Anna Xheka - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Anna Xheka

Interdisciplinary journal of research and development, Dec 23, 2023

This paper discusses how Albania's fundamental human rights are guaranteed by the Constitution an... more This paper discusses how Albania's fundamental human rights are guaranteed by the Constitution and how the Constitutional Court's jurisprudence has contributed to this effort. It includes two aspects of their treatment: the constitutional background and some of the most important decisions made by the Constitutional Court concerning the protection of fundamental human rights. Its goal is to provide the reader with a brief overview of the Constitutional Court's role in this regard while also acting as a jurisprudential guide for the protection of fundamental rights. Although this topic has been covered by some legal experts in previous works, it is particularly relevant now that the Republic of Albania is celebrating the 25th anniversary of the adoption of its Constitution because it highlights the Constitutional Court's contribution even after the Law Reform of the year 2016 and the innovations it brought about. The methodology employed to produce this paper involves processing and analysing secondary data obtained through various means, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The primary focus is on the decisions made by the Constitutional Court between the end of 1998 and the present, viewed through the lens of human rights. The methodological part that is based on interviews or other primary data is not included in the study because of its nature and the time constraints. The article concludes that in order to prevent inconsistencies within the current jurisprudence and to provide more substantive rights for individuals, including those that will be expanded after 2016, it is necessary to add qualitative aspects to its consolidation and to expand it quantitatively.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 30, 2021

Decentralization constitutes one of the main pillars of democracy. Is a very important element of... more Decentralization constitutes one of the main pillars of democracy. Is a very important element of the Public Administration Reform as a whole and have a high importance in the entire process. The countries of the Western Balkans have started this process since the fall of communism, but it still remains a current challenge. It is one of the criteria still not fully met in the context of their European Union membership. Decentralization theorists refer to various models of it, known as territorial or ethnic decentralization. In societies with conflicting ethnic heritage often the model encountered is ethnic decentralization, while in those without ethnic conflicts the territorial one. This paper presents the main decentralization reforms in three countries of the Western Balkans after the fall of communism and their current stage after more than 30 years, focusing on highlighting the impact of the legacy of power and ethnic conflicts in the current stage of decentralization, seen through the lens of progress in the framework of European Union membership. In the analyze is taken Albania, a country that inherited a highly centralized power from the communist period versus Kosovo and Bosnia & Herzegovina, two countries that inherited a relatively de (centralized) power in the communist period but with a deep inheritance of ethnic conflicts.

Unpaid work is the production of goods and services by household members that are not sold on the... more Unpaid work is the production of goods and services by household members that are not sold on the market. Some unpaid work is for the consumption within the family, such as cooking, gardening and house cleaning. The products of unpaid work may also be consumed by people not living in the household, e.g. cooking a meal for visiting friends, helping in a soup kitchen for homeless people, mowing the lawn of an elderly relative, or coaching the local football team. At a national level, well-being is often peroxide by aggregate income or production per head (e.g. GDP per capita). However, neither measure is fully adequate if there is a considerable amount of unpaid work or if growth occurs because of substitution of paid for unpaid hours of work. Household production constitutes an important aspect of economic activity. Ignoring it may lead to incorrect inferences about levels and changes in well-being. Using the secondary data, this presentation presents the fact that women do much of the unpaid work. Neglecting to include it in wellbeing parameters, underestimates women's contribution to the economy and directly connected to gender inequality. Another very import negative aspect of neglecting it, is deprivation of women from social security schemes because for they unpaid work they are not paid and also not deposited their social security contribution. Evaluation of unpaid work it would help employing cost benefit analysis to choose the most efficient and less costly way to provide the services covered by unpaid work.

This publication presents the importance of the women's property rights and also the current situ... more This publication presents the importance of the women's property rights and also the current situation of this right with a special focus in Albania. This paper focuses on a much neglected issue: the links between gender inequities and command over property. Although in most countries of the world, in terms of legality, property rights is a constitutional one guaranteed, in practice women in most countries suffers real scarcity of it, from which derive a variety of negative consequences such are; economic dependence, acceptance of domestic violence, discrimination, etc. This situation derives from a complex range of factorssocial, administrative, and ideological-are found to underlie the persistent gap between women's legal rights and their actual ownership of property, and between ownership and control. The History of World Civilization presents surprising facts regarding property rights for women. Starting in Ancient Egypt (3100 BC), they had equal property rights with men, these rights were overshadowed by a historical period to another, reaching the critical level during the period of ancient Greece and by taking different curves up and downs until today. A special place in this paper takes the Albanian case, which refers consistent generally to the global situation. The analysis is based on secondary data collecting from reports or other studies which are analyzed by comparing them to come to the conclusion. The paper concludes that the women's property right it is one of the fundamental rights, very crucial, from which derives more

European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Apr 30, 2016

Women's entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women's economic independence and... more Women's entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women's economic independence and empowerment, as well as regarding employment generation, economic growth and innovation, development and the reduction of poverty as well as one of the terms of gender equality. This poster presents the situation of women's entrepreneurship in Europe in comparative terms, with special focus in Albania. The paper has a descriptive nature. Describes three different plans in comparative terms; the representation of men and women in entrepreneurship, the representation of women in entrepreneurship in different countries of Europe and of Europe as a whole, as well as compare to gender quota. Through the processing of secondary data from various reports and studies, this poster concludes that although that the gender equality goal is the equal participation of men and women in all sectors, including the entrepreneurship, in this sector, gender gap it is still deep. Another significant comparative aspect, it is the difference between full and part-time women entrepreneurship. While in full time entrepreneurship in a convince way, men are those that dominate, in part time entrepreneurship clearly it's evident the opposite trend, women's representation is much higher. It's very interesting the fact, that the women's entrepreneurship in Albania, presented in a significant optimistic situation, ranking in the second place, after Greece in the European level.

This publication presents the actual situation in Albania regarding Gender Equality in judicial p... more This publication presents the actual situation in Albania regarding Gender Equality in judicial power. Albania has adopted Law "On Gender Equality in Society" in the year 2008. According the article 4 of the law : "there shall be equal gender representation in cases when neither of the genders is represented by less than 30% in any institution, hierarchical instance, nominated body, political parties", while Article 15 requires 30% as standard of gender equality. "Equal gender participation and representation in all legislative, executive, judicial power bodies as well as in other public institutions shall be achieved when: a) A representation of above 30% of both sexes is ensured, including their steering bodies " 1 Meanwhile the EU objection for member states or aspiring ones, goes beyond this critical figure, aiming a minimum of 40%. The paper analyzes the current situation of women's representation in judgment system, in two main structures; in the in entirety of judges as well as in top senior management positions from the perspective of gender equality. The analysis is based on secondary data from different reports or other studies, by analyzing and comparing them between countries as well as with EU standards. The paper concludes that gender equality in judicial decision-making power appears in two levels refereeing the judicial system scales.

This publication, present findings regarding the effect of electoral system in gender equality re... more This publication, present findings regarding the effect of electoral system in gender equality representation in parliaments in a comparative approach between European countries and also worldwide. In the same time this effect is analyzed in Albanian situation specially connected with the European integration challenge, taking in consideration also the Albania Progress Report 2013 states that: "Women continue to be underrepresented in public position. In the 2013 parliamentary elections, the three major parties were fined for not respecting the gender quota in the list of candidates for deputies". The paper is based on theoretical and empirical analysis of quantitative data, in a broader chronological view. Analyzing the statistical data in different European countries and also between two main groups in world contexts , regarding the type of electoral system used, it is clearly evidenced that in countries or group of countries with proportional system or mixed electoral system, the figures of women representation in parliaments are much higher as in countries with majority electoral systems. The paper concluded that is a strong correlation between the electoral system and the level of representation of women in parliament. Majoritarian systems are seen to be unfair to women, while the proportional systems or mixed are more advantageous for women.

The unequal treatment of women has been and it is still a characteristic of the labor market. Exc... more The unequal treatment of women has been and it is still a characteristic of the labor market. Except historically lower payment of women compare to men, this inequality appears also by the high level of women’s unemployment rate. The unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force, but it is difficult to infer correctly regarding the comparison between countries, because of many different factors that can affect those variables in different countries, such are “informal economy” etc. Gender equality on the labor market is quite important because it is closely linked to women's fundamental rights such as the right to work, career, income, etc. This equality first of all means equal participation by women and men. Historically, women have been more affected by unemployment than men. The reasons for unequal participation are therefore multiple, complex and inter-twined. Family composition and marital status generally it...

This publication presents the actual situation in Albania regarding Gender Equality in judicial p... more This publication presents the actual situation in Albania regarding Gender Equality in judicial power. Albania has adopted Law "On Gender Equality in Society" in the year 2008. According the article 4 of the law : “there shall be equal gender representation in cases when neither of the genders is represented by less than 30% in any institution, hierarchical instance, nominated body, political parties”, while Article 15 requires 30% as standard of gender equality. “Equal gender participation and representation in all legislative, executive, judicial power bodies as well as in other public institutions shall be achieved when: a) A representation of above 30% of both sexes is ensured, including their steering bodies ”1 Meanwhile the EU objection for member states or aspiring ones, goes beyond this critical figure, aiming a minimum of 40% . The paper analyzes the current situation of women's representation in judgment system, in two main structures; in the in entirety of j...

This publication presents the importance of the women’s property rights and also the current situ... more This publication presents the importance of the women’s property rights and also the current situation of this right with a special focus in Albania. This paper focuses on a much neglected issue: the links between gender inequities and command over property. Although in most countries of the world, in terms of legality, property rights is a constitutional one guaranteed, in practice women in most countries suffers real scarcity of it, from which derive a variety of negative consequences such are; economic dependence, acceptance of domestic violence, discrimination, etc. This situation derives from a complex range of factors — social, administrative, and ideological — are found to underlie the persistent gap between women's legal rights and their actual ownership of property, and between ownership and control. The History of World Civilization presents surprising facts regarding property rights for women. Starting in Ancient Egypt (3100 BC), they had equal property rights with me...

This publication, present findings regarding the effect of electoral system in gender equality re... more This publication, present findings regarding the effect of electoral system in gender equality representation in parliaments in a comparative approach between European countries and also worldwide. In the same time this effect is analyzed in Albanian situation specially connected with the European integration challenge, taking in consideration also the Albania Progress Report 2013 states that: "Women continue to be underrepresented in public position. In the 2013 parliamentary elections, the three major parties were fined for not respecting the gender quota in the list of candidates for deputies”. The paper is based on theoretical and empirical analysis of quantitative data, in a broader chronological view. Analyzing the statistical data in different European countries and also between two main groups in world contexts , regarding the type of electoral system used, it is clearly evidenced that in countries or group of countries with proportional system or mixed electoral system...

European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies

Women’s entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women’s economic independence and... more Women’s entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women’s economic independence and empowerment, as well as regarding employment generation, economic growth and innovation, development and the reduction of poverty as well as one of the terms of gender equality. This poster presents the situation of women's entrepreneurship in Europe in comparative terms, with special focus in Albania. The paper has a descriptive nature. Describes three different plans in comparative terms; the representation of men and women in entrepreneurship, the representation of women in entrepreneurship in different countries of Europe and of Europe as a whole, as well as compare to gender quota. Through the processing of secondary data from various reports and studies, this poster concludes that although that the gender equality goal is the equal participation of men and women in all sectors, including the entrepreneurship, in this sector, gender gap it is still deep. Another significant com...

The unequal treatment of women has been and it is still a characteristic of the labor market.

Gender Equality is quite important in academic decision making bodies as well as in other decisio... more Gender Equality is quite important in academic decision making bodies as well as in other decision making field because an under-use of qualified human capital, not only cannot help but on the contrary affect the goal of excellence in science. In addition, there is the need to be competitive in an increasingly globalised world, so the states must strengthen their position in the global research community. For this, the research potential must be maximized and full use must be made of human resource. This human resource argument for increasing the proportion of women in decision-making positions is also supported by the human rights arguments of social justice and fairness. In today's world, it should be concluded that this can only be done with an eye on gender, and more precisely: with respect both to gender equality in the community of scientists and to the gender dimensions of decision making bodies.

This paper focuses on a much neglected issue: the links between gender inequities and command ove... more This paper focuses on a much neglected issue: the links between gender inequities and command over property. Although in most countries of the world, in terms of legality, property rights is a constitutional one guaranteed, in practice women in most countries suffers real scarcity of it, from which derive a variety of negative consequences such are; economic dependence, acceptance of domestic violence, discrimination, etc.

Women's entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women's economic independence and... more Women's entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women's economic independence and empowerment, as well as regarding employment generation, economic growth and innovation, development and the reduction of poverty as well as one of the terms of gender equality. This poster presents the situation of women's entrepreneurship in Europe in comparative terms, with special focus in Albania. The paper has a descriptive nature. Describes three different plans in comparative terms; the representation of men and women in entrepreneurship, the representation of women in entrepreneurship in different countries of Europe and of Europe as a whole, as well as compare to gender quota. Through the processing of secondary data from various reports and studies, this poster concludes that although that the gender equality goal is the equal participation of men and women in all sectors, including the entrepreneurship, in this sector, gender gap it is still deep. Another significant comparative aspect, it is the difference between full and part -time women entrepreneurship. While in full time entrepreneurship in a convince way, men are those that dominate, in part time entrepreneurship clearly it's evident the opposite trend, women's representation is much higher. It's very interesting the fact, that the women's entrepreneurship in Albania, presented in a significant optimistic situation, ranking in the second place, after Greece in the European level.

Interdisciplinary journal of research and development, Dec 23, 2023

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 30, 2021

European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, Apr 30, 2016

This publication presents the actual situation in Albania regarding Gender Equality in judicial p... more This publication presents the actual situation in Albania regarding Gender Equality in judicial power. Albania has adopted Law "On Gender Equality in Society" in the year 2008. According the article 4 of the law : “there shall be equal gender representation in cases when neither of the genders is represented by less than 30% in any institution, hierarchical instance, nominated body, political parties”, while Article 15 requires 30% as standard of gender equality. “Equal gender participation and representation in all legislative, executive, judicial power bodies as well as in other public institutions shall be achieved when: a) A representation of above 30% of both sexes is ensured, including their steering bodies ”1 Meanwhile the EU objection for member states or aspiring ones, goes beyond this critical figure, aiming a minimum of 40% . The paper analyzes the current situation of women's representation in judgment system, in two main structures; in the in entirety of j...

This publication, present findings regarding the effect of electoral system in gender equality re... more This publication, present findings regarding the effect of electoral system in gender equality representation in parliaments in a comparative approach between European countries and also worldwide. In the same time this effect is analyzed in Albanian situation specially connected with the European integration challenge, taking in consideration also the Albania Progress Report 2013 states that: "Women continue to be underrepresented in public position. In the 2013 parliamentary elections, the three major parties were fined for not respecting the gender quota in the list of candidates for deputies”. The paper is based on theoretical and empirical analysis of quantitative data, in a broader chronological view. Analyzing the statistical data in different European countries and also between two main groups in world contexts , regarding the type of electoral system used, it is clearly evidenced that in countries or group of countries with proportional system or mixed electoral system...

European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies

The unequal treatment of women has been and it is still a characteristic of the labor market.

Women's entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women's economic independence and... more Women's entrepreneurship is a powerful source, regarding to the women's economic independence and empowerment, as well as regarding employment generation, economic growth and innovation, development and the reduction of poverty as well as one of the terms of gender equality. This poster presents the situation of women's entrepreneurship in Europe in comparative terms, with special focus in Albania. The paper has a descriptive nature. Describes three different plans in comparative terms; the representation of men and women in entrepreneurship, the representation of women in entrepreneurship in different countries of Europe and of Europe as a whole, as well as compare to gender quota. Through the processing of secondary data from various reports and studies, this poster concludes that although that the gender equality goal is the equal participation of men and women in all sectors, including the entrepreneurship, in this sector, gender gap it is still deep. Another significant comparative aspect, it is the difference between full and part -time women entrepreneurship. While in full time entrepreneurship in a convince way, men are those that dominate, in part time entrepreneurship clearly it's evident the opposite trend, women's representation is much higher. It's very interesting the fact, that the women's entrepreneurship in Albania, presented in a significant optimistic situation, ranking in the second place, after Greece in the European level.