漢 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary (original) (raw)

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: 汉
Traditional 漢
Simplified 汉
Japanese 漢
Korean 漢

漢 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+11 in Chinese and Korean, 水+10 in Japanese, 14 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 13 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水廿中人 (ETLO), four-corner 34134 or 34185, composition ⿰氵⿱廿⿻口夫(GHTKV or U+FA47) or ⿰氵𦰩(J or U+FA9A))

trad. 漢
simp. 汉
alternative forms 𣾒㵄𣶔𤁉𭲑

Wikipedia has articles on:

| | Old Chinese | | | -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | | 儺 | *naːl | | 臡 | *naːl, *neːl, *njeːl | | 嘆 | *n̥ʰaːn, *n̥ʰaːns | | 灘 | *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns, *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns | | 擹 | *n̥ʰaːn | | 攤 | *n̥ʰaːn, *naːnʔ, *naːns | | 癱 | *n̥ʰaːn | | 歎 | *n̥ʰaːns | | 難 | *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns | | 暵 | *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns | | 熯 | *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns, *njanʔ | | 漢 | *hnaːns | | 戁 | *rnaːnʔ, *njanʔ |

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hnaːns) : semantic 水 (“water”) + abbreviated phonetic 暵 (OC *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns) or 熯 (or 難 according to Xu Shen) – name of a river in China (漢水 or 漢江). Xu Shen links the third contracted phonetic component to the ancient variant 灘. The component to the left as a result of a contraction appears as a variant of 堇, which is the pictogram of a man burned alive as a sacrifice. It is partly unclear whether or not the phonetic component also suggests a morphological feature of the Han river (e.g., a dry river or a river that flows with difficulty) or simply indicates part of the pronunciation; Xu Shen puts no explanation.

A second ancient variant of the character reported by Xu Shen is 㵄 (perhaps analyzable as 淢 and 大).

The usage for the Chinese ethnicity first appeared during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, claiming the Han dynasty as one of the golden ages of Chinese history. Before the Han dynasty, the Chinese referred their land as 華夏 ("Huaxia"), and themselves as 諸華 ("various Hua people") or 諸夏 ("various people/descendants of the Xias"). "Xia" ("Summer; great, splendid") also gave the name to the first semi-legendary Chinese dinasty, the Xia Dinasty (夏朝).

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 漢
Reading # 1/1
ModernBeijing(Pinyin) hàn
MiddleChinese ‹ xanH ›
OldChinese /*n̥ˁar-s/ (W dialect: *n̥- > MC x-, *-r > *-n)
English (river name)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 漢
Reading # 1/1
No. 4905
Phoneticcomponent 暵
Rimegroup 元
Rimesubdivision 1
CorrespondingMC rime 漢
OldChinese /*hnaːns/

漢

  1. (～水, ～江) Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze
    漢口／汉口 ― Hànkǒu ― Hankou (literally, “mouth of the Han”)
  2. (literary) the Milky Way
  3. (～朝) Han Dynasty
  4. Han ethnicity; Han Chinese
  5. man; guy; bloke
    好漢／好汉 ― hǎohàn ― brave man; true man
  6. husband
  7. (～江) Han River, the fourth-longest river on the Korean peninsula
  8. Short for 漢語／汉语 (Hànyǔ, “Chinese language”).
  9. a surname
    漢寶德／汉宝德 ― Hàn Bǎodé ― Han Pao-teh (Taiwanese architect)
Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name Time period Divisions
Xia夏 (～朝, ～代) 2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang商 (～朝, ～代)殷 (～朝, ～代) 1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou周 (～朝, ～代) 1046 – 256 BCE Western Zhou西周
Eastern Zhou東周 / 东周 Spring and Autumn period春秋
Warring States period戰國 / 战国
Qin秦 (～朝, ～代) 221 – 206 BCE
Han漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代) 206 BCE – 220 C.E. Western Han西漢 / 西汉
Xin新 (～朝)
Eastern Han東漢 / 东汉
Three Kingdoms三國 / 三国 220 – 280 C.E. Wei魏
Shu Han蜀漢 / 蜀汉
Wu吳 / 吴
Jin晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代) 265 – 420 C.E. Western Jin西晉 / 西晋
Eastern Jin東晉 / 东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties南北朝 420 – 589 C.E. Northern dynasties北朝 Northern Wei北魏
Western Wei西魏
Eastern Wei東魏 / 东魏
Northern Zhou北周
Northern Qi北齊 / 北齐
Southern dynasties南朝 Liu Song劉宋 / 刘宋
Southern Qi南齊 / 南齐
Liang梁 (～朝, ～代)
Chen陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui隋 (～朝, ～代) 581 – 618 C.E.
Tang唐 (～朝, ～代) 618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms五代十國 / 五代十国 907 – 960 C.E.
Liao遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代) 907 – 1125 C.E.
Song宋 (～朝, ～代) 960 – 1279 C.E. Northern Song北宋
Southern Song南宋
Western Xia西夏 1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin金 (～朝, ～代) 1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao西遼 / 西辽 1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan元 (～朝, ～代) 1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming明 (～朝, ～代) 1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing清 (～朝, ～代) 1636 – 1912 C.E.
Shinjitai 漢
Kyūjitai[1] 漢漢or漢+︀?
漢󠄁漢+󠄁?(Adobe-Japan1)
漢󠄃漢+󠄃?(Hanyo-Denshi)(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.See here for details.

漢

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 漢)

  1. Sino-, China
  2. man

Compounds

Kanji in this term
漢
かんGrade: 3
on'yomi
Alternative spelling
漢 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH), in reference to the Han Chinese ethnic group.

The sense of man arose from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.

漢(かん) • (kan)

  1. man
    さらに悟(ご)上(じょう)に得(とく)悟(ご)する**漢(かん)あり、迷(めい)中(ちゅう)又(う)迷(めい)の漢(かん)**あり。
    Sara ni gojō ni tokugo suru kan ari, meichū umei no kan ari.
    Moreover, some men achieve enlightenment and further enlightenment, and some men achieve confusion and further confusion.

Derived terms

漢(かん) • (Kan)

  1. the name of China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE)
  2. name of various Chinese dynasties
    1. the 西漢 (Saikan, “Western Han”) or 前漢 (Zenkan, “Former Han”) (206 BCE – 9 CE)
    2. the 東漢 (Tōkan, “Eastern Han”) or 後漢 (Gokan, “Later Han”) (25–220 CE)
    3. the 蜀漢 (Shokkan, “Shu Han”) (221–263)
    4. the 成漢 (Seikan, “Cheng Han”) (304–347)
    5. the 南漢 (Nankan, “Southern Han”) (917–971)
    6. the 後漢 (Kōkan, “Later Han”) (947–951)
    7. the 北漢 (Hokukan, “Northern Han”) (951–979)
  3. the Han Chinese people
  4. the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze
  5. (by extension from the "river" sense) the Milky Way
    Synonyms: 天漢 (Tenkan), 天河 (Tenga), 銀漢 (Ginkan), 銀河 (Ginga), 天の川 (Ama-no-gawa)
  6. alternative name for 漢中 (Kanchū, “Hanzhong”)
  7. a surname

Derived terms

Kanji in this term
漢
からGrade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
漢 (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese.

Originally referred to the Gaya confederacy, an independent state in the south of the Korean peninsula in the years 42–562 CE. Over time, the meaning extended to refer in general to the Korean peninsula and China, expanding further just before and during the Edo period to refer to foreign lands in general.[2][3]

漢(から) • (kara-)

  1. element in compounds, referring to things imported from China or Korea, or from other foreign lands
    漢詩(からうた)、唐歌(からうた)、唐(から)揚(あ)げ、漢音(からごえ)
    karauta, karauta, karāge, karagoe
    Chinese-style poetry (as opposed to formal waka Japanese-style poetry), Chinese-style poetry, deep-fried chicken or fish (a style introduced by Europeans in the 1600s), “Chinese voice” → the kan'on or Chinese-derived reading for a character

漢(から) • (kara)

  1. (historical) shortly before and during the Edo period, foreign lands in general

漢(から) • (Kara)

  1. the Gaya confederacy
  2. (archaic) the Korean peninsula
  3. (archaic) China, especially during the Han dynasty
Kanji in this term
漢
あやGrade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
漢 (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese, in reference to clans purportedly originating from China.[2][4][3] Appears to be cognate with 文 / 紋 / 綾 / 絢 (aya, “a pattern or design; a pattern of diagonally interweaving lines; twill; how something fits together, the reason or background of a thing; skillful expression in color or words; melody, tune”), possibly in distant reference to technologies and cultural practices brought to Japan by the original Chinese immigrants.

漢(あや) • (Aya)

  1. short for 漢氏 (Aya uji): name of one of two ancient clans, purportedly descendants from Han Chinese, and notable historically for major achievements in fields including literature, diplomacy, and finance, among others
    1. 東漢 (Yamato no Aya)
    2. 西漢 (Kawachi no Aya)
Kanji in this term
漢
おとこGrade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
漢 (kyūjitai)

Rare alternative spelling for 男 (otoko, “man”), from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.

See the 男 entry for the derivation of the reading.

漢(おとこ) • (otoko) ←**をとこ** (wotoko)?

  1. (slang) Rare spelling of 男 (“man”).

    • **漢(おとこ)**は背(せ)中(なか)で人(じん)生(せい)を語(かた)る！キミのベストポーズでスーパーアピール‼
      Otoko wa senaka de jinsei o kataru! Kimi no besuto pōzu de sūpā apīru‼
      Men show what life is with their backs! Strike your best pose to drive home your point!!

  2. ^ “漢”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

  3. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

  4. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

  5. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

  6. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

  7. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 한〮 (Yale: hán)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 하ᄂᆞᆯ (Yale: hanol) 한 (Yale: han)

Wikisource

漢 (eumhun 한나라 한 (Hannara han))

  1. hanja form? of 한 (“Sino-, China”) [affix]
  2. hanja form? of 한 (“man; person”) [suffix]
  3. hanja form? of 한 (“Han dynasty”) [proper noun]

Compounds

漢: Hán Nôm readings: Hán

Hán 漢 written with 龷 on top. A common variant of 漢 in Vietnamese writing. This is from 大南國史演歌 Đại Nam quốc sử diễn ca.

  1. Of or relating to China
  2. 漢喃 (Hán Nôm) Vietnamese made Chinese characters