古 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: 吉 and 𠮷

Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

古 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十口 (JR), four-corner 40600, composition ⿱十口)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №53

Additional Derived Characters

simp. and trad. 古
alternative forms 𠖠

| | Old Chinese | | | -------------------------------- | --------------------- | | 箇 | *kaːls | | 個 | *kaːls | | 居 | *kɯ, *kas | | 橭 | *kaː, *kʰaː | | 嫴 | *kaː | | 姑 | *kaː | | 辜 | *kaː | | 酤 | *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ | | 蛄 | *kaː | | 鴣 | *kaː | | 沽 | *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs | | 盬 | *kaː, *kaːʔ | | 古 | *kaːʔ | | 罟 | *kaːʔ | | 估 | *kaːʔ | | 鈷 | *kaːʔ | | 詁 | *kaːʔ | | 牯 | *kaːʔ | | 故 | *kaːs | | 固 | *kaːs | | 稒 | *kaːɡs | | 痼 | *kaːɡs | | 錮 | *kaːɡs | | 鯝 | *kaːɡs | | 棝 | *kaːɡs | | 凅 | *kaːɡs | | 枯 | *kʰaː | | 軲 | *kʰaː | | 跍 | *kʰaː | | 骷 | *kʰaː | | 苦 | *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs | | 葫 | *qʰaː, *ɡaː | | 餬 | *ɡaː | | 瑚 | *ɡaː | | 湖 | *ɡaː | | 鶘 | *ɡaː | | 猢 | *ɡaː | | 醐 | *ɡaː | | 糊 | *ɡaː | | 箶 | *ɡaː | | 蝴 | *ɡaː | | 胡 | *ɡaː | | 瓳 | *ɡaː | | 怙 | *ɡaːʔ | | 祜 | *ɡaːʔ | | 岵 | *ɡaːʔ | | 婟 | *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs | | 楛 | *ɡaːʔ | | 据 | *ka | | 裾 | *ka | | 琚 | *ka | | 椐 | *ka, *kas, *kʰa | | 鶋 | *ka | | 蜛 | *ka | | 崌 | *ka | | 涺 | *ka | | 腒 | *ka, *ɡa | | 鋸 | *kas | | 倨 | *kas | | 踞 | *kas | | 涸 | *ɡaːɡ |

Ideogram (指事): A shield (十, contraction of 盾 and similar but unrelated to 中) and the radical of the mouth (口) both as a distinguishing mark and as a component that partly indicates pronunciation. Together, they indicate the concept of "strong, firm" (as strong as a shield); original form of 固 (OC *kaːs) (Qiu Xigui, Ding Shan 丁山). Later, the meaning of "solid, firm" shifted to "antiquity" for unclear reasons. Compare oracle bone forms with 干, 盾. Unrelated to 中 and hence to 史 and 使.

Fang (1982) finds evidence for the 十 component originally being a depiction of a piece of food and the character originally being a depiction of someone spitting out a piece of food due to his bad taste. Thus, Fang argues this character is the original form of 苦 (kǔ), "bitter".

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ga (“old”). Cognate with 故 (OC *kaːs, “old things; former; dead”) and Tibetan རྒ (rga, “to be old; aged”).

Note: kū - in 古田 (Kŭ-chèng).

Note: kou3 - in 古田 (kou3 ceng2).

Note:

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 古
Reading # 1/1
ModernBeijing(Pinyin) gǔ
MiddleChinese ‹ kuX ›
OldChinese /*kˁaʔ/
English ancient
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 古
Reading # 1/1
No. 4219
Phoneticcomponent 古
Rimegroup 魚
Rimesubdivision 0
CorrespondingMC rime 古
OldChinese /*kaːʔ/

古

  1. the past; ancient times
    古今 ― gǔjīn ― ancient and modern times
  2. old; ancient
  3. classic; old-styled
  4. simple; unaffected; unsophisticated
  5. things in the past; antiquities; history
  6. (Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min) story (Classifier: 段 c)
    Alternative form: (Cantonese) 故
    講古／讲古 [Cantonese] ― gong2 gu2 [Jyutping] ― to tell a story
  7. short for 古體詩／古体诗 (gǔtǐshī, “ancient-style poem”)
  8. a surname
    古天樂／古天乐 [Cantonese] ― gu2 tin1 lok6 [Jyutping] ― Louis Koo Tin-lok (Hong Kong actor)

Others:

古

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 固 (gù)
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 故 (gù)

古

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) only used in 古成

古

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Kanji in this term
古
いにしえGrade: 2
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 古 – see the following entry.
(This term, 古, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
Kanji in this term
古
ふるGrade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
旧故

Stem of adjective 古い (furui, “old”).

古(ふる) • (furu)

  1. used item, secondhand item, hand-me-down

古(ふる) • (furu-)

  1. paleo-, old, used, previous

  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

古 (eumhun 옛 고 (yet go))

  1. hanja form? of 고 (“old; ancient”)

古: Hán Việt readings: cổ (公(công)土(thổ)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
古: Nôm readings: cổ[1][2][4][5][6], cỗ[2][3][7][4][6], của[1][2], có[1], cỏ[1], kẻ[3]

古 • (cổ)

  1. chữ Hán form of cổ (“ancient; old”)

古 • (cổ, của)

  1. chữ Nôm form of cổ (“neck”)

  2. chữ Nôm form of của (“property; belongings”)

  3. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).

  4. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

  5. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).

  6. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bonet (1899).

  7. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Génibrel (1898).

  8. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

  9. ^ Hồ (1976).