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Papers by Anthony Ike

International journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 2018

Salmonellae are ubiquitous microorganisms that infect both humans and animals. Human infections u... more Salmonellae are ubiquitous microorganisms that infect both humans and animals. Human infections usually occur through contaminated food or water and can result in one of two major diseases, namely gastroenteritis and enteric fever. Hence, Salmonella remains a major public health problem especially in developing countries where the level of hygiene is very low. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential risk of Salmonella serovars isolated from the University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) wastewater treatment plants. Three Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Limete isolates from the UNN waste treatment plants were investigated for the presence of invasive A (invA) gene. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from the isolates by boiling method. Extracted bacteria DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using invA specific primers. PCR products were resolved on 1.5% agarose gel stained with 0.5 µg/ml of ethidium bromide. Results showed the presence of a band size of 244 base pair of Salmonella invA gene in 2 of the isolates. This is an indication that the isolates may have a human or animal origin and are potentially pathogenic. Therefore, the treatment of water in the wastewater plant is insufficient and water from the plant should not be employed for human use or used with caution.

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 2022

Machine and deep learning techniques are prevalent in the medical discipline due to their high le... more Machine and deep learning techniques are prevalent in the medical discipline due to their high level of accuracy in disease diagnosis. One such disease is malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and transmitted by the female anopheles mosquito. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), millions of people are infected annually, leading to inevitable deaths in the infected population. Statistical records show that early detection of malaria parasites could prevent deaths and machine learning (ML) has proved helpful in the early detection of malarial parasites. Human error is identified to be a major cause of inaccurate diagnostics in the traditional microscopy malaria diagnosis method. Therefore, the method would be more reliable if human expert dependency is restricted or entirely removed, and thus, the motivation of this paper. This study presents a systematic review to understand the prevalent machine learning algorithms applied to a low-cost, portable optical microscope in the automation of blood film interpretation for malaria parasite detection. Peer-reviewed papers were downloaded from selected reputable databases eg. Elsevier, IEEExplore, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, etc. The extant literature suggests that convolutional neural network (CNN) and its variants (deep learning) account for 41.9% of the microscopy malaria diagnosis using machine learning with a prediction accuracy of 99.23%. Thus, the findings suggest that early detection of the malaria parasite has improved through the application of CNN and other ML algorithms on microscopic malaria parasite detection.

Journal of Clinical Virology Plus

Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Apr 1, 2006

The identification and molecular epidemiology of norovirus in outbreaks of gastroenteritis were s... more The identification and molecular epidemiology of norovirus in outbreaks of gastroenteritis were studied during a 3-year period in Germany. Specimens (n ‫؍‬ 316) from 159 nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks from March 2001 to June 2004 were analyzed for the presence of noroviruses by reverse transcriptase PCR. Outbreaks were most frequent in elderly people's homes and care centers (43%), followed by hospitals (24%). Molecular analyses of strains from 148 outbreaks showed that there were up to 12 genotypes involved in the outbreaks. Genogroup II noroviruses were responsible for 95% of the outbreaks. Cocirculation of more than one strain in the same outbreak and cocirculation of genogroup I and II strains in the same place were observed. Genogroup II4 (Grimsby-like) was the most prevalent strain, accounting for 48% and 67% of the outbreaks in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The genogroup IIb (Castell/Suria) genotype was observed in all the years of the study. Epidemiological and molecular data indicated that there was a major shift of the predominant strain that coincided with the appearance of a new variant of genogroup II4 in 2002. By the application of reverse transcriptase PCR, this study has demonstrated the importance and dynamism of noroviruses in Germany.

African Journal of Microbiology Research, May 21, 2018

This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of Listeria (L.) monocytogenes in Fura-de-Nu... more This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of Listeria (L.) monocytogenes in Fura-de-Nunu, a ready-to-eat (RTE) fermented milk (Nunu) and cereal (Fura) blend, the serogroups as well as the virulence of the isolates. A total of 75 Fura and 75 Nunu samples were examined. Listeria species were isolated on PALCAM medium and Listeria chromogenic agar, and identified phenotypically according to International Standardization Organization (ISO) procedures. Identification of L. monocytogenes, serogrouping and detection of virulence genes were carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Listeria spp. were recovered from 23 (30.67%) and 41 (54.67%) samples of Fura and Nunu, respectively. The bioloads of Listeria ranged from 10 3 to 10 5 CFU/ml. Six presumptive species of Listeria were identified from the samples, with L. monocytogenes accounting for 21.00 and 20.64% of isolates from Fura and Nunu, respectively. Out of the three major serogroups (1/2a, 1/2b and 4b) associated with human disease, only 1/2a and 4b were identified among the isolates. Some of the isolates tested positive for the presence of virulence genes, hlyA and iap. Results from this study show that Fura-de-Nunu, may represent a risk for transmission of listeriosis to consumers.

Journal of applied biology and biotechnology, 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial properties of crude methanol... more This study was carried out to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial properties of crude methanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata and its interactions with some standard antibiotics (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound samples. P. aeruginosa was isolated from wound samples from hospital patients in Enugu State, Nigeria, using standard bacteriological methods. Methanolic extraction of C. odorata was carried out using Soxhlet extractor. The antimicrobial activity and in vitro interactions were evaluated using a combination of agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The findings of this study showed that all the P. aeruginosa isolates were susceptible to the C. odorata methanolic crude extract at high concentrations. There was an enhancement of the potency of the methanolic crude extract when combined with low concentrations of standard antibiotics compared to its potency when tested alone. Our findings give credence to the folkloric use of C. odorata for the treatment of wounds, especially P. aeruginosa-infected wounds. There could be beneficial clinical application of the coadministration of standard antibiotics and the crude extract of C. odorata in the treatment of wound infections caused by P. aeruginosa.

Journal of Clinical Virology, Sep 1, 2008

Background: Sapovirus (SV) has been reported from many countries as one of the major causes of ga... more Background: Sapovirus (SV) has been reported from many countries as one of the major causes of gastroenteritis in infants, but its importance for a broader age range is not well appreciated. While previous studies in our regional laboratory and other parts of Germany have identified Norovirus (NV) as a major cause of gastroenteritis in Germany, the prevalence of SV has not been recorded. Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of SV in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Study design: Stool specimens from 34 outbreaks of gastroenteritis collected in Baden-Württemberg, Germany in 2002 and 2003, which tested negative for other enteric pathogens were tested for SV by RT-PCR. Positive samples were sequenced and typed using phylogenetic analysis. Results: SV was identified in two of 157 (1.3%) specimens. These two viruses belonged to different genotypes of SV and had a nucleotide similarity of only 57%. Conclusions: SV circulates within the study area, but is not an important cause of gastroenteritis in the area.

Microbiology research journal international, Nov 8, 2018

Introduction: Shigellosis is considered a veterinary and public health problem of major importanc... more Introduction: Shigellosis is considered a veterinary and public health problem of major importance. Shigella is implicated in food poisoning and bloody diarrhoea in humans and is an important cause of various diseases of livestock resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Shigella spp. is spread by direct contact with an infected host, or by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the occurrence of Shigella in free range and intensively reared chickens from markets and poultry farms in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria, and to determine their antibiogram. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 cloacal swabs from 150 free range and 150 intensively reared chickens, collected from 3 local markets and 3 farms respectively, were sampled. Shigella was isolated after passing the samples through pre-enrichment, selective enrichment and culture in a selective medium and identified using standard microbiological and biochemical methods.

British microbiology research journal, Jan 10, 2016

Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, Dec 1, 2022

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review the PubMed/MEDLINE literature for articles that... more Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review the PubMed/MEDLINE literature for articles that discuss the use of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) for clinical decision support systems (CDSSs). Materials and Methods: To identify relevant articles, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE through December 2 nd , 2017. We identified a total of 283 studies. Results: The number of ML and DL associated CDSS articles increased significantly beginning around 2010. The most common type of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies that the articles evaluated was neural networks also known as DL (n=109) followed by ML (n=86). The most common types of ML algorithm were support vector machines (n=78), logistic regression analysis (n=38), random forest (n=26), decision tree (n=25), and k-nearest neighbour (n=21). Cardiology, oncology, radiology, surgery, and critical care/ED were the most commonly represented specialties. Only 19 out of 283 (6.7%) ML and DL associated CDSS articles reported an effect on the process of care or patient outcomes. Discussion: The current decade has seen research efforts and attention increase significantly in creating CDSS tools with the advanced AI methodologies of DL and ML. Although the research experiments demonstrate success, the scope of AI technology is still limited to a well-defined task. Also, most of these studies lack patient-oriented outcomes necessary to justify its widespread application in healthcare. Conclusion: There is a clear upwards trend in ML and DL research in healthcare. However, in order to effectively translate successful AI research into the patient care, more clinically-relevant studies must be pursued.

Journal of advances in microbiology, May 3, 2018

Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of two disinfectants, Jik and Roberts, un... more Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of two disinfectants, Jik and Roberts, under use-conditions against some hospital isolates using their phenol coefficient. The effects of pH and temperature on the phenol coefficients were also tested. Phenol coefficient still remains a valuable means of determining the effectiveness of disinfectants, even though phenol is no longer commonly used for disinfection. Materials and Methods: Bacteria were isolated and identified using standard microbiological procedures from samples collected from the skin of patients and hospital environments like beddings, floors and trawlers. A 5% (w/v) solution of phenol and 5% (v/v) solution of disinfectants were used for determination of their phenol coefficients on standardized organisms containing about 1.5x10 8 cfu/ml. The effect of temperature was determined at 4ºC and 45ºC, while that of pH was Original Research Article

Research Square (Research Square), Jul 27, 2022

University students occupy a strategic position in the spread of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19... more University students occupy a strategic position in the spread of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) as they regularly travel around different locations with differing prevalence of the disease. This study was carried out to evaluate the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines among university staffs and students in Southeastern universities of Nigeria. Self-administered anonymous online survey was conducted between 28th February and 30th June 2021, using various online social media handles. A total of 769 students and staff members participated in the study. Descriptive statistics for socio-demographics and other parameters were performed. The relationships between tested parameters were ascertained using bivariate Pearson's correlation. Multiple linear regression analyses were done to determine associations. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS statistics 23 and P value < 0.05 was considered statistically signi cant at 95% CI. The respondents were 48.1% female and 51.9% male with a mean age of 24.4 years. The acceptance rate of COVID-19 vaccine was 25.6% and 82.2% of participants expressed concern about the side effects of the vaccine. While the age, gender and states of respondents were positively associated, their faculties were negatively associated with risk perception of COVID-19 vaccine. Also, the various faculties, university a liations (P = 0.029), and age (P = 0.023) of the respondents were negatively associated, while the State of the respondents (P = 0.01) was positively associated with attitudes towards general COVID-19 vaccination. There is need for more robust information and better dissemination of such among the public to boost their con dence in COVID-19 vaccination.

Journal of advances in microbiology, Jul 3, 2019

Aim: Poultry is a common source of antibiotics resistant Salmonella in humans. This study aimed t... more Aim: Poultry is a common source of antibiotics resistant Salmonella in humans. This study aimed to isolate and identify Salmonella in free range chicken and turkey in Nsukka, Nigeria and to determine the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates. Study Design, Area and Duration of Study: The study followed an experimental design. It was carried out in Nsukka metropolis of Enugu state, Nigeria. Samples were collected from 3 communities and 1 market from March to July 2016. A total of 150 cloacal samples comprising of 100 samples from chicken and 50 samples from turkey were used. Methods: Isolation was carried out according to the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommendations using pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water, enrichment in Tetrathionate broth and primary isolation on Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar. Identification was carried out according to the recommendations of ISO Original Research Article

Archives of Microbiology, May 9, 2022

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2022

The pandemic triggered by SARS-CoV-2 continuous to pose a global health threat, with cases of new... more The pandemic triggered by SARS-CoV-2 continuous to pose a global health threat, with cases of new infections and deaths still occurring despite increasing vaccination efforts. As in other regions of the world, the pandemic has led to unprecedented stretch of health and economic systems in countries in Africa. Nigeria, the most populous African country, has not been spared as the number of new infections continues to teeter amid a high level of vaccination hesitancy. Here, we provided a brief look at the background and biology of the virus. We also highlighted the epidemiology of the virus in Nigeria, as well as the challenges and opportunities it presents. Our review will add to the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 and the situation of the pandemic in Nigeria, and provide a better response to the pandemic and future pandemics.

Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 2018

Malaria is a major cause of economic loss and high morbidity especially in sub-Saharan Africa. El... more Malaria is a major cause of economic loss and high morbidity especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Elimination of anopheline vectors using plant extracts is one of the best methods of controlling malaria. The methanolic and n-hexane extracts of two plants, Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf), were investigated for their effectiveness in control of Anopheles mosquito larvae from July 2010 to March 2011. The tests were carried out following the standard WHO larval susceptibility test. Different concentrations of the extracts were prepared fresh in distilled water for each test. Three replicates comprising 10 larvae each were exposed to 25-300 parts per million (ppm) of the extracts at room temperature. Results were taken at 24 h intervals for 72 h. Acute toxicity tests of the extracts were carried out using modified Lorke method. The results showed that mortality increased with increase in time of exposure and concentration for all the extracts. Mortality was recorded all through the exposure period for all concentrations of the 2 plants, except for the 25 ppm of n-hexane extract that had no mortality at 24 hours. The extracts of C. citratus were found most effective with LC 50 value of 55 ppm. The acute toxicity study revealed no sign of toxicity and an LD 50 greater than 1000 mg extract/ kg body weight in rats. The study shows that C. citratus and O. gratissimum have lavicidal activities against Anopheles gambiae mosquito and can be used as part of the malaria control programme. Keywords: Methanolic extract; n-hexane extract; Cymbopogon citrates ; O cimum gratissimum ; larvae; Anopheles mosquito

Zoonoses and Public Health, 2009

The prevalence of mastitis and brucellosis in urban and peri-urban settings was studied in Awassa... more The prevalence of mastitis and brucellosis in urban and peri-urban settings was studied in Awassa and two smaller nearby towns in southern Ethiopia, because milk-born diseases are causing a risk for human health, besides direct impacts on animal production. Mastitis was investigated by examining 80 cows (320 udder quarters) using California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). The prevalence of brucellosis was assessed by sampling 177 cattle in Awassa and its peri-urban areas using serological methods. Logistic regression was used to analyse risk factors associated with mastitis. Prevalence of clinical mastitis on quarter level was 0.9%, and 1.9% of quarters were non-functional or blocked. Prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis at quarter level in urban and peri-urban areas was significantly different (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Cows in large herds and at advanced lactation number were associated with higher risk of infection. The percentage of quarters positive on CMT (42.5%) was close to the percentage-positive detected by SCC (41.2%). Prevalence of brucellosis was 3.9% in the peri-urban area, while no brucellosis cases were detected in Awassa. More frequent use of artificial insemination in the urban than in peri-urban area might have contributed to the absence of brucellosis in the urban location. The extent of mastitis is, however, a threat to the dairy enterprise in and around Awassa. Pasteurization of milk and milk products is indicated in some parts of the area because of the danger of brucellosis.

Infectious Microbes and Diseases