夷 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

夷 (Kangxi radical 37, 大+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大弓 (KN) or 難大弓 (XKN), four-corner 50032, composition ⿻大弓)

simp. and trad. 夷
2nd round simp. ⿻夫㇆
⿻夫㇆ - 1981

| | Old Chinese | | | -------------------------------- | ----------------- | | 桋 | *l'iːl, *lil | | 荑 | *l'iːl, *lil | | 銕 | *l'iːl, *l̥ʰiːd | | 鴺 | *l'iːl, *lil | | 鮧 | *l'iːl, *lil | | 洟 | *l̥ʰiːls, *lil | | 羠 | *ljilʔ, *lil | | 咦 | *hril | | 夷 | *lil | | 姨 | *lil | | 痍 | *lil | | 峓 | *lil | | 恞 | *lil | | 眱 | *lil | | 蛦 | *lil | | 胰 | *lil, *lɯ | | 跠 | *lil |

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 矢 (“arrow”) + [Term?] (“rope”). Later forms ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 大 (“person; big”) + 弓 (“bow”).

According to Yuè Juè Shū (越絕書), 夷 (OC *lil) is also the Yue word for "sea" (1). Therefore, Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *d(n)liʔ (“large river, sea”) (whence Khmer ទន្លេ (tŭənlei, “large river”) and Kuy thlèː (“sea”)). Meanwhile, Schuessler associates similar Hmong forms like Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao tl̥e (“river”) (< Proto-Hmong-Mien *gle) to *溪 (OC *kʰeː) "creek, rivulet, rill" instead.

In contrast, Ferlus (2009) reconstructs 夷's Old Chinese pronunciation as [lɨ] and connects 夷 to Proto-Kra-Dai *k-ri: (“Kra-Dai endonym”) (whence Thai ไท (tai, “"Tai endonym"”) and Hlai Hlai (“"Hlai endonym"”)). However, Ferlus concedes that such a derivation of 夷 from *k-ri: "remains speculative, [...] not as firmly established as for Hlai and Tai/Thai".

Meanwhile, Laurent Sagart (2008) instead suggested that the Yi languages were ancestral to Austronesian languages and formed a sister-group to Sino-Tibetan, probably related to Proto-Austronesian *i₃ (“personal article”).

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 夷 夷
Reading # 1/2 2/2
ModernBeijing(Pinyin) yí yí
MiddleChinese ‹ yij › ‹ yij ›
OldChinese /*ləj/ /*ləj/
English level, peaceful foreigner (especially to the east)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 夷
Reading # 1/1
No. 14862
Phoneticcomponent 夷
Rimegroup 脂
Rimesubdivision 1
CorrespondingMC rime 姨
OldChinese /*lil/

夷

  1. an ancient tribe in eastern China
    東夷／东夷 ― dōngyí ― Eastern Barbarians
  2. barbarian; foreigners; non-Han people
    師夷長技以制夷／师夷长技以制夷 [Classical Chinese] ― shī yí cháng jì yǐ zhì yí [Pinyin] ― learn the Westerners' tricks so as to control them
  3. to level; to raze
    夷為平地／夷为平地 ― yíwèipíngdì ― to level to the ground
  4. to eradicate; to obliterate
    夷三族 [Classical Chinese] ― yí sān zú [Pinyin] ― to exterminate three clans (as a form of kin punishment)
  5. flat; level; smooth; safe
    化險為夷／化险为夷 ― huàxiǎnwèiyí ― to turn danger into safety
  6. someone of the same generation
  7. happy; joyous (Can we add an example for this sense?)
  8. 23rd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "ease" (𝌜)

Dialectal synonyms of 外國人 (“foreigner”) [map]

Variety Location Words edit
Classical Chinese 夷, 夷人, 外夷, 四夷, 胡人
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 外國人, 外賓, 外人, 洋人
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 老外, 色糖
Taiwan 外國人, 老外
Harbin 外國人, 老外
Singapore 外國人
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 老外
Jinan 外國人, 老外, 洋人
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 外國人
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 老外, 洋人, 洋鬼子
Wanrong 洋人
Xi'an 老外, 洋人
Yanqi 外國人
Xuzhou 老外
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 外國人, 夷人
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 洋人, 老外, 洋鬼子
Lanzhou 外國人
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 老外, 外國人, 洋人
Wuhan 外國人, 洋人
Guiyang 外國人, 洋人
Kunming 老外, 洋老咪
Guilin 外國人
Liuzhou 老外
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 外國人, 老外, 洋人, 洋鬼子
Yangzhou 外國人, 老外
Cantonese Guangzhou 外國人, 老番
Hong Kong 外國人
Taishan 老外
Dongguan 番鬼佬, 鬼佬
Qinzhou 鬼佬, 外國佬, 番鬼佬
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 老番鬼
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 鬼佬
Singapore (Guangfu) 外國人
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 鬼佬
Móng Cái 外國人, 鬼佬
Yangon (Taishan) 紅毛鬼, 外國人
Mandalay (Taishan) 外國人
Gan Nanchang 外國人, 洋人
Pengze 外國佬
Lichuan 外國人, 洋人
Pingxiang 洋人
Hakka Meixian 外國人, 番人, 番仔, 番鬼
Yudu 外國人, 外國佬, 洋人
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 外國人
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 外國人
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 外國人
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 外國人
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 外國人
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 外國人
Huizhou Jixi 外國佬
Jin Taiyuan 外國人, 洋人, 洋鬼子
Xinzhou 外國人
Northern Min Jian'ou 外國人, 番仔
Eastern Min Fuzhou 番儂, 番囝, 番囝哥, 鬼佬
Southern Min Xiamen 外國儂, 番仔
Quanzhou 番仔
Hui'an 外國仔
Zhangzhou 番仔
Singapore (Hokkien) 外國儂
Manila (Hokkien) 外國儂
Shantou 外國儂, 番鬼, 番囝
Jieyang 番囝, 番儂, 番囝鬼
Singapore (Teochew) 外地儂, 外國儂
Leizhou 番邦儂
Puxian Min Putian 番囝
Xianyou 番囝
Central Min Nanping (Wangtai, Yanping) 外國人
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 番鬼佬
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 外國人
Wu Shanghai 老外, 外國人, 外頭人, 洋人
Shanghai (Chongming) 外國人
Suzhou 外國人
Danyang 老外, 洋人
Hangzhou 外國佬兒
Wenzhou 番人
Jinhua 外國人, 外國佬, 洋鬼子兒
Xiang Changsha 外國人, 外國佬, 洋人子, 洋人
Loudi 洋人, 外國佬
Note Terms that include 鬼 and/or 番 are potentially derogatory.

夷

  1. (Hokkien) Alternative form of 刣 (“to kill”)

夷

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

  1. ancient tribes in eastern China
  2. level (flat and low)
  3. levelled destruction
Kanji in this term
夷
えびすJinmeiyō
kun'yomi

⟨emi1si⟩ → */emʲisɨ/ → /emisə/ → /ebisu/

Shift from Old Japanese 蝦夷 (Emishi), modern Ezo.

夷(えびす) • (ebisu)

  1. (historical) Synonym of 蝦夷 (Ezo): an ancient ethnic group attested in the Nihon Shoki that once lived on what is now the Kantō, Hokuriku and Tōhoku regions, likely as far as Hokkaido, possibly related to the Ainu people; dubbed "barbarians" or "savages" by the Yamato.
  2. a person living far away from the 都 (miyako, “capital”), loosely translated to "bumpkin" or "hick"
    Synonym: 田舎者 (inakamono)
  3. (regional, derogatory) a barbarian, savage, especially referring to the 東夷 (azuma-ebisu, “warrior from the eastern parts of Japan”)
    • 1204, Akishino Gesseishū (book 1, poem 223)
      わがおもふ人(ひと)だにすまばみちのくのえびすの里(さと)もうときものかは
      waga omou hito dani sumaba Michinoku no ebisu no sato utoki mono ka wa
      (please add an English translation of this example)
  4. (by extension, derogatory) a foreigner

夷(えびす) • (Ebisu)

  1. a surname
  2. alternative spelling of 恵比須 (Ebisu), a Shinto god
Kanji in this term
夷
いJinmeiyō
on'yomi

/ji/ → /i/

From Middle Chinese 夷 (MC yij), originally referred to one of the ancient tribes east of China.

夷(い) • (i)

  1. those people with differing languages and/or cultures
    Synonym: 異民族 (iminzoku)
  2. a barbarian, savage; uncivilized people (living to the east of ancient Imperial China; included Japan)
    Synonym: 野蛮人 (yabanjin)
  3. a neutral (position)
    Synonym: 無色 (mushoku)
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

From Middle Chinese 夷 (MC yij). Recorded as Middle Korean 이 (i) (Yale: i) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Wikisource

夷 (eumhun 오랑캐 이 (orangkae i))
夷 (eumhun 평평할 이 (pyeongpyeonghal i))

  1. hanja form? of 이 (“barbarian”)
  2. hanja form? of 이 (“flat; level; smooth”)

夷: Hán Nôm readings: dì, dai, di, gì, rợ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{[rfdef](/wiki/Template:rfdef#top "Template:rfdef")}}.