Dr. Obhioze A U G U S T I N E Akpoka | Igbinedion University Okada (original) (raw)

Papers by Dr. Obhioze A U G U S T I N E Akpoka

Bacterial Empire

Introduction: Chlamydia is transmitted through sexual contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or a... more Introduction: Chlamydia is transmitted through sexual contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus of an infected partner. It can be transmitted or acquired even without ejaculation. It can also be transmitted perinatally from an untreated mother to her baby during childbirth, resulting in ophthalmia neonatorum or pneumonia in some exposed infants. Objective: The objective of this study was to screen for and determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic sexually active women aged 16-33 years with the aid of a point of care rapid test kits within a resource-limited setting. Methods: In this study endocervical swab of a total of 170 female subjects between the ages of 16 to 33 were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis with two types of rapid test kits (Diaspot and Abon Rapid test kits for chlamydia). The subjects consisted of 140 study subjects and 30 control subjects attending the gynecological unit in Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital (IUTH) for other reaso...

The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that, antimicrobial properties of the leaf extra... more The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that, antimicrobial properties of the leaf extracts were due to secondary metabolites such as amino acids, essential oils, flavonoids and saponins contained. The antimicrobial activities of alcoholic extracts were tested against pathogenic fungal isolates of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. This was performed by inoculating the isolates into the pure extract, spread onto petri plates containing Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) media, observed for growth at stipulated standards. The sensitivity test was done by the disk diffusion method to test the effectiveness of an antimycotic (Griseofulvin) applied on the specific isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to ascertain the lowest drug concentrations that inhibited the fungal growths. The antimicrobial test revealed that, the leaf extracts of Eupatorium odoratum and Canjanus cajan inhibited the growths of the organisms while extracts of Citrus a...

Bacteria Empire, 2019

This study assessed the microbiological quality of various ready-to-eat cooked food and their con... more This study assessed the microbiological quality of various ready-to-eat cooked food and their contact surfaces in selected restaurants in the university town of Okada, Edo state, Nigeria. Microbial analysis was carried out on the samples obtained from six restaurants. The restaurants sampled were the ones with the highest patronage within the study area. The results obtained indicated that most of the ready-to-eat food did not meet the required quality standards, and therefore, posed potential risks of foodborne infections to consumers. Exposure assessment was used to evaluate the level of hygiene practices in the selected restaurants with results indicating poor hygiene practice. The organisms isolated from the ready-to-eat cooked foods in the restaurants and their prevalence were, Bacillus species (12.50%), Enterobacter species (50.00%), Streptococcus species (12.50%), Micrococcus species (12.50%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.50%), from the food contact surfaces (Hands of ready-t...

Bacterial Empire

A variety of simple culture-based tests which are proposed to recover a wide range of microorgani... more A variety of simple culture-based tests which are proposed to recover a wide range of microorganisms from water are collectively known as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and used as an indirect indicator to give information about water quality. The aim of this study was to assess the heterotrophic plate count (HPC) culture-based dependent and 16S rRNA independent techniques of identifying bacteria. The HPC was conducted by incubating a filtered sample of water on R2A agar plates and enumerating the number of resultant bacterial colonies that grow on each plate. The molecular analysis was performed by extracting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bacterial isolate and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to obtain the amplicons (PCR products). Purified PCR products were sequenced by ABI V3.1 Big dye kit and the analysis of sequence was conducted by the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) to identify their closest relatives. A total number of 17 isolates of Pseudomonas, B...

Bacterial Empire

Currently, the food industry wants to expand the range of probiotic yogurts but each probiotic ba... more Currently, the food industry wants to expand the range of probiotic yogurts but each probiotic bacteria offers different and specific health benefits. This study examined the viable counts of Lactobacillus acidophilus and percentage syneresis of probiotic yoghurt produced from reconstituted skim and whole milk powder stored for 35 days at 4±2 oC. Skim milk probiotic yoghurt (SMPY) and Whole milk probiotic yoghurt (WMPY) were produced by reconstituting dry milk powder (130 g/900 ml w/v), which was pasteurized at 85 oC for 15 mins, cooled to 43 oC and inoculated with freeze dried probiotic yoghurt mixed starter culture containing Streptococcus thermophilus (ST), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA). The yoghurt samples were analyzed for viability of ST, LB, LA and also syneresis. During storage, the viable counts of ST in SMPY decreased from 5.43x108 to 5.18x106 cfu/ml, LB (2.47x108 to 8.10x105 cfu/ml) and LA (1.83x108 to 5.78x105 cfu/ml). Similarly, the vi...

Fungal Territory

Results of this investigation revealed that several species of filamentous fungi are present in t... more Results of this investigation revealed that several species of filamentous fungi are present in the reservoir waters. Samples were collected from the surface and walls of the inner storage tank. The isolation process was done by a range of techniques and media, monitored by trained taxonomist to achieve broad arrays of water-borne fungi classified to species level. The direct plate enrichment counts and filtration technique recorded the highest number of counts (59 % and 32 %) respectively. The sabauraud dextrose Agar (SDA) was observed as the medium that recorded the highest colonies (60 cfu/100 ml) for incubation period of 5 d at 30 oC. Six different fungal taxa were recovered from the three examined sites (ST1, ST2 and ST3) and the ST3 was reported to have the highest number of isolated species. However, certain fungi were observed to be more distributed than others, specifically in species of Aspergillus and Penicillium which tended to be the most common. Although, species of ot...

Antibacterial susceptibility study of the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extract of Moringa ole... more Antibacterial susceptibility study of the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extract of Moringa oleifera and Nigella sativa was carried out to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial effects of these plants against some clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The susceptibility of the bacterial isolates to the extract of M. oleifera and N. Sativa were determined by agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) techniques. The findings from this study revealed that M. oleifera leaf extract exhibited better antibacterial effects than N. sativa seed extract, as indicated by their zones of inhibition and MIC values. The aqueous and chloroform extract of M. oleifera exhibited activity only against S. aureus and E. coli (MIC values of the aqueous and chloroform extract of M. oleifera against S. aureus and E. coli were reported as 3.91 mg/ml and 1.96 mg/ml for S. aureus, as well as 7.20 mg/ml and 31.25 mg/ml for E. coli), whi...

This study assessed the microbiological quality of various ready-to-eat cooked food and their con... more This study assessed the microbiological quality of various ready-to-eat cooked food and their contact surfaces in selected restaurants in the university town of Okada, Edo state, Nigeria. Microbial analysis was carried out on the samples obtained from six restaurants. The restaurants sampled were the ones with the highest patronage within the study area. The results obtained indicated that most of the ready-to-eat food did not meet the required quality standards, and therefore, posed potential risks of foodborne infections to consumers. Exposure assessment was used to evaluate the level of hygiene practices in the selected restaurants with results indicating poor hygiene practice. The organisms isolated from the ready-to-eat cooked foods in the restaurants and their prevalence were, Bacillus species (12.50%), Enterobacter species (50.00%), Streptococcus species (12.50%), Micrococcus species (12.50%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.50%), from the food contact surfaces (Hands of ready-to-eat food servers) were, Enterobacter species (36.36%), Streptococcus (9.09%), Micrococcus (9.09%) Staphylococcus (45.46%) and ready-to-use serving plates (Streptococcus (33.33%) and Enterobacter sp. (50%). Haemolysis test was employed as a phenotypic marker of pathogenicity for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sp. The prevalence of the pathogenic strains isolated from the ready-to-eat food were Streptococcus sp. (9.09%) and Staphylococcus sp. (45.46%) and that of the one isolated from the serving plate was Streptococcus sp. (33.33%).

International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 2021

The seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Benin City was investigated. Four... more The seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Benin City was investigated. Four hundred and ninety-three (N=493) blood samples were collected randomly from pregnant women attending four different hospitals in Benin City within a period of three months. The blood samples were screened for hepatitis B antibodies using FICH TECH diagnostic kit. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was done to exclude false positive cases followed by Liver Function Tests (LFT) using reflotron plus analyser. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was done to amplify hepatitis B viral DNA followed by agarous gel electrophoresis to separate the bands before visualisation with U-V transilluminator. Out of 176 blood samples collected from pregnant women attending Stella Obasanjo Women and Children Hospital, 3 (1.7%) were positive for hepatitis B antibodies. At Faith Medical Centre, 258 blood samples were collected out of which, 3 (1.2%) were positive. Enofe Medical Centre had 2 (8.0%) positive out of 25 blood samples collected while 1 (2.9%) positive case was recorded from the 34 blood samples collected at Ovbiose Hospital. Overall, 9 (1.8%) blood samples were hepatitis B antibodies positive out of the total of 493 and the difference was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The 9 positive blood samples were subjected to LFT, out of which 3 (3.33%) recorded abnormal values between alkaline phosphatase (310-423), aspartate amino transferase (49-65), alanine amino transferase (46-55), total bilirubin (1.0-9.8) and conjugated bilirubin (0.5-4.8). Out of the same nine samples amplified using polymerase chain reaction, 4 (44.4%) harboured one band of DNA each with their molecular weights varying between 100 bp-1517 bp. Out of the 4 samples that had hepatitis B viral DNA, 3 (75%) were those with abnormal LFT results. Despite the low hepatitis B prevalence among pregnant women used in this present study, there is still a need for a public health concern in Nigeria because of the risk of perinatal transfer. Therefore, all pregnant women including those previously tested or vaccinated should be tested routinely for HBsAg during early prenatal visit, preferably in the first trimester in each pregnancy.

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2020

This study was conducted to identify and characterize bacteria capable of degrading spent oil con... more This study was conducted to identify and characterize bacteria capable of degrading spent oil contaminated soil. The physicochemical parameters of used engine oil were analyzed according to existing standards, while the total heterotrophic plate counts (HBC) and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria counts were ascertained with the pour plate methods using nutrient agar and minimal salt agar (MSA) media respectively. The results indicated a mean total HBC ranging from 2.86 ± 0.08 to 5.76 log10 CFU/g and mean hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial counts from 1.32 ± 0.09 to 3.82 ± 0.25 log10 CFU/g, with samples enriched with Glycine max (Soybean) recorded to have the highest bacterial counts. The phenotypic identification of the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria as sources of carbon and energy showed the presence of two primary bacterial genera: Bacillus and Micrococcus. However, from the overall 50 counted colonies, the frequency of occurrence for Bacillus was 41 (82 %) whereas, the Micrococcus was (9) 18%. The obtained data, confirmed the breakdown capacity of autochthonous (indigenous) organisms notably; Bacillus in the reduction of pollutants linked with oil spillage. This provides for reliable and promising approach of ameliorating crude oil pollutants and its inherent threats.

International Journal of health care sciences, 2019

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a multiuse tropical tree that is used for food, medicine. and several ot... more Moringa oleifera Lam. is a multiuse tropical tree that is used for food, medicine. and several other purposes. Almost all the parts of this plant: root, bark, gum, leaf, fruit, flowers, seed and seed oil have been used for various ailments in indigenous medicine. Some part of the moringa plant is reported to possess a recombinant protein in it. The seed for instance is able to flocculate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria cells. The seed could also act directly on microorganism by being bacteriostatic. Moringa contains antimicrobial peptides that could disrupt the cell membrane or inhibit essential enzymes in microorganism. In this study, the active agents in the leaves and roots were extracted with both ethanol and water. The extracts were then tested for antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method. MIC was determined by the tube dilution technique and their activity determined. The phytochemical ethanol extract was found to contain Spirochin, Moriginine, Catechol Tannins, Steroids and Triterpenoids, Saponins, Anthraquinones, Alkaloids, Reducing sugars, Pterygospermin in different concentrations. The Aqueous extract yielded Spirochin, Moriginine, Saponins, Anthraquinones, Alkaloids, Reducing sugars, Pterygospermin. The Moringa oleifera stem and root extracts demonstrated a strong antimicrobial property against all the tested clinical isolates (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans). The plant extract also showed antimicrobial activity against all the test organisms, with the zones of inhibition ranging from 5-28 mm in diameter at varying concentrations. The fungi (Candia albicans) was more susceptible to the extracts with a zone of inhibition of 28 mm and remarkably better than ciprofloxacin, the positive control with a zone of inhibition of 25 mm on the Candida albicans. In this study, the root extracts of Moringa oleifera had a better effectiveness than the stem while exhibiting high antimicrobial potential on both fungi and bacteria.

Bacteria Empire, 2019

It is well established that storing hatching eggs over a longer period of time affects its qualit... more It is well established that storing hatching eggs over a longer period of time affects its quality. The current study evaluated the impact of egg storage duration in-relation
to two different temperature conditions (room and refrigerator) to determine the bacterial load and shelf life of viable eggs. One hundred and twenty eggs were used for
this study, 60 were boiled and 60 were raw. Thirty of the boiled eggs were stored at room temperature and the other 30 eggs were kept in the refrigerator. Similarly, 30
raw eggs were each stored at room and optimal refrigeration temperatures for eggs (< 7 oC) respectively, while the egg weight, viability and sensory tests were
performed daily on the eggs. However, the eggs kept in the refrigerator were viable for longer and relatively maintained higher physical appearance and sensory quality
compared to eggs kept at room temperature. In the investigation of bacterial load, the total viable count ranged from 6.0× 103 to 11.9 × 103 coliform forming unit per
millilitre (cfu/ml) and 1.0 × 103 to 6.5 × 103 cfu/ml for the boiled eggs kept at room and refrigeration temperatures (BRT and BFT) respectively. More so, the bacterial
counts in raw eggs obtained at room and refrigerator storage ranged from 4.8 × 10 3 to 6.5 × 103 cfu/ml. Subsequently, the characterization and identification of bacterial
isolates indicated the presence of Salmonella pullorum, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas sp. The Salmonella pullorum was isolated from all the egg samples (BRT,
BFT, RRT and RFT). The Proteus mirabilis was isolated from boiled eggs kept in both room and refrigerator temperatures (BRT and BFT) while Pseudomonas sp. was
obtained only from raw eggs stored in the refrigerator (RFT). In addition, the boiled eggs at room temperature started deterioration on Day 9, while its counterpart in the
refrigerator began spoilage or decrease in quality from Day 16. The weight of the viable eggs in relation to the non-viable ones was statistically significant (P < 0.05).
The refrigeration of eggs increases its longevity while proper hygiene and adequate boiling of eggs reduces the risk of acquiring infections through bacterial
contamination.

SAU Sci-Tech. J., 2020

Anthocyanins are phytochemicals whose extracts contained active principles that are antibiofilm t... more Anthocyanins are phytochemicals whose extracts contained active principles that are antibiofilm that could potentially be administered to alleviate the risk of biofilm related-diseases and considered as a factor contributing to drug resistance in microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of anthocyanin extract as natural effective alternate antibiofilm agent. The pulp of the fruits was extracted using 75% methanol, prior to sub-fractionation and lyophilization to obtain the anthocyanin component. The antibiofilm activity was performed using micro-dilution assay on iron and polystyrene (hydrocarbon) surfaces. Microbial growth was determined through optical density (OD650) while adhesion and biofilm formation was conducted using standard crystal violet staining methods. The results revealed that, both extracts of walnut and soybean reduced the microorganisms (Pseudomonas and Klebiella species) surveyed but the extract from soybean (Glycine max) was more effective (0.10-0475 mg/ml). In addition, increased extract concentration resulted in less biofilm formation and demonstrated a considerable impact as natural inhibiting agent against the preliminary stages of biofilm formation with the capacity to disrupt the attachment to surfaces and with Klebsiella species, shown as the more susceptible organism.

International Journal of Applied Biology, 2020

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites from volunteered ind... more This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites from volunteered individuals in the study site. A total of 300 stool samples, comprising 150 females and 150 males were collected randomly from the study population in Ovia NorthEast Local Government Area in Edo State, aged between 1 and 60 years. The stool samples were aseptically collected and examined using both direct smear method and formol ether sedimentation techniques to determine the individual parasite load of the sampled population. The age group of 16-20 had the highest number of participants 102(34%) while the age group of 6-10, 51-55 and 56-60 had the least number of participants of 3(1%) respectively. Out of the 300 stool samples examined 87, (29%) were positive with intestinal parasites while 213(71%) were negative, not having any intestinal parasitic infection However the age group of 11-15(N=10) and 31-35(N=10) had the highest prevalence rate of 11.5%, while the lowest prevalence (1%) was found in individuals of ages 41-60 years. There was no intestinal parasites found among the individuals below11 years of age.. Of the 150 male candidates examined, 57 (65.5%) were infected with intestinal parasites. On the other hand, their female counterparts had a total prevalence of 34.5%. A total number of six parasitic species were isolated from the fecal specimens. These were Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercolaris, Entamoeba coli, Hookworms and Entamoeba histolytica. Ascaris lumbricoides had the highest prevalence rate (12%), while Trichuris trichiura and Strongyloides stercolaris had the least prevalence rate (1%) respectively. The intestinal parasite infection and age were negatively correlated and there was a significant difference between the male and female infection rates (p<0.05).

Archives of Ecotoxicology, 2020

The capability of indigenous bacteria and microalgae in crude oil effluents to grow in and utiliz... more The capability of indigenous bacteria and microalgae in crude oil effluents to grow in and utilize crude oil as their sole source of carbon and energy provides an environmentally friendly and economical process for dealing with crude oil pollution and its inherent hazards. In view of the toxicity of crude oil spillages to indwellers of the affected ecosystems and the entire affected environment, the isolation of pure bacterial and microalgae cultures from crude effluents is a step in the right direction, particularly for bio-augmentation or bioremediation purposes. The total heterotrophic bacteria count and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria count, as well as the microalgae count, were determined with the pour plate technique. The physicochemical properties of the effluent samples were also analyzed. Identification of the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria was performed with phenotypic techniques. The result shows a mean total heterotrophic bacterium count of 5.91 log CFU/ml and a mean microalga count of 4.77 log cells/ml. When crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) were used as sole carbon sources, total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria counts were respectively estimated at 3.89 and 2.89 log CFU/ml. Phenotypic identification of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in the crude oil effluents revealed the presence of two main bacterial genera: Streptococcus and Pseudomonas. Data obtained from this study confirmed the biodegradative abilities of indigenous bacterial species, thus, ultimately resulting in the amelioration of the toxicity associated with the crude oil effluents.

Bacteria Empire, 2019

Good food hygiene ensures that the preparation and preservation of foods are safe for human consu... more Good food hygiene ensures that the preparation and preservation of foods are safe for human consumption. It ensures that food is prevented from microbial contamination at the levels of production to consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial content of ready-to-eat cooked food, ready-to-use serving plates and hands of food handlers in six selected restaurants in Okada, Edo State, Nigeria. The samples were aseptically collected from the restaurants and taken to the microbiology laboratory of Igbinedion University, Okada for analysis. The microbial content of the samples was identified by standard microbiological methods. The microorganisms isolated were Enterobacter species, Streptococcus species, Micrococcus species, Bacillus species, Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces species. The total aerobic viable counts, total coliform counts and total Staphylococcus counts in the ready-to-eat cooked food from the six restaurants were 3.67 ± 0.33 × 10 2 cfu/g-2.71 ± 0.05 × 10 4 cfu/g; 3.33 ± 0.33 × 10 2 cfu/g-2.39 ± 0.04 × 10 4 cfu/g and 0.00 ± 0.00 cfu/g-3.70 ± 0.21 × 10 3 cfu/g respectively. The concentration of microbes on the food contact surfaces from ready-to-use serving plates were 0.00 ± 0.00 cfu/cm 2-14.67 ± 0.33 cfu/cm 2 and 0.00 ± 0.00 cfu/cm 2-22.67 ± 0.33 cfu/cm 2 in the hands of the food handlers. Therefore, foods provided to consumers at these restaurants are not of acceptable microbiological quality.

J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 2019

In drinking water systems, a large number of microorganisms live in complex communities in a self... more In drinking water systems, a large number of microorganisms live in complex communities in a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix associated with inner surfaces of pipes, walls and floors of storage tanks, joints and faucets. This study was aimed at analyzing the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of bacterial isolates of drinking water distribution systems in some higher institutions in Edo State. The physicochemical parameters were determined by using standard protocol and microbiological water quality was conducted using the standard microbiological methods. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that, the pH values ranged between 4.17 and 5.89. The highest (5.89) was recorded with samples from OK-R and the least (4.17) was obtained from UB-T. The electrical conductivity (EC) values for SA-R (104.8µS/cm), AA-R (105.5 µS/cm) and OKR (114.8 µS/cm) exceeded the permissible threshold value of 100µS/cm. Concentrations of lead for AA-R (0.02 mg/L) and OK-R (0.03 mg/L) were significantly higher than the acceptable level of 0.01mg/L. The mean total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 3.3 ± 0.3 x 10 2 cfu/mL to 9.3 ± 0.3 x 10 2 cfu/mL, with the least and highest counts recorded for UB-R and AA-R. Phenotypically identified bacteria were the Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Providencia species. The study revealed that drinking water system of biofilms is a reservoir for microorganisms that could cause public health concerns which is impacted by the presence of available nutrient, environmental conditions and heavy metals.

Annals. Food Science and Technology, 2019

This study w organic plan noodles. The Federal Univ sliced into 3-size) and use with 2.5 % analys... more This study w organic plan noodles. The Federal Univ sliced into 3-size) and use with 2.5 % analyses. De and these qu of shininess, f based on all described to (slightly yell were more a produced fro commercial w Key word paradisica

Bacteria Empire, 2020

Persea americana is a major and cheap source of nutrients-containing protein fruit and commonly r... more Persea americana is a major and cheap source of nutrients-containing protein fruit and commonly referred to as Avocado pear. It is a green-skin, fleshy body and may be spherical or pear-shaped and ripens easily after harvest, significantly reducing its shelf-life. The average storage time before spoilage is 3-6 days. The fruit is highly cherished by many and as such a significant dietary contribution, in developing countries. However, the poor shelf-life of the fruit has led to its high perishability, huge post-harvest losses and market glut during harvest. In this study, fresh, undamaged, firm, healthy-looking, ripe avocado fruits purchased from Oba Market and New-Benin market were left free of dust and insects under room temperature for between 5-6 days to undergo a natural process of spoilage. A homogenate of each of the sample was achieved by blending 25 grams of the sample in 225 ml of sterile 1.5 % peptone water with a sterile glass blender. Serial dilutions of up to 10-1-10-5 were made and 1 ml of each of the dilutions were transferred into sterile Petri dishes and respectively mixed with 15 ml of an appropriate sterile media and incubated at a temperature of 37 o C for 48 hours, while the Sauboraud dextrose agar (SDA) was left at room temperature for 5 days. After incubation, bacterial and fungal colony-forming units were counted and used to determine the total aerobic viable counts (TAVC), total coliform counts (TCC), Escherichia coli counts (EC), Staphylococci counts (SC) and total fungi counts (FC). Representative colonial isolates were subsequently subcultured on nutrient agar slants and stored at a temperature of 4 o C prior to characterization. Phenotypic identification of microbes was performed according to standard methods. The present study revealed that the coliform bacteria (TCC = 2.42 x 10 3 cfu/g and 2.06 x 10 3 cfu/g) accounted for a significant fraction of the total bacterial population (TAVC = 2.75 x 10 4 cfu/g and 9.68 x 10 3 cfu/g) isolated from spoiled pear produce. Hence, Erwinia and Klebsiella aerogenes of genus of Enterobacteriaceae, were the main spoilage bacteria; while Phytophthoras species (FC = 1.73 x 10 4 cfu/g and 1.02 x 10 4 cfu/g) was the main spoilage fungus of pear produce sold in the two Nigerian markets. The isolation of pathogenic organisms also calls for a public health concern.

Bacterial Empire

Introduction: Chlamydia is transmitted through sexual contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or a... more Introduction: Chlamydia is transmitted through sexual contact with the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus of an infected partner. It can be transmitted or acquired even without ejaculation. It can also be transmitted perinatally from an untreated mother to her baby during childbirth, resulting in ophthalmia neonatorum or pneumonia in some exposed infants. Objective: The objective of this study was to screen for and determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic sexually active women aged 16-33 years with the aid of a point of care rapid test kits within a resource-limited setting. Methods: In this study endocervical swab of a total of 170 female subjects between the ages of 16 to 33 were screened for Chlamydia trachomatis with two types of rapid test kits (Diaspot and Abon Rapid test kits for chlamydia). The subjects consisted of 140 study subjects and 30 control subjects attending the gynecological unit in Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital (IUTH) for other reaso...

The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that, antimicrobial properties of the leaf extra... more The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that, antimicrobial properties of the leaf extracts were due to secondary metabolites such as amino acids, essential oils, flavonoids and saponins contained. The antimicrobial activities of alcoholic extracts were tested against pathogenic fungal isolates of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophyte. This was performed by inoculating the isolates into the pure extract, spread onto petri plates containing Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) media, observed for growth at stipulated standards. The sensitivity test was done by the disk diffusion method to test the effectiveness of an antimycotic (Griseofulvin) applied on the specific isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to ascertain the lowest drug concentrations that inhibited the fungal growths. The antimicrobial test revealed that, the leaf extracts of Eupatorium odoratum and Canjanus cajan inhibited the growths of the organisms while extracts of Citrus a...

Bacteria Empire, 2019

This study assessed the microbiological quality of various ready-to-eat cooked food and their con... more This study assessed the microbiological quality of various ready-to-eat cooked food and their contact surfaces in selected restaurants in the university town of Okada, Edo state, Nigeria. Microbial analysis was carried out on the samples obtained from six restaurants. The restaurants sampled were the ones with the highest patronage within the study area. The results obtained indicated that most of the ready-to-eat food did not meet the required quality standards, and therefore, posed potential risks of foodborne infections to consumers. Exposure assessment was used to evaluate the level of hygiene practices in the selected restaurants with results indicating poor hygiene practice. The organisms isolated from the ready-to-eat cooked foods in the restaurants and their prevalence were, Bacillus species (12.50%), Enterobacter species (50.00%), Streptococcus species (12.50%), Micrococcus species (12.50%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.50%), from the food contact surfaces (Hands of ready-t...

Bacterial Empire

A variety of simple culture-based tests which are proposed to recover a wide range of microorgani... more A variety of simple culture-based tests which are proposed to recover a wide range of microorganisms from water are collectively known as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and used as an indirect indicator to give information about water quality. The aim of this study was to assess the heterotrophic plate count (HPC) culture-based dependent and 16S rRNA independent techniques of identifying bacteria. The HPC was conducted by incubating a filtered sample of water on R2A agar plates and enumerating the number of resultant bacterial colonies that grow on each plate. The molecular analysis was performed by extracting the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from bacterial isolate and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to obtain the amplicons (PCR products). Purified PCR products were sequenced by ABI V3.1 Big dye kit and the analysis of sequence was conducted by the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) to identify their closest relatives. A total number of 17 isolates of Pseudomonas, B...

Bacterial Empire

Currently, the food industry wants to expand the range of probiotic yogurts but each probiotic ba... more Currently, the food industry wants to expand the range of probiotic yogurts but each probiotic bacteria offers different and specific health benefits. This study examined the viable counts of Lactobacillus acidophilus and percentage syneresis of probiotic yoghurt produced from reconstituted skim and whole milk powder stored for 35 days at 4±2 oC. Skim milk probiotic yoghurt (SMPY) and Whole milk probiotic yoghurt (WMPY) were produced by reconstituting dry milk powder (130 g/900 ml w/v), which was pasteurized at 85 oC for 15 mins, cooled to 43 oC and inoculated with freeze dried probiotic yoghurt mixed starter culture containing Streptococcus thermophilus (ST), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA). The yoghurt samples were analyzed for viability of ST, LB, LA and also syneresis. During storage, the viable counts of ST in SMPY decreased from 5.43x108 to 5.18x106 cfu/ml, LB (2.47x108 to 8.10x105 cfu/ml) and LA (1.83x108 to 5.78x105 cfu/ml). Similarly, the vi...

Fungal Territory

Results of this investigation revealed that several species of filamentous fungi are present in t... more Results of this investigation revealed that several species of filamentous fungi are present in the reservoir waters. Samples were collected from the surface and walls of the inner storage tank. The isolation process was done by a range of techniques and media, monitored by trained taxonomist to achieve broad arrays of water-borne fungi classified to species level. The direct plate enrichment counts and filtration technique recorded the highest number of counts (59 % and 32 %) respectively. The sabauraud dextrose Agar (SDA) was observed as the medium that recorded the highest colonies (60 cfu/100 ml) for incubation period of 5 d at 30 oC. Six different fungal taxa were recovered from the three examined sites (ST1, ST2 and ST3) and the ST3 was reported to have the highest number of isolated species. However, certain fungi were observed to be more distributed than others, specifically in species of Aspergillus and Penicillium which tended to be the most common. Although, species of ot...

Antibacterial susceptibility study of the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extract of Moringa ole... more Antibacterial susceptibility study of the aqueous, methanol and chloroform extract of Moringa oleifera and Nigella sativa was carried out to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial effects of these plants against some clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The susceptibility of the bacterial isolates to the extract of M. oleifera and N. Sativa were determined by agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) techniques. The findings from this study revealed that M. oleifera leaf extract exhibited better antibacterial effects than N. sativa seed extract, as indicated by their zones of inhibition and MIC values. The aqueous and chloroform extract of M. oleifera exhibited activity only against S. aureus and E. coli (MIC values of the aqueous and chloroform extract of M. oleifera against S. aureus and E. coli were reported as 3.91 mg/ml and 1.96 mg/ml for S. aureus, as well as 7.20 mg/ml and 31.25 mg/ml for E. coli), whi...

This study assessed the microbiological quality of various ready-to-eat cooked food and their con... more This study assessed the microbiological quality of various ready-to-eat cooked food and their contact surfaces in selected restaurants in the university town of Okada, Edo state, Nigeria. Microbial analysis was carried out on the samples obtained from six restaurants. The restaurants sampled were the ones with the highest patronage within the study area. The results obtained indicated that most of the ready-to-eat food did not meet the required quality standards, and therefore, posed potential risks of foodborne infections to consumers. Exposure assessment was used to evaluate the level of hygiene practices in the selected restaurants with results indicating poor hygiene practice. The organisms isolated from the ready-to-eat cooked foods in the restaurants and their prevalence were, Bacillus species (12.50%), Enterobacter species (50.00%), Streptococcus species (12.50%), Micrococcus species (12.50%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.50%), from the food contact surfaces (Hands of ready-to-eat food servers) were, Enterobacter species (36.36%), Streptococcus (9.09%), Micrococcus (9.09%) Staphylococcus (45.46%) and ready-to-use serving plates (Streptococcus (33.33%) and Enterobacter sp. (50%). Haemolysis test was employed as a phenotypic marker of pathogenicity for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sp. The prevalence of the pathogenic strains isolated from the ready-to-eat food were Streptococcus sp. (9.09%) and Staphylococcus sp. (45.46%) and that of the one isolated from the serving plate was Streptococcus sp. (33.33%).

International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 2021

The seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Benin City was investigated. Four... more The seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in Benin City was investigated. Four hundred and ninety-three (N=493) blood samples were collected randomly from pregnant women attending four different hospitals in Benin City within a period of three months. The blood samples were screened for hepatitis B antibodies using FICH TECH diagnostic kit. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was done to exclude false positive cases followed by Liver Function Tests (LFT) using reflotron plus analyser. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was done to amplify hepatitis B viral DNA followed by agarous gel electrophoresis to separate the bands before visualisation with U-V transilluminator. Out of 176 blood samples collected from pregnant women attending Stella Obasanjo Women and Children Hospital, 3 (1.7%) were positive for hepatitis B antibodies. At Faith Medical Centre, 258 blood samples were collected out of which, 3 (1.2%) were positive. Enofe Medical Centre had 2 (8.0%) positive out of 25 blood samples collected while 1 (2.9%) positive case was recorded from the 34 blood samples collected at Ovbiose Hospital. Overall, 9 (1.8%) blood samples were hepatitis B antibodies positive out of the total of 493 and the difference was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The 9 positive blood samples were subjected to LFT, out of which 3 (3.33%) recorded abnormal values between alkaline phosphatase (310-423), aspartate amino transferase (49-65), alanine amino transferase (46-55), total bilirubin (1.0-9.8) and conjugated bilirubin (0.5-4.8). Out of the same nine samples amplified using polymerase chain reaction, 4 (44.4%) harboured one band of DNA each with their molecular weights varying between 100 bp-1517 bp. Out of the 4 samples that had hepatitis B viral DNA, 3 (75%) were those with abnormal LFT results. Despite the low hepatitis B prevalence among pregnant women used in this present study, there is still a need for a public health concern in Nigeria because of the risk of perinatal transfer. Therefore, all pregnant women including those previously tested or vaccinated should be tested routinely for HBsAg during early prenatal visit, preferably in the first trimester in each pregnancy.

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2020

This study was conducted to identify and characterize bacteria capable of degrading spent oil con... more This study was conducted to identify and characterize bacteria capable of degrading spent oil contaminated soil. The physicochemical parameters of used engine oil were analyzed according to existing standards, while the total heterotrophic plate counts (HBC) and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria counts were ascertained with the pour plate methods using nutrient agar and minimal salt agar (MSA) media respectively. The results indicated a mean total HBC ranging from 2.86 ± 0.08 to 5.76 log10 CFU/g and mean hydrocarbon utilizing bacterial counts from 1.32 ± 0.09 to 3.82 ± 0.25 log10 CFU/g, with samples enriched with Glycine max (Soybean) recorded to have the highest bacterial counts. The phenotypic identification of the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria as sources of carbon and energy showed the presence of two primary bacterial genera: Bacillus and Micrococcus. However, from the overall 50 counted colonies, the frequency of occurrence for Bacillus was 41 (82 %) whereas, the Micrococcus was (9) 18%. The obtained data, confirmed the breakdown capacity of autochthonous (indigenous) organisms notably; Bacillus in the reduction of pollutants linked with oil spillage. This provides for reliable and promising approach of ameliorating crude oil pollutants and its inherent threats.

International Journal of health care sciences, 2019

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a multiuse tropical tree that is used for food, medicine. and several ot... more Moringa oleifera Lam. is a multiuse tropical tree that is used for food, medicine. and several other purposes. Almost all the parts of this plant: root, bark, gum, leaf, fruit, flowers, seed and seed oil have been used for various ailments in indigenous medicine. Some part of the moringa plant is reported to possess a recombinant protein in it. The seed for instance is able to flocculate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria cells. The seed could also act directly on microorganism by being bacteriostatic. Moringa contains antimicrobial peptides that could disrupt the cell membrane or inhibit essential enzymes in microorganism. In this study, the active agents in the leaves and roots were extracted with both ethanol and water. The extracts were then tested for antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method. MIC was determined by the tube dilution technique and their activity determined. The phytochemical ethanol extract was found to contain Spirochin, Moriginine, Catechol Tannins, Steroids and Triterpenoids, Saponins, Anthraquinones, Alkaloids, Reducing sugars, Pterygospermin in different concentrations. The Aqueous extract yielded Spirochin, Moriginine, Saponins, Anthraquinones, Alkaloids, Reducing sugars, Pterygospermin. The Moringa oleifera stem and root extracts demonstrated a strong antimicrobial property against all the tested clinical isolates (Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans). The plant extract also showed antimicrobial activity against all the test organisms, with the zones of inhibition ranging from 5-28 mm in diameter at varying concentrations. The fungi (Candia albicans) was more susceptible to the extracts with a zone of inhibition of 28 mm and remarkably better than ciprofloxacin, the positive control with a zone of inhibition of 25 mm on the Candida albicans. In this study, the root extracts of Moringa oleifera had a better effectiveness than the stem while exhibiting high antimicrobial potential on both fungi and bacteria.

Bacteria Empire, 2019

It is well established that storing hatching eggs over a longer period of time affects its qualit... more It is well established that storing hatching eggs over a longer period of time affects its quality. The current study evaluated the impact of egg storage duration in-relation
to two different temperature conditions (room and refrigerator) to determine the bacterial load and shelf life of viable eggs. One hundred and twenty eggs were used for
this study, 60 were boiled and 60 were raw. Thirty of the boiled eggs were stored at room temperature and the other 30 eggs were kept in the refrigerator. Similarly, 30
raw eggs were each stored at room and optimal refrigeration temperatures for eggs (< 7 oC) respectively, while the egg weight, viability and sensory tests were
performed daily on the eggs. However, the eggs kept in the refrigerator were viable for longer and relatively maintained higher physical appearance and sensory quality
compared to eggs kept at room temperature. In the investigation of bacterial load, the total viable count ranged from 6.0× 103 to 11.9 × 103 coliform forming unit per
millilitre (cfu/ml) and 1.0 × 103 to 6.5 × 103 cfu/ml for the boiled eggs kept at room and refrigeration temperatures (BRT and BFT) respectively. More so, the bacterial
counts in raw eggs obtained at room and refrigerator storage ranged from 4.8 × 10 3 to 6.5 × 103 cfu/ml. Subsequently, the characterization and identification of bacterial
isolates indicated the presence of Salmonella pullorum, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas sp. The Salmonella pullorum was isolated from all the egg samples (BRT,
BFT, RRT and RFT). The Proteus mirabilis was isolated from boiled eggs kept in both room and refrigerator temperatures (BRT and BFT) while Pseudomonas sp. was
obtained only from raw eggs stored in the refrigerator (RFT). In addition, the boiled eggs at room temperature started deterioration on Day 9, while its counterpart in the
refrigerator began spoilage or decrease in quality from Day 16. The weight of the viable eggs in relation to the non-viable ones was statistically significant (P < 0.05).
The refrigeration of eggs increases its longevity while proper hygiene and adequate boiling of eggs reduces the risk of acquiring infections through bacterial
contamination.

SAU Sci-Tech. J., 2020

Anthocyanins are phytochemicals whose extracts contained active principles that are antibiofilm t... more Anthocyanins are phytochemicals whose extracts contained active principles that are antibiofilm that could potentially be administered to alleviate the risk of biofilm related-diseases and considered as a factor contributing to drug resistance in microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of anthocyanin extract as natural effective alternate antibiofilm agent. The pulp of the fruits was extracted using 75% methanol, prior to sub-fractionation and lyophilization to obtain the anthocyanin component. The antibiofilm activity was performed using micro-dilution assay on iron and polystyrene (hydrocarbon) surfaces. Microbial growth was determined through optical density (OD650) while adhesion and biofilm formation was conducted using standard crystal violet staining methods. The results revealed that, both extracts of walnut and soybean reduced the microorganisms (Pseudomonas and Klebiella species) surveyed but the extract from soybean (Glycine max) was more effective (0.10-0475 mg/ml). In addition, increased extract concentration resulted in less biofilm formation and demonstrated a considerable impact as natural inhibiting agent against the preliminary stages of biofilm formation with the capacity to disrupt the attachment to surfaces and with Klebsiella species, shown as the more susceptible organism.

International Journal of Applied Biology, 2020

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites from volunteered ind... more This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites from volunteered individuals in the study site. A total of 300 stool samples, comprising 150 females and 150 males were collected randomly from the study population in Ovia NorthEast Local Government Area in Edo State, aged between 1 and 60 years. The stool samples were aseptically collected and examined using both direct smear method and formol ether sedimentation techniques to determine the individual parasite load of the sampled population. The age group of 16-20 had the highest number of participants 102(34%) while the age group of 6-10, 51-55 and 56-60 had the least number of participants of 3(1%) respectively. Out of the 300 stool samples examined 87, (29%) were positive with intestinal parasites while 213(71%) were negative, not having any intestinal parasitic infection However the age group of 11-15(N=10) and 31-35(N=10) had the highest prevalence rate of 11.5%, while the lowest prevalence (1%) was found in individuals of ages 41-60 years. There was no intestinal parasites found among the individuals below11 years of age.. Of the 150 male candidates examined, 57 (65.5%) were infected with intestinal parasites. On the other hand, their female counterparts had a total prevalence of 34.5%. A total number of six parasitic species were isolated from the fecal specimens. These were Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercolaris, Entamoeba coli, Hookworms and Entamoeba histolytica. Ascaris lumbricoides had the highest prevalence rate (12%), while Trichuris trichiura and Strongyloides stercolaris had the least prevalence rate (1%) respectively. The intestinal parasite infection and age were negatively correlated and there was a significant difference between the male and female infection rates (p<0.05).

Archives of Ecotoxicology, 2020

The capability of indigenous bacteria and microalgae in crude oil effluents to grow in and utiliz... more The capability of indigenous bacteria and microalgae in crude oil effluents to grow in and utilize crude oil as their sole source of carbon and energy provides an environmentally friendly and economical process for dealing with crude oil pollution and its inherent hazards. In view of the toxicity of crude oil spillages to indwellers of the affected ecosystems and the entire affected environment, the isolation of pure bacterial and microalgae cultures from crude effluents is a step in the right direction, particularly for bio-augmentation or bioremediation purposes. The total heterotrophic bacteria count and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria count, as well as the microalgae count, were determined with the pour plate technique. The physicochemical properties of the effluent samples were also analyzed. Identification of the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria was performed with phenotypic techniques. The result shows a mean total heterotrophic bacterium count of 5.91 log CFU/ml and a mean microalga count of 4.77 log cells/ml. When crude oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) were used as sole carbon sources, total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria counts were respectively estimated at 3.89 and 2.89 log CFU/ml. Phenotypic identification of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria in the crude oil effluents revealed the presence of two main bacterial genera: Streptococcus and Pseudomonas. Data obtained from this study confirmed the biodegradative abilities of indigenous bacterial species, thus, ultimately resulting in the amelioration of the toxicity associated with the crude oil effluents.

Bacteria Empire, 2019

Good food hygiene ensures that the preparation and preservation of foods are safe for human consu... more Good food hygiene ensures that the preparation and preservation of foods are safe for human consumption. It ensures that food is prevented from microbial contamination at the levels of production to consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial content of ready-to-eat cooked food, ready-to-use serving plates and hands of food handlers in six selected restaurants in Okada, Edo State, Nigeria. The samples were aseptically collected from the restaurants and taken to the microbiology laboratory of Igbinedion University, Okada for analysis. The microbial content of the samples was identified by standard microbiological methods. The microorganisms isolated were Enterobacter species, Streptococcus species, Micrococcus species, Bacillus species, Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces species. The total aerobic viable counts, total coliform counts and total Staphylococcus counts in the ready-to-eat cooked food from the six restaurants were 3.67 ± 0.33 × 10 2 cfu/g-2.71 ± 0.05 × 10 4 cfu/g; 3.33 ± 0.33 × 10 2 cfu/g-2.39 ± 0.04 × 10 4 cfu/g and 0.00 ± 0.00 cfu/g-3.70 ± 0.21 × 10 3 cfu/g respectively. The concentration of microbes on the food contact surfaces from ready-to-use serving plates were 0.00 ± 0.00 cfu/cm 2-14.67 ± 0.33 cfu/cm 2 and 0.00 ± 0.00 cfu/cm 2-22.67 ± 0.33 cfu/cm 2 in the hands of the food handlers. Therefore, foods provided to consumers at these restaurants are not of acceptable microbiological quality.

J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 2019

In drinking water systems, a large number of microorganisms live in complex communities in a self... more In drinking water systems, a large number of microorganisms live in complex communities in a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix associated with inner surfaces of pipes, walls and floors of storage tanks, joints and faucets. This study was aimed at analyzing the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of bacterial isolates of drinking water distribution systems in some higher institutions in Edo State. The physicochemical parameters were determined by using standard protocol and microbiological water quality was conducted using the standard microbiological methods. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that, the pH values ranged between 4.17 and 5.89. The highest (5.89) was recorded with samples from OK-R and the least (4.17) was obtained from UB-T. The electrical conductivity (EC) values for SA-R (104.8µS/cm), AA-R (105.5 µS/cm) and OKR (114.8 µS/cm) exceeded the permissible threshold value of 100µS/cm. Concentrations of lead for AA-R (0.02 mg/L) and OK-R (0.03 mg/L) were significantly higher than the acceptable level of 0.01mg/L. The mean total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 3.3 ± 0.3 x 10 2 cfu/mL to 9.3 ± 0.3 x 10 2 cfu/mL, with the least and highest counts recorded for UB-R and AA-R. Phenotypically identified bacteria were the Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Providencia species. The study revealed that drinking water system of biofilms is a reservoir for microorganisms that could cause public health concerns which is impacted by the presence of available nutrient, environmental conditions and heavy metals.

Annals. Food Science and Technology, 2019

This study w organic plan noodles. The Federal Univ sliced into 3-size) and use with 2.5 % analys... more This study w organic plan noodles. The Federal Univ sliced into 3-size) and use with 2.5 % analyses. De and these qu of shininess, f based on all described to (slightly yell were more a produced fro commercial w Key word paradisica

Bacteria Empire, 2020

Persea americana is a major and cheap source of nutrients-containing protein fruit and commonly r... more Persea americana is a major and cheap source of nutrients-containing protein fruit and commonly referred to as Avocado pear. It is a green-skin, fleshy body and may be spherical or pear-shaped and ripens easily after harvest, significantly reducing its shelf-life. The average storage time before spoilage is 3-6 days. The fruit is highly cherished by many and as such a significant dietary contribution, in developing countries. However, the poor shelf-life of the fruit has led to its high perishability, huge post-harvest losses and market glut during harvest. In this study, fresh, undamaged, firm, healthy-looking, ripe avocado fruits purchased from Oba Market and New-Benin market were left free of dust and insects under room temperature for between 5-6 days to undergo a natural process of spoilage. A homogenate of each of the sample was achieved by blending 25 grams of the sample in 225 ml of sterile 1.5 % peptone water with a sterile glass blender. Serial dilutions of up to 10-1-10-5 were made and 1 ml of each of the dilutions were transferred into sterile Petri dishes and respectively mixed with 15 ml of an appropriate sterile media and incubated at a temperature of 37 o C for 48 hours, while the Sauboraud dextrose agar (SDA) was left at room temperature for 5 days. After incubation, bacterial and fungal colony-forming units were counted and used to determine the total aerobic viable counts (TAVC), total coliform counts (TCC), Escherichia coli counts (EC), Staphylococci counts (SC) and total fungi counts (FC). Representative colonial isolates were subsequently subcultured on nutrient agar slants and stored at a temperature of 4 o C prior to characterization. Phenotypic identification of microbes was performed according to standard methods. The present study revealed that the coliform bacteria (TCC = 2.42 x 10 3 cfu/g and 2.06 x 10 3 cfu/g) accounted for a significant fraction of the total bacterial population (TAVC = 2.75 x 10 4 cfu/g and 9.68 x 10 3 cfu/g) isolated from spoiled pear produce. Hence, Erwinia and Klebsiella aerogenes of genus of Enterobacteriaceae, were the main spoilage bacteria; while Phytophthoras species (FC = 1.73 x 10 4 cfu/g and 1.02 x 10 4 cfu/g) was the main spoilage fungus of pear produce sold in the two Nigerian markets. The isolation of pathogenic organisms also calls for a public health concern.