., 7, 10796, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10796, 2016.

Ciais, P., Sabine, C., Bala, G., Bopp, L., Brovkin, V., Canadell, J., A., C., DeFries, R., Galloway, J., Heimann, M., Jones, C., Le Quéré, C., Myneni, R., Piao, S., and Thornton, P.: Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 465–570, 2013.

Elderfield, H., Ferretti, P., Greaves, M., Crowhurst, S., McCave, I. N., Hodell, D., and Piotrowski, A. M.: Evolution of Ocean Temperature and Ice Volume Through the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition, Science, 337, 704–709, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1221294, 2012.

Elsig, J., Schmitt, J., Leuenberger, D., Schneider, R., Eyer, M., Leuenberger, M., Joos, F., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: Global carbon cycle changes during the Holocene based on ice-core stable carbon isotope measurements, Nature, 461, 507–510, 2009.

Enting, I. G.: On the use of smoothing splines to filter CO2 data, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10977–10984, 1987.

Erhardt, T., Capron, E., Rasmussen, S. O., Schüpbach, S., Bigler, M., Adolphi, F., and Fischer, H.: Decadal-scale progression of the onset of Dansgaard–Oeschger warming events, Clim. Past, 15, 811–825, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-811-2019, 2019.

Etheridge, D. M., Pearman, G. I., and de Silva, F.: Atmospheric trace-gas variations as revealed by air trapped in an ice core from Law Dome, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 10, 28–33, 1988.

Flückiger, J., Dällenbach, A., Blunier, T., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., and Barnola, J. M.: Variations in atmospheric N2Oconcentration during abrupt climatic changes, Science, 285, 227–230, 1999.

Flückiger, J., Monnin, E., Stauffer, B., Schwander, J., Stocker, T. F., Chappellaz, J., Raynaud, D., and Barnola, J. M.: High-resolution HoloceneN2O ice core record and its relationship with CH4 and CO2, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GB001417, 2002.

Flückiger, J., Blunier, T., Stauffer, B., Chappellaz, J., Spahni, R., Kawamura, K., Schwander, J., Stocker, T. F., and Dahl-Jensen, D.: N2Oand CH4 variations during the last glacial epoch: Insight into global processes, Global Biogechem. Cy., 18, GB1020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002122, 2004.

Fourteau, K., Faïn, X., Martinerie, P., Landais, A., Ekaykin, A. A., Lipenkov, V. Ya., and Chappellaz, J.: Analytical constraints on layered gas trapping and smoothing of atmospheric variability in ice under low-accumulation conditions, Clim. Past, 13, 1815–1830, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1815-2017, 2017.

Frame, C. H., Deal, E., Nevison, C. D., and Casciotti, K. L.: N2Oproduction in the eastern South Atlantic: analysis of N2O stable isotopic and concentration data, Global. Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 1262–1278,https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gb004790, 2014.

Francey, R. J., Allison, C. E., Etheridge, D. M., Trudinger, C. M., Enting, I. G., Leuenberger, M., Langenfelds, R. L., Michel, E., and Steele, L. P.: A 1000-year high precision record of _δ_13C in atmosphericCO2, Tellus B, 51, 170–193, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1999.t01-1-00005.x, 1999.

Galbraith, E. D. and Kienast, M.: The acceleration of oceanic denitrification during deglacial warming, Nat. Geosci., 6, 579–584,https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1832, 2013.

Goldstein, B., Joos, F., and Stocker, T. F.: A modeling study of oceanic nitrous oxide during the Younger Dryas cold period, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1092,https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016418, 2003.

Henry, L. G., McManus, J. F., Curry, W. B., Roberts, N. L., Piotrowski, A. M., and Keigwin, L. D.: North Atlantic ocean circulation and abrupt climate change during the last glaciation, Science, 353, 470,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5529, 2016.

Ishijima, K., Sugawara, S., Kawamura, K., Hashida, G., Morimoto, S., Murayama, S., Aoki, S., and Nakazawa, T.: Temporal variations of the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration and its _δ_15N and_δ_18O for the latter half of the 20th century reconstructed from firn air analyses, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, D03305, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jd007208, 2007.

Jaccard, S. L. and Galbraith, E. D.: Large climate-driven changes of oceanic oxygen concentrations during the last deglaciation, Nat. Geosci., 5, 151–156, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1352, 2012.

Jaccard, S. L., Galbraith, E. D., Frölicher, T. L., and Gruber, N.: Ocean (de)oxygenation across the last deglaciation: Insights for the future, Oceanography, 27, 26–35, 2014.

Jaccard, S. L., Galbraith, E. D., Martínez-García, A., and Anderson, R. F.: Covariation of deep Southern Ocean oxygenation and atmospheric CO2 through the last ice age, Nature, 530, 207–210,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16514, 2016.

Joos, F., Spahni, R., Stocker, B. D., Lienert, S., Müller, J., Fischer, H., Schmitt, J., Prentice, I. C., Otto-Bliesner, B., and Liu, Z.: N2O changes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the preindustrial – Part II: Terrestrial N2O emissions constrain carbon-nitrogen interactions, Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-118, in review, 2019a.

Joos, F., Battaglia, G., Fischer, H., Jeltsch-Thömmes, A., and Schmitt, J.: Marine N2O emissions during a Younger Dryas-like event: the role of meridional overturning, tropical thermocline ventilation, and biological productivity, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 075007, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2353, 2019b.

Kessarkar, P. M., Naqvi, S. W. A., Thamban, M., Fernandes, L. L., Siebert, C., Rao, V. P., Kawahata, H., Ittekkot, V., and Frank, M.: Variations in Denitrification and Ventilation Within the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone During the Holocene, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 19, 2179–2193,https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GC007286, 2018.

Kohfeld, K. E., LeQuéré, C., Harrison, S. P., and Anderson, R. F.: Role of marine biology in glacial-interglacial CO2 cycles, Science, 308, 74–78, 2005.

Köhler, P., Knorr, G., Buiron, D., Lourantou, A., and Chappellaz, J.: Abrupt rise in atmospheric CO2 at the onset of the Bølling/Allerød: in-situ ice core data versus true atmospheric signals, Clim. Past, 7, 473–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-473-2011, 2011.

Kracher, D., Reick, C. H., Manzini, E., Schultz, M. G., and Stein, O.: Climate change reduces warming potential of nitrous oxide by an enhanced Brewer-Dobson circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 5851–5859,https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl068390, 2016.

Lambeck, K., Rouby, H., Purcell, A., Sun, Y., and Sambridge, M.: Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 15296–15303,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411762111, 2014.

Lewicka-Szczebak, D., Well, R., Köster, J. R., Fuß, R., Senbayram, M., Dittert, K., and Flessa, H.: Experimental determinations of isotopic fractionation factors associated with N2O production and reduction during denitrification in soils, Geochim. Cosmochim., 134, 55–73, 2014.

Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic delta O-18 records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003,https://doi.org/10.1029/2004pa001071, 2005.

Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., He, F., Brady, E. C., Tomas, R., Clark, P. U., Carlson, A. E., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Curry, W., Brook, E., Erickson, D., Jacob, R., Kutzbach, J., and Cheng, J.: Transient Simulation of Last Deglaciation with a New Mechanism for Bolling-Allerod Warming, Science, 325, 310–314, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1171041, 2009.

Loulergue, L., Schilt, A., Spahni, R., Masson-Delmotte, V., Blunier, T., Lemieux, B., Barnola, J.-M., Raynaud, D., Stocker, T. F., and Chappellaz, J.: Orbital and millennial-scale features of atmospheric CH4 over the past 800,000 years, Nature, 453, 383–386, 2008.

MacFarling Meure, C. M., Etheridge, D., Trudinger, C., Steele, P., Langenfelds, R. L., van Ommen, T., Smith, A., and Elkins, J. W.: The Law Dome CO2, CH4 and N2O ice core records extended to 2000 years BP, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026152, 2006.

Marcott, S. A., Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., and Mix, A. C.: A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years, Science, 339, 1198–1201, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228026, 2013.

Marcott, S. A., Bauska, T. K., Buizert, C., Steig, E. J., Rosen, J. L., Cuffey, K. M., Fudge, T. J., Severinghaus, J. P., Ahn, J., Kalk, M. L., McConnell, J. R., Sowers, T., Taylor, K. C., White, J. W. C., and Brook, E. J.: Centennial-scale changes in the global carbon cycle during the last deglaciation, Nature, 514, 616–619, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13799, 2014.

McLauchlan, K. K., Williams, J. J., Craine, J. M., and Jeffers, E. S.: Changes in global nitrogen cycling during the Holocene epoch, Nature, 495, 352–355, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11916, 2013.

McManus, J. F., Francois, R., Gherardi, J.-M., Kegwin, L. D., and Brown-Leger, S.: Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes, Nature, 428, 834–837, 2004.

Moffitt, S. E., Moffitt, R. A., Sauthoff, W., Davis, C. V., Hewett, K., and Hill, T. M.: Paleoceanographic Insights on Recent Oxygen Minimum Zone Expansion: Lessons for Modern Oceanography, PLOS ONE, 10, e0115246, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115246, 2015.

Monnin, E., Indermühle, A., Dällenbach, A., Flückiger, J., Stauffer, B., Stocker, T. F., Raynaud, D., and Barnola, J. M.: AtmosphericCO2 concentrations over the last glacial termination, Science, 291, 112–114, 2001.

Myhre, G., Shindell, D., Bréon, F.-M., Collins, W., Fuglestvedt, J., Huang, J., Koch, D., Lamarque, J.-F., Lee, D., Mendoza, B., Nakajima, T., Robock, A., Stephens, G. T. T., and Zhang, H.: Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, 2013.

Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Russell, J. M., Clark, P. U., Liu, Z. Y., Overpeck, J. T., Konecky, B., deMenocal, P., Nicholson, S. E., He, F., and Lu, Z. Y.: Coherent changes of southeastern equatorial and northern African rainfall during the last deglaciation, Science, 346, 1223–1227,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1259531, 2014.

Park, S., Pérez, T., Boering, K. A., Trumbore, S. E., Gil, J., Marquina, S., and Tyler, S. C.: Can N2O stable isotopes and isotopomers be useful tools to characterize sources and microbial pathways of N2O production and consumption in tropical soils?, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB1001,https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gb003615, 2011.

Park, S., Croteau, P., Boering, K. A., Etheridge, D. M., Ferretti, D., Fraser, P. J., Kim, K. R., Krummel, P. B., Langenfelds, R. L., van Ommen, T. D., Steele, L. P., and Trudinger, C. M.: Trends and seasonal cycles in the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide since 1940, Nat. Geosci., 5, 261–265, https://doi.org/10.1038/Ngeo1421, 2012.

Pedro, J. B., Jochum, M., Buizert, C., He, F., Barker, S., and Rasmussen, S. O.: Beyond the bipolar seesaw: Toward a process understanding of interhemispheric coupling, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 192, 27–46, 2018.

Praetorius, S. K., Mix, A. C., Walczak, M. H., Wolhowe, M. D., Addison, J. A., and Prahl, F. G.: North Pacific deglacial hypoxic events linked to abrupt ocean warming, Nature, 527, 362, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15753, 2015.

Prather, M. J., Hsu, J., DeLuca, N. M., Jackman, C. H., Oman, L. D., Douglass, A. R., Fleming, E. L., Strahan, S. E., Steenrod, S. D., Søvde, O. A., Isaksen, I. S. A., Froidevaux, L., and Funke, B.: Measuring and modeling the lifetime of nitrous oxide including its variability, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 5693–5705, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023267, 2015.

Prokopiou, M., Sapart, C. J., Rosen, J., Sperlich, P., Blunier, T., Brook, E., van de Wal, R. S. W., and Röckmann, T.: Changes in the Isotopic Signature of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide and Its Global Average Source During the Last Three Millennia, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 10757–10773, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jd029008, 2018.

Rasmussen, S. O., Andersen, K. K., Svensson, A. M., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Siggaard-Andersen, M. L., Johnsen, S. J., Larsen, L. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Bigler, M., Rothlisberger, R., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M. E., and Ruth, U.: A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D06102,https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006079, 2006.

Rasmussen, S. O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S. P., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S. L., Clausen, H. B., Cvijanovic, I., Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Fischer, H., Gkinis, V., Guillevic, M., Hoek, W. Z., Lowe, J. J., Pedro, J. B., Popp, T., Seierstad, I. K., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A. M., Vallelonga, P., Vinther, B. M., Walker, M. J. C., Wheatley, J. J., and Winstrup, M.: A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 106, 14–28,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.007, 2014.

Reichart, G. J., Lourens, L. J., and Zachariasse, W. J.: Temporal variability in the northern Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) during the last 225,000 years, Paleoceanography, 13, 607–621, https://doi.org/10.1029/98PA02203, 1998.

Reimer, P. J., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Beck, J. W., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Buck, C. E., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Haflidason, H., Hajdas, I., Hatté, C., Heaton, T. J., Hoffmann, D. L., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kaiser, K. F., Kromer, B., Manning, S. W., Niu, M., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M., Southon, J. R., Staff, R. A., Turney, C. S. M., and van der Plicht, J.: IntCal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0–50,000 Years cal BP, Radiocarbon, 55, 1869–1887, 2013.

Rhodes, R. H., Brook, E. J., Chiang, J. C. H., Blunier, T., Maselli, O. J., McConnell, J. R., Romanini, D., and Severinghaus, J. P.: Enhanced tropical methane production in response to iceberg discharge in the North Atlantic, Science, 348, 1016–1019, 2015.

Röckmann, T., Kaiser, J., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Crowley, J. N., Borchers, R., Brand, W. A., and Crutzen, P. J.: Isotopic enrichment of nitrous oxide (15N14NO, 14N15NO,14N14N18O) in the stratosphere and in the laboratory, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 106, 10403–10410, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900822, 2001.

Röckmann, T., Kaiser, J., and Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.: The isotopic fingerprint of the pre-industrial and the anthropogenic N2O source, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 315–323, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-315-2003, 2003.

Rubino, M., Etheridge, D. M., Thornton, D. P., Howden, R., Allison, C. E., Francey, R. J., Langenfelds, R. L., Steele, L. P., Trudinger, C. M., Spencer, D. A., Curran, M. A. J., van Ommen, T. D., and Smith, A. M.: Revised records of atmospheric trace gases CO2, CH4, N2O, and _δ_13C-CO2 over the last 2000 years from Law Dome, Antarctica, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 473–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-473-2019, 2019.

Sapart, C. J., van der Veen, C., Vigano, I., Brass,, M., van de Wal, R. S. W., Bock, M., Fischer, H., Sowers, T., Buizert, C., Sperlich, P., Blunier, T., Behrens, M., Schmitt, J., Seth, B., and Röckmann, T.: Simultaneous stable isotope analysis of methane and nitrous oxide on ice core samples, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 2607–2618, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-2607-2011, 2011.

Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Blunier, T., Schwander, J., Spahni, R., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: Glacial–interglacial and millennial-scale variations in the atmospheric nitrous oxide concentration during the last 800,000 years, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 182–192, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.011, 2010a.

Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Schwander, J., Buiron, D., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Loulergue, L., Schüpbach, S., Spahni, R., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: Atmospheric nitrous oxide during the last 140,000 years, Earth Planet Sc. Lett., 300, 33–43, 2010b.

Schilt, A., Baumgartner, M., Eicher, O., Chappellaz, J., Schwander, J., Fischer, H., and Stocker, T. F.: The response of atmospheric nitrous oxide to climate variations during the last glacial period, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1888–1893, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50380, 2013.

Schilt, A., Brook, E. J., Bauska, T. K., Baggenstos, D., Fischer, H., Joos, F., Petrenko, V. V., Schaefer, H., Schmitt, J., Severinghaus, J. P., Spahni, R., and Stocker, T. F.: Isotopic constraints on marine and terrestrialN2O emissions during the last deglaciation, Nature, 516, 234–237,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13971, 2014.

Schmitt, J., Schneider, R., Elsig, J., Leuenberger, D., Lourantou, A., Chappellaz, J., Köhler, P., Joos, F., Stocker, T. F., Leuenberger, M., and Fischer, H.: Carbon isotope constraints on the deglacial CO2 rise from ice cores, Science, 336, 711–714, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1217161, 2012.

Schmitt, J., Seth, B., Bock, M., and Fischer, H.: Online technique for isotope and mixing ratios of CH4, N2O, Xe and mixing ratios of organic trace gases on a single ice core sample, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2645–2665, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2645-2014, 2014.

Schmittner, A. and Galbraith, E. D.: Glacial greenhouse gas fluctuations controlled by ocean circulation changes, Nature, 456, 373–376,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07531, 2008.

Shakun, J. D., Clark, P. U., He, F., Marcott, S. A., Mix, A. C., Liu, Z., Otto-Bliesner, B., Schmittner, A., and Bard, E.: Global warming preceded by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations during the last deglaciation, Nat. Geosci., 484, 49–55, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10915, 2012.

Southon, J., Noronha, A. L., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., and Wang, Y.: A high-resolution record of atmospheric 14C based on Hulu Cave speleothem H82, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 33, 32–41, 2012.

Sowers, T., Alley, R. B., and Jubenville, J.: Ice Core Records of Atmospheric N2O Covering the Last 106,000 Years, Science, 301, 945–948, 2003.

Spahni, R., Schwander, J., Flückiger, J., Stauffer, B., Chappellaz, J., and Raynaud, D.: The attenuation of fast atmospheric CH4 variations recorded in polar ice cores, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1571, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017093, 2003.

Spahni, R., Chappellaz, J., Stocker, T. F., Loulergue, L., Hausammann, G., Kawamura, K., Flückiger, J., Schwander, J., Raynaud, D., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Jouzel, J.: Atmospheric methane and nitrous oxide of the late Pleistocene from Antarctic ice cores, Science, 310, 1317–1321, 2005.

Spahni, R., Wania, R., Neef, L., van Weele, M., Pison, I., Bousquet, P., Frankenberg, C., Foster, P. N., Joos, F., Prentice, I. C., and van Velthoven, P.: Constraining global methane emissions and uptake by ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 8, 1643–1665, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1643-2011, 2011.

Steffensen, J. P., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M., Johnsen, S. J., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Popp, T., Rasmussen, S. O., Röthlisberger, R., Ruth, U., Stauffer, B., Siggaard-Andersen, M.-L., Sveinbjornsdottir, A. E., Svensson, A., and White, J. W. C.: High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years, Science, 321, 680–684,https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157707, 2008.

Stocker, B. D., Roth, R., Joos, F., Spahni, R., Steinacher, M., Zaehle, S., Bouwman, L., Xu, R., and Prentice, I. C.: Multiple greenhouse-gas feedbacks from the land biosphere under future climate change scenarios, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 666–672, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1864, 2013.

Stocker, B. D., Yu, Z., Massa, C., and Joos, F.: Holocene peatland and ice-core data constraints on the timing and magnitude of CO2 emissions from past land use, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 1492–1497, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613889114, 2017.

Suntharalingam, P. and Sarmiento, J. L.: Factors governing the oceanic nitrous oxide distribution: Simulations with an ocean general circulation model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 14, 429–454, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gb900032, 2000.

Tschumi, T., Joos, F., Gehlen, M., and Heinze, C.: Deep ocean ventilation, carbon isotopes, marine sedimentation and the deglacial CO2 rise, Clim. Past, 7, 771–800, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-771-2011, 2011.

Veres, D., Bazin, L., Landais, A., Toyé Mahamadou Kele, H., Lemieux-Dudon, B., Parrenin, F., Martinerie, P., Blayo, E., Blunier, T., Capron, E., Chappellaz, J., Rasmussen, S. O., Severi, M., Svensson, A., Vinther, B., and Wolff, E. W.: The Antarctic ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years, Clim. Past, 9, 1733–1748, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013, 2013.

Waelbroeck, C., Pichat, S., Böhm, E., Lougheed, B. C., Faranda, D., Vrac, M., Missiaen, L., Vazquez Riveiros, N., Burckel, P., Lippold, J., Arz, H. W., Dokken, T., Thil, F., and Dapoigny, A.: Relative timing of precipitation and ocean circulation changes in the western equatorial Atlantic over the last 45 kyr, Clim. Past, 14, 1315–1330, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1315-2018, 2018.

Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., He, Y., Kong, X., An, Z., Wu, J., Kelly, M. J., Dykoski, C. A., and Li, X.: The Holocene Asian Monsoon: links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate, Science, 308, 854–857, 2005.

Wang, Y., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Kong, X., Shao, X., Chen, S., Wu, J., Jiang, X., Wang, X., and An, Z.: Millennial- and orbital-scale changes in the East Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years, Nature, 451, 1090–1093,https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06692, 2008.

Wanner, H., Solomina, O., Grosjean, M., Ritz, S. P., and Jetel, M.: Structure and origin of Holocene cold events, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 3109–3123, 2011.

Yu, Z., Loisel, J., Brosseau, D. P., Beilman, D. W., and Hunt, S. J.: Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L13402,https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043584, 2010.