Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A State-of-the-Art Review (original) (raw)

1. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:434-8.
2. Farrell GC, Chitturi S, Lau GK, Sollano JD; Asia-Pacific Working Party on NAFLD. Guidelines for the assessment and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Asia-Pacific region: executive summary. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;22:775-7.
   
3. Ratziu V, Bellentani S, Cortez-Pinto H, Day C, Marchesini G. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference. J Hepatol 2010;53:372-84.
   
4. Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Hepatology 2012;55:2005-23.
   
5. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2016;64:1388-402.
   
6. Wong VW, Chan WK, Chitturi S, Chawla Y, Dan YY, Duseja A, et al. Asia-Pacific Working Party on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease guidelines 2017-Part 1: definition, risk factors and assessment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;33:70-85.
   
7. Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J; International Consensus Panel. MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1999-2014.
   
8. Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, Anstee QM, Targher G, Romero-Gomez M, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol 2020;73:202-9.
   
9. Eslam M, Sarin SK, Wong VW, Fan JG, Kawaguchi T, Ahn SH, et al. The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Hepatol Int 2020;14:889-919.
   
10. Tan SS, Lee YY, Ali RA, Mustapha F, Chan WK. Endorsing the redefinition of fatty liver disease. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;6:163.
    
11. Chan WK, Tan SS, Chan SP, Lee YY, Tee HP, Mahadeva S, et al. Malaysian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology consensus statement on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;37:795-811.
    
12. Méndez-Sánchez N, Bugianesi E, Gish RG, Lammert F, Tilg H, Nguyen MH, et al. Global multi-stakeholder endorsement of the MAFLD definition. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7:388-90.
    
13. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, Francque SM, Sanyal AJ, Kanwal F, et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology 2023 Jun 24. [Epub].https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000000520.
    
14. Le MH, Yeo YH, Li X, Li J, Zou B, Wu Y, et al. 2019 Global NAFLD prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;20:2809-17.
    
15. Huh Y, Cho YJ, Nam GE. Recent epidemiology and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Obes Metab Syndr 2022;31:17-27.
    
16. Singh S, Allen AM, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Murad MH, Loomba R. Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13:643-54.
    
17. Chan WK, Treeprasertsuk S, Imajo K, Nakajima A, Seki Y, Kasama K, et al. Clinical features and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease across the Asia Pacific region-the GO ASIA initiative. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;47:816-825.
    
18. Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 2016;64:73-84.
    
19. Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, Soni M, Prokop LJ, Younossi Z, et al. Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2017;65:1557-65.
    
20. Chan WL, Chong SE, Chang F, Lai LL, Chuah KH, Nik Mustapha NR, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a single-centre prospective cohort study with baseline liver biopsy. Hepatol Int 2023;17:870-81.
    
21. Shahrani S, Gill SS, Sooi CY, Skantha R, Kumar CV, Limun MF, et al. Frequency of significant steatosis and compensated advanced chronic liver disease among adults with chronic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023 Aug 16. [Epub].https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.16313.
    
22. Mohammed OK and Mahadeva S. Clinical outcomes of cryptogenic compared with non-cryptogenic cirrhosis: a retrospective cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;30:1423-8.
    
23. Karuthan SR, Koh PS, Chinna K, Chan WK. Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer and Hong Kong Liver Cancer staging systems for prediction of survival among hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Med J Malaysia 2021;76:199-204.
24. Wong RJ, Aguilar M, Cheung R, Perumpail RB, Harrison SA, Younossi ZM, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the second leading etiology of liver disease among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States. Gastroenterology 2015;148:547-55.
    
25. Wong RJ, Cheung R, Ahmed A. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the most rapidly growing indication for liver transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the U.S. Hepatology 2014;59:2188-95.
    
26. Estes C, Anstee QM, Arias-Loste MT, Bantel H, Bellentani S, Caballeria J, et al. Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016-2030. J Hepatol 2018;69:896-904.
    
27. Estes C, Chan HL, Chien RN, Chuang WL, Fung J, Goh GB, et al. Modelling NAFLD disease burden in four Asian regions: 2019-2030. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020;51:801-11.
    
28. Wong VW, Chu WC, Wong GL, Chan RS, Chim AM, Ong A, et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis in Hong Kong Chinese: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography. Gut 2012;61:409-15.
    
29. Clinical practice guidelines management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 6th ed. Malaysia Endocrine & Metabolic Society, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Academy of Medicine Malaysia, Diabetes Malaysia, Family Medicine Specialists Association of Malaysia, 2020.
30. Lai LL, Wan Yusoff WN, Vethakkan SR, Nik Mustapha NR, Mahadeva S, Chan WK. Screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using transient elastography. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;34:1396-403.
    
31. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis: 2021 update. J Hepatol 2021;75:659-89.
    
32. Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, Abdelmalek MF, Caldwell S, Barb D, et al. AASLD practice guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2023;77:1797-835.
    
33. Chan WK, Treeprasertsuk S, Goh GB, Fan JG, Song MJ, Charatcharoenwitthaya P, et al. Optimizing use of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score, fibrosis-4 score, and liver stiffness measurement to identify patients with advanced fibrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;17:2570-80.
    
34. McPherson S, Hardy T, Dufour JF, Petta S, Romero-Gomez M, Allison M, et al. Age as a confounding factor for the accurate non-invasive diagnosis of advanced NAFLD fibrosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:740-51.
    
35. Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, Torres-Gonzalez A, Gra-Oramas B, Gonzalez-Fabian L, et al. Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology 2015;149:367-78.
    
36. Wong VW, Chan RS, Wong GL, Cheung BH, Chu WC, Yeung DK, et al. Community-based lifestyle modification programme for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol 2013;59:536-42.
    
37. Haase CL, Lopes S, Olsen AH, Satylganova A, Schnecke V, McEwan P. Weight loss and risk reduction of obesity-related outcomes in 0.5 million people: evidence from a UK primary care database. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021;45:1249-58.
    
38. Cusi K, Orsak B, Bril F, Lomonaco R, Hecht J, Ortiz-Lopez C, et al. Long-term pioglitazone treatment for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2016;165:305-15.
    
39. Boettcher E, Csako G, Pucino F, Wesley R, Loomba R. Meta-analysis: pioglitazone improves liver histology and fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:66-75.
    
40. Nascimbeni F, Pellegrini E, Lugari S, Mondelli A, Bursi S, Onfiani G, et al. Statins and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the era of precision medicine: more friends than foes. Atherosclerosis 2019;284:66-74.
    
41. Duell PB, Welty FK, Miller M, Chait A, Hammond G, Ahmad Z, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022;42:e168-85.
    
42. Targher G, Corey KE, Byrne CD. NAFLD, and cardiovascular and cardiac diseases: factors influencing risk, prediction and treatment. Diabetes Metab 2021;47:101215.
    
43. Franz MJ, Boucher JL, Rutten-Ramos S, VanWormer JJ. Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Acad Nutr Diet 2015;115:1447-63.
    
44. ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. 10. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 2023;46(Suppl 1):S158-90.
    
45. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;73:3168-209.
    
46. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension 2018;71:1269-324.
    
47. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009;120:1640-5.
    
48. Zhou XD, Targher G, Byrne CD, Somers V, Kim SU, Chahal CAA, et al. An international multidisciplinary consensus statement on MAFLD and the risk of CVD. Hepatol Int 2023;17:773-91.
    
49. Haam JH, Kim BT, Kim EM, Kwon H, Kang JH, Park JH, et al. Diagnosis of obesity: 2022 update of clinical practice guidelines for obesity by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. J Obes Metab Syndr 2023;32:121-9.
    
50. Hur KY, Moon MK, Park JS, Kim SK, Lee SH, Yun JS, et al. 2021 Clinical practice guidelines for diabetes mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association. Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:461-81.
    
51. Ng CH, Teng ML, Chew NW, Chan KE, Yong JN, Quek J, et al. Statins decrease overall mortality and cancer related mortality but are underutilized in NAFLD: a longitudinal analysis of 12,538 individuals. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;16:895-901.
    
52. Khoo S, Wong VW, Goh GB, Fan J, Chan WK, Seto WK, et al. Suboptimal treatment of dyslipidemia in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;35:320-5.
    
53. Cho Y, Rhee H, Kim YE, Lee M, Lee BW, Kang ES, et al. Ezetimibe combination therapy with statin for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an open-label randomized controlled trial (ESSENTIAL study). BMC Med 2022;20:93.
    
54. Bohula EA, Morrow DA, Giugliano RP, Blazing MA, He P, Park JG, et al. Atherothrombotic risk stratification and ezetimibe for secondary prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:911-21.
    
55. Cusi K, Isaacs S, Barb D, Basu R, Caprio S, Garvey WT, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in primary care and endocrinology clinical settings: co-sponsored by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). Endocr Pract 2022;28:528-62.
    
56. Cariou B. The metabolic triad of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, visceral adiposity and type 2 diabetes: implications for treatment. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022;24 Suppl 2:15-27.
    
57. Gastaldelli A and Cusi K. From NASH to diabetes and from diabetes to NASH: mechanisms and treatment options. JHEP Rep 2019;1:312-28.
    
58. Bril F and Cusi K. Management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a call to action. Diabetes Care 2017;40:419-30.
    
59. Vali Y, Lee J, Boursier J, Spijker R, Löffler J, Verheij J, et al. Enhanced liver fibrosis test for the non-invasive diagnosis of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2020;73:252-62.
    
60. Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, Darland C, Finch J, Hardies J, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2297-307.
    
61. Musso G, Cassader M, Paschetta E, Gambino R. Thiazolidinediones and advanced liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2017;177:633-40.
    
62. Lim LL, Chow E, Chan JC. Cardiorenal diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus: clinical trials and real-world practice. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2023;19:151-63.
    
63. Armstrong MJ, Gaunt P, Aithal GP, Barton D, Hull D, Parker R, et al. Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet 2016;387:679-90.
    
64. Newsome PN, Buchholtz K, Cusi K, Linder M, Okanoue T, Ratziu V, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneous semaglutide in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1113-24.
    
65. Sinha R, Papamargaritis D, Sargeant JA, Davies MJ. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide in type 2 diabetes and obesity management. J Obes Metab Syndr 2023;32:25-45.
    
66. Hartman ML, Sanyal AJ, Loomba R, Wilson JM, Nikooienejad A, Bray R, et al. Effects of novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide on biomarkers of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2020;43:1352-5.
    
67. Targher G, Mantovani A, Byrne CD. Mechanisms and possible hepatoprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and other incretin receptor agonists in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;8:179-91.
    
68. Kahl S, Gancheva S, Straßburger K, Herder C, Machann J, Katsuyama H, et al. Empagliflozin effectively lowers liver fat content in well-controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, phase 4, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2020;43:298-305.
    
69. Latva-Rasku A, Honka MJ, Kullberg J, Mononen N, Lehtimäki T, Saltevo J, et al. The SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin reduces liver fat but does not affect tissue insulin sensitivity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with 8-week treatment in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Care 2019;42:931-7.
    
70. Cusi K, Bril F, Barb D, Polidori D, Sha S, Ghosh A, et al. Effect of canagliflozin treatment on hepatic triglyceride content and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019;21:812-21.
    
71. Wlazlo N, Beijers HJ, Schoon EJ, Sauerwein HP, Stehouwer CD, Bravenboer B. High prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with liver cirrhosis. Diabet Med 2010;27:1308-11.
    
72. Boursier J, Anty R, Carette C, Cariou B, Castera L, Caussy C, et al. Management of diabetes mellitus in patients with cirrhosis: an overview and joint statement. Diabetes Metab 2021;47:101272.
    
73. ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 2023;46(Suppl 1):S19-40.
    
74. García-Compeán D, Jáquez-Quintana JO, Lavalle-González FJ, Reyes-Cabello E, González-González JA, Muñoz-Espinosa LE, et al. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of glucose metabolism disorders in patients with liver cirrhosis: a prospective study. Ann Hepatol 2012;11:240-8.
    
75. Addepally NS, George N, Martinez-Macias R, Garcia-Saenz-de-Sicilia M, Kim WR, Duarte-Rojo A. Hemoglobin A1c has suboptimal performance to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus in patients with cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 2018;63:3498-508.
    
76. Honda F, Hiramatsu A, Hyogo H, Aikata H, Daijo K, Teraoka Y, et al. Evaluation of glycemic variability in chronic liver disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using continuous glucose monitoring. PLoS One 2018;13:e0195028.
    
77. Costa D, Lourenço J, Monteiro AM, Castro B, Oliveira P, Tinoco MC, et al. Clinical performance of flash glucose monitoring system in patients with liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 2020;10:7460.
    
78. Goh GB, Pan A, Chow WC, Yuan JM, Koh WP. Association between diabetes mellitus and cirrhosis mortality: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Liver Int 2017;37:251-8.
    
79. Tergast TL, Laser H, Gerbel S, Manns MP, Cornberg M, Maasoumy B. Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus, HbA1c and the risk for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and ascites. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018;9:189.
    
80. Gangopadhyay KK and Singh P. Consensus statement on dose modifications of antidiabetic agents in patients with hepatic impairment. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2017;21:341-54.
    
81. He YL, Sabo R, Campestrini J, Wang Y, Ligueros-Saylan M, Lasseter KC, et al. The influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) inhibitor vildagliptin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:677-86.
    
82. Scheen AJ. Pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatic safety of incretin-based therapies for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacokinet 2014;53:773-85.
    
83. Macha S, Rose P, Mattheus M, Cinca R, Pinnetti S, Broedl UC, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with hepatic impairment. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16:118-23.
    
84. Yen FS, Lai JN, Wei JC, Chiu LT, Hsu CC, Hou MC, et al. Is insulin the preferred treatment in persons with type 2 diabetes and liver cirrhosis? BMC Gastroenterol 2021;21:263.
    
85. Gentile S, Guarino G, Strollo F, Romano M, Genovese S, Masarone M, et al. Lispro insulin in people with non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016;113:179-86.
    
86. Kannampilly JJ. Role of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (insulin pump) in reducing blood glucose in four patients with type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis: a case series. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010;12:543-5.
    
87. Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Tognoni G, Hidalgo R, Sanchez de la Cuesta F; Spanish Collaborative Study Group on Therapeutic Management of Liver Diseases. Drug use for non-hepatic associated conditions in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003;59:71-6.
    
88. Franz CC, Egger S, Born C, Rätz Bravo AE, Krähenbühl S. Potential drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions in patients with liver cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012;68:179-88.
    
89. Lewis JH and Stine JG. Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis: a practical guide. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;37:1132-56.
    
90. Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, Ginès P, Ling SC, Nadim MK, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2021;74:1014-48.
    
91. Speliotes EK, Balakrishnan M, Friedman LS, Corey KE. Treatment of dyslipidemia in common liver diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;16:1189-96.
    
92. de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, Reiberger T, Ripoll C; Baveno VII Faculty. Baveno VII: renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2022;76:959-74.
    
93. Mózes FE, Lee JA, Vali Y, Alzoubi O, Staufer K, Trauner M, et al. Performance of non-invasive tests and histology for the prediction of clinical outcomes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;8:704-13.
    
94. Abraldes JG, Bureau C, Stefanescu H, Augustin S, Ney M, Blasco H, et al. Noninvasive tools and risk of clinically significant portal hypertension and varices in compensated cirrhosis: the "Anticipate" study. Hepatology 2016;64:2173-84.
    
95. Turco L, Villanueva C, La Mura V, García-Pagán JC, Reiberger T, Genescà J, et al. Lowering portal pressure improves outcomes of patients with cirrhosis, with or without ascites: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;18:313-27.
    
96. Villanueva C, Albillos A, Genescà J, Garcia-Pagan JC, Calleja JL, Aracil C, et al. β Blockers to prevent decompensation of cirrhosis in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (PREDESCI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2019;393:1597-608.
    
97. Dwinata M, Putera DD, Adda'i MF, Hidayat PN, Hasan I. Carvedilol vs endoscopic variceal ligation for primary and secondary prevention of variceal bleeding: systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Hepatol 2019;11:464-76.
    
98. Tan DJ, Ng CH, Lin SY, Pan XH, Tay P, Lim WH, et al. Clinical characteristics, surveillance, treatment allocation, and outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 2022;23:521-30.
    
99. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2018;69:182-236.
100. Loomba R, Lim JK, Patton H, El-Serag HB. AGA clinical practice update on screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: expert review. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1822-30.
     
101. Teng ML, Tan DJH, Ng CH, Huang DQ. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: who and how? Clin Mol Hepatol 2023;29:404-7.
     
102. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 2019;48:16-31.
     
103. Iwaki M, Kobayashi T, Nogami A, Saito S, Nakajima A, Yoneda M. Impact of sarcopenia on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients 2023;15:891.
     
104. Kim HK, Bae SJ, Lee MJ, Kim EH, Park H, Kim HS, et al. Association of visceral fat obesity, sarcopenia, and myosteatosis with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease without obesity. Clin Mol Hepatol 2023 Jul 5. [Epub].https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2023.0035.
     
105. Sinn DH, Kang D, Kang M, Guallar E, Hong YS, Lee KH, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and accelerated loss of skeletal muscle mass: a longitudinal cohort study. Hepatology 2022;76:1746-54.
     
106. Koo BK, Kim D, Joo SK, Kim JH, Chang MS, Kim BG, et al. Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and significant fibrosis. J Hepatol 2017;66:123-31.
     
107. Harring M, Golabi P, Paik JM, Shah D, Racila A, Cable R, et al. Sarcopenia among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with advanced fibrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023 Feb 26. [Epub].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2023.02.013.
     
108. Kim D, Wijarnpreecha K, Sandhu KK, Cholankeril G, Ahmed A. Sarcopenia in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the United States. Liver Int 2021;41:1832-40.
     
109. Tandon P, Montano-Loza AJ, Lai JC, Dasarathy S, Merli M. Sarcopenia and frailty in decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2021;75(Suppl 1):S147-62.
     
110. Malmstrom TK, Miller DK, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Morley JE. SARC-F: a symptom score to predict persons with sarcopenia at risk for poor functional outcomes. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2016;7:28-36.
     
111. Dent E, Morley JE, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Arai H, Kritchevsky SB, Guralnik J, et al. International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): screening, diagnosis and management. J Nutr Health Aging 2018;22:1148-61.
     
112. Zhao X, Shi X, Gu H, Zhou W, Zhang Q. Association between handgrip strength, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, advanced hepatic fibrosis and its modifiers: evidence from the NHANES database of the USA. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023 Feb 18. [Epub]. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.16150.
     
113. Mertz KH, Reitelseder S, Bechshoeft R, Bulow J, Højfeldt G, Jensen M, et al. The effect of daily protein supplementation, with or without resistance training for 1 year, on muscle size, strength, and function in healthy older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021;113:790-800.
     
114. Bischoff SC, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, Merli M, Plank LD, Schütz T, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr 2020;39:3533-62.
     
115. Papadopoulou SK, Detopoulou P, Voulgaridou G, Tsoumana D, Spanoudaki M, Sadikou F, et al. Mediterranean diet and sarcopenia features in apparently healthy adults over 65 years: a systematic review. Nutrients 2023;15:1104.
     
116. Sindhughosa DA, Wibawa ID, Mariadi IK, Somayana G. Additional treatment of vitamin D for improvement of insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2022;12:7716.
     
117. Nasimi N, Sohrabi Z, Nunes EA, Sadeghi E, Jamshidi S, Gholami Z, et al. Whey protein supplementation with or without vitamin D on sarcopenia-related measures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2023;14:762-73.
     
118. Gkekas NK, Anagnostis P, Paraschou V, Stamiris D, Dellis S, Kenanidis E, et al. The effect of vitamin D plus protein supplementation on sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Maturitas 2021;145:56-63.