Bhoopander Giri - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Bhoopander Giri
Communicative & Integrative Biology, 2022
The roots of most land plants form mycorrhizal associations with soil fungi, in which plants trad... more The roots of most land plants form mycorrhizal associations with soil fungi, in which plants trade carbon for increased nutrient acquisition (e.g., N and P) under nutrient deficiency conditions. However, how nutrient enrichment affects mycorrhiza is still not well understood, in particular under future global changing scenarios such as nitrogen deposition. In this chapter, we first review the major pathways of mycorrhizal-mediated nutrient acquisition and molecular mechanisms of sensing nutrient availability for mycorrhizal fungi and roots. Next, we propose two conceptual models that may control plant C allocation to mycorrhizal fungi in response to nutrient enrichment: reciprocal reward model and root-mycorrhiza trade-off model. We also describe a plant-centric model and fungal-centric model to explain responses of the mycorrhizal fungal community to nutrient enrichment as well as examine impacts of nutrient inputs on mycorrhizas functioning.
Different kinds of soil animals and microorganisms inhabit the plant rhizosphere, which function ... more Different kinds of soil animals and microorganisms inhabit the plant rhizosphere, which function closely to plant roots. Of them, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and earthworms play a critical role in sustaining the soilplant health. Earthworms and AMF belong to the soil community and are soil beneficial organisms at different trophic levels. Both of them improve soil fertility and structural development, collectively promoting plant growth and nutrient acquisition capacity. Earthworm activities redistribute mycorrhizal fungi spores and give diversified effects on root mycorrhizal fungal colonization. Dual inoculation with both earthworms and AMF strongly magnifies the response on plant growth through increased soil enzyme activities and changes in soil nutrient availability, collectively mitigating the negative effects of heavy metal pollution in plants and soils. This thus enhances phytoremediation and plant disease resistance. This review simply outlines the effects of earthworms and AMF on the soil-plant relationship. The effects of earthworms on root AMF colonization and activities are also analyzed. This paper also summarizes the interaction between earthworms and AMF on plants along with suggested future research.
Soil Biology, 2019
Excessive concentration of soluble salts in soils adversely affects agricultural lands and crops ... more Excessive concentration of soluble salts in soils adversely affects agricultural lands and crops and subsequently the livelihood of people all around the world. More than 100 countries are facing the problem of soil salinity along with salinization of groundwater. Irrigation of agricultural crops with saline water indeed increases the concentration of soluble salts in soil, thereby reducing the productivity of crop plants. Excessive salts primarily disrupt the cellular osmotic balance by lowering the water potential inside cells. The salts like chlorides and sulphates of sodium, calcium and magnesium along with sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate prevailed in saline soils negatively affect plant growth and productivity as they change the osmotic balance between plant roots and soil and interfere with physiological and metabolic processes of plant. Several techniques have been developed for the reclamation and management of saline and sodic soils, which involve changes in the farming system irrigation, cropping pattern and use of saltresistant varieties as well. The efficient and balanced use of fertilizers or more likely the utilization of biofertilizers could be a better option which can serve as a costeffective technique for resource conservation. This chapter provides brief description of salinity and its causes, global status and effects of salinity on plant growth and productivity, environment and the economy of salt-affected areas. Indeed various techniques are in practice, and there is an urgent need of more site-specific studies for the development of strategies to reclaim saline soils. Under changing climatic conditions, this problem is predicted to increase further and may cover many more areas that necessitate to find out more realistic solutions of this problem. This chapter aims to draw attention of researchers to better understand reclamation and management technologies for sustainable solutions to curtailing the problem of salinization and efficient utilization of saline soils. P. Srivastava Department of Botany, Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Q.-S. Wu College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China B. Giri (*) Department of Botany, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 B. Giri, A. Varma (eds.), Microorganisms in Saline Environments: Strategies and Functions, Soil Biology 56, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18975-4_1 3
Soil Biology, 2020
Soil is a very important and sensitive resource of any country as the crop yield of a nation on w... more Soil is a very important and sensitive resource of any country as the crop yield of a nation on which the whole population depends is directly linked to the soil health. The dependence of a nation on others for meeting the demand of its population for food and other crop products is a matter of great concern. The Green Revolution in India intensified agricultural productivity to meet urgent public needs and for the commercialization of crop products. Indeed, Green Revolution helped in achieving goal up to a certain level with the use of high input of chemicals in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides and weedicides along with intense irrigation practices. After Green Revolution, the decline in crop yield in spite of fertilizer application reveals the loss of soil fertility. Toxic chemicals in soil affected the life of beneficial soil organisms, which indeed are responsible for maintaining soil fertility. Further, these chemicals polluted groundwater, air and adversely affected human and animal health. Hence, restoration of soil health and environment is an urgent need. Avoidance of chemical fertilizers and use of natural fertilizers like biofertilizers, vermicompost, farm yard and green manure, and biopesticides can be a sustainable approach in achieving the crop productivity along with nourishing the soil and environment. Present chapter discusses about the effects of Green Revolution on soil health in India and suggests for consideration of techniques with eco-friendly approaches to heal soil loss and to manage soil fertility for sustainable agriculture.
Developments in Fungal Biology and Applied Mycology, 2017
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and Stress Tolerance of Plants, 2017
Soil salinity has become a serious land degradation problem and is increasing steadily in many pa... more Soil salinity has become a serious land degradation problem and is increasing steadily in many parts of the world, particularly in arid and semiarid areas. Increased salinization of arable land is expected to have devastating global effects and would lead to 30% land loss within the next 25 years and up to 50% by the middle of the twenty-first century. Plants growing in saline conditions generally last to three distinct stresses, ionic, osmotic, and oxidative. The toxic effects of specific ions such as Na+ and Cl−, prevalent in saline soils, disrupt the structure of enzymes and other macromolecules, damage cell organelles, disrupt general metabolic activities, inhibit protein synthesis, and induce ion deficiency. Plants exposed to low water potential face the problem of physiological drought condition. Moreover, salinity creates nutrient imbalance in the plant due to decreased and differential uptake of nutrients and/or their translocation to the shoot and leaf tissues, rendering the plants weak and unproductive. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous soil microorganisms that build up symbiotic associations with the majority of higher plants, establish a direct physical link between soil and plant roots, constitute an integral component of the natural ecosystems, and predominantly exist in the saline environment. The extraradical hyphae of AMF run several meters away from the depletion zone, increase root surface area and facilitate nutrient absorption by the plant. Indeed, AMF improve physiological processes and general metabolic activities of the plant and help in the mitigation of physiological drought, which is often imposed under saline conditions. Therefore, the application of AMF could offer a cheaper and cost-effective alternative to counteract the problem of salinity. In this review chapter, we have discussed the factors influencing soil salinization and possible approaches to overcome the problem of salinity stress. The underlying physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which mycorrhizal plants could improve salt tolerance has also been described.
Mycorrhiza - Nutrient Uptake, Biocontrol, Ecorestoration, 2017
To feed the growing population, global food production needs to be doubled by 2050. The fertilize... more To feed the growing population, global food production needs to be doubled by 2050. The fertilizers cost have increased several folds in the last few years, which necessitates agrarian community to be less reliable on chemicals to grow and protect their crops. Moreover, dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to the deterioration of human health, disruption of ecosystem functioning and degradation of our environment. To overcome these problems, there is a need to explore and exploit the beneficial plant–soil microbe interactions to meet the food demand without affecting the relationship between the man and his environment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to form symbiotic association with the roots of more than 90% of the terrestrial plants. They serve as biofertilizer and enhance the plant growth by accelerating nutrient uptake, particularly of inaccessible nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil. Beside mineral nutrition, AMF also maintain the root hydraulic conductivity, increase the plant net photosynthetic capacity, improve stomatal conductance. The multifunctional extraradical hyphae of the fungus provide numerous ecological advantages like maintaining the soil health by influencing the beneficial microbes, aggregating soil particle and preventing soil erosion, conferring resistance to various stresses, enhance ecosystem productivity, bioremediation of degraded land, serving as soil carbon sink. In this chapter we attempt to discuss different role played by AMF, which make them potential tool for sustainable agriculture and environment. It is tempting to state that AMF served for 3E’s i.e. eco-friendly, economic and enhanced yield.
Mycorrhiza - Nutrient Uptake, Biocontrol, Ecorestoration, 2017
The application of pesticides in agriculture significantly reduces crop losses by protecting the ... more The application of pesticides in agriculture significantly reduces crop losses by protecting the plant from several diseases, caused by a variety of attackers including fungi, bacteria, plant-parasite nematodes and insects. However, excessive use of these agrochemicals has become a serious cause of concern in agriculture as these not only pose a potential risk to beneficial soil microbes, which play a pivotal role in maintaining the soil-fertility but also, result in serious implications to human health and environment. Researchers are exploring environment-friendly approaches of plant protection that could minimize the side effects associated with the use of pesticides. The biocontrol is a process by which an undesirable organism is controlled with the help of another organism. Among soil microorganisms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have demonstrated a considerable potential to reduce crop damages from infectious organisms, whose applications in agriculture have not yet been adopted to a large extent. In view of the importance of AMF in agriculture, we have described the bioprotective role of AMF against various plant pathogens and the possible mechanisms involved in the biological control of crop diseases.
Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2021
This study aimed to evaluate effects of Funneliformis mosseae on plant growth and root exudate co... more This study aimed to evaluate effects of Funneliformis mosseae on plant growth and root exudate compositions and contents, soil and root phosphatase activity, soil glomalin concentrations, and thus ...
Mycorrhiza - Function, Diversity, State of the Art, 2017
The global climate change presents a serious threat to nature and has been predicted to largely i... more The global climate change presents a serious threat to nature and has been predicted to largely impact the life of human beings in the twenty-first century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that human-induced climate change is a major threat and also emphasized to develop global plans for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Taking into consideration the existing feedbacks between carbon cycle and climate change, understanding whether terrestrial ecosystems will respond to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (eCO2) or up to what extent is of utmost significance. In the global ecosystems, CO2 is largely used by plants in the process of photosynthesis (net primary production). On the other hand, microbes contribute directly, to a great extent, to net carbon exchange through decomposition and respiration and indirectly by developing symbiotic associations with plants. One of the most common symbiotic associations established between plants and fungi is known as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This association facilitates the host plants for the better acquisition of water and nutrients and seems to sequester soil organic carbon. AMF could play a vital role in the global carbon cycle, as they can utilize a large proportion of the carbon fixed by the plants, deposit slow-cycling organic compounds (glomalin), and protect organic matter from microbial attack by promoting soil aggregation. In view of the importance of AM symbiosis in the terrestrial ecosystems, this chapter highlights whether the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to soil carbon sequestration or influence soil carbon decomposition.
Soil Biology, 2019
Excessive concentration of soluble salts in soils adversely affects agricultural lands and crops ... more Excessive concentration of soluble salts in soils adversely affects agricultural lands and crops and subsequently the livelihood of people all around the world. More than 100 countries are facing the problem of soil salinity along with salinization of groundwater. Irrigation of agricultural crops with saline water indeed increases the concentration of soluble salts in soil, thereby reducing the productivity of crop plants. Excessive salts primarily disrupt the cellular osmotic balance by lowering the water potential inside cells. The salts like chlorides and sulphates of sodium, calcium and magnesium along with sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate prevailed in saline soils negatively affect plant growth and productivity as they change the osmotic balance between plant roots and soil and interfere with physiological and metabolic processes of plant. Several techniques have been developed for the reclamation and management of saline and sodic soils, which involve changes in the farming system irrigation, cropping pattern and use of salt-resistant varieties as well. The efficient and balanced use of fertilizers or more likely the utilization of biofertilizers could be a better option which can serve as a cost-effective technique for resource conservation. This chapter provides brief description of salinity and its causes, global status and effects of salinity on plant growth and productivity, environment and the economy of salt-affected areas. Indeed various techniques are in practice, and there is an urgent need of more site-specific studies for the development of strategies to reclaim saline soils. Under changing climatic conditions, this problem is predicted to increase further and may cover many more areas that necessitate to find out more realistic solutions of this problem. This chapter aims to draw attention of researchers to better understand reclamation and management technologies for sustainable solutions to curtailing the problem of salinization and efficient utilization of saline soils.
Journal of Fungi, 2021
Endophytes have the ability to improve plant nutrition alongside their agronomic performance, amo... more Endophytes have the ability to improve plant nutrition alongside their agronomic performance, among which arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide the most benefits to their host. Previously, we reported for the first time that an arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungus Piriformospora indica had the ability to colonize roots of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) and conferred positive effects on nutrient acquisition. Present study showed the changes in fatty acids and sugars to unravel the physiological and symbiotic association of trifoliate orange with P. indica and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Funneliformis mosseae singly or in combination. All the endophytic fungi collectively increased fructose, glucose, and sucrose content in leaves and roots, along with a relatively higher increase with P. indica inoculation than with F. mosseae alone or dual inoculation. Treatment with P. indica increased the concentration of part unsaturated fatty acids such as C18:3N6, C20:2, C20:3N6, C20...
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Plant Science Today, 2017
In pursuit of salinity-mycorrhiza interaction, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the de... more In pursuit of salinity-mycorrhiza interaction, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the dependence of Gliricidia sepium on arbuscular mycorrhizal association under salinity stress, which was imposed using different concentrations of sodium chloride solutions. The present study revealed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; Rhizophagus fasciculatus significantly increased growth and biomass of G. sepium plants under saline condition. G. sepium showed a high degree of dependence on mycorrhizal symbiosis under saline as compared to non-saline condition. Under non-saline condition (SS0), G. sepium plants exhibited 23.9% dependence on R. fasciculatus, which increased with increase in the levels of salinity. At SS3 level, G. sepium plants showed 46.6% mycorrhizal dependency followed by SS2 and SS1 levels of salinity. However, there was no significant difference between mycorrhizal dependency of G. sepium at SS1 and SS2 levels of salinity. Improved growth of G. sepium under salinity s...
Plant Science Today, 2017
Now days, the development of safe, cost effective, reliable and eco-friendly processes for the sy... more Now days, the development of safe, cost effective, reliable and eco-friendly processes for the synthesis of nanoparticles is an important aspect of nanotechnology. Among the various agents, plants show immense potential for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The bio-molecules found in plants induce reduction of Ag+ ions from silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); therefore, in the present work, the aqueous leaves extract of the plant was used as reducing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. We synthesized extracellular silver nanoparticles using extract of the leaves of four different medicinal plants which act as a reducing agent at room temperature. The characteristic color change was observed on addition of plant extract to the silver nitrate solution due to their specific properties (Surface Plasmon Resonance). UV-Vis spectroscopy was used for the characterization of the silver nanoparticles. Green synthesized nanoparticles are evaluated for their antimicrobial...
Plant Acclimation to Environmental Stress, 2012
ABSTRACT Soil stresses such as salinity, drought, and heavy metals are major hindrances to crop p... more ABSTRACT Soil stresses such as salinity, drought, and heavy metals are major hindrances to crop productivity as these can significantly decrease plant growth and production. Colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance plant tolerance to these stresses. Arbuscular mycorrhizal associates are integral, functioning parts of plant roots and can significantly increase plant growth and production due to the formation of extensive hyphal network and production of biochemicals like glomalin. This chapter provides an overview of mechanisms evolved by AMF to help plants survive in these stressful conditions. These mechanisms include enhanced growth, prevention of nutrient deficiency and ion toxicity, osmotic adjustment, enhancing the activities of antioxidants and prevention of oxidative damage, improving photosynthesis, and water status. In addition, stress avoidance strategies include exclusion of toxic ions, restriction of entry of toxic ions and immobilization of heavy metals in soil or plant roots.
The effects of application of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus macrocarpum and G. fas... more The effects of application of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus macrocarpum and G. fasciculatum on shoot biomass and concentration of essential oil in Anethum graveolens L. and Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague fruits were evaluated. Results revealed significant variation in effectiveness of the two AM fungal species. AM fungal inoculation in general improved the growth of the plants. On mycorrhization, the concentration of essential oil increased up to 90% in dill and 72% in carum over their respective controls. Glomus macrocarpum was more effective than G. fasciculatum in enhancing the oil concentration. The constituents of the essential oils were characterized by gas liquid chromatography. The levels of limonene and carvone were enhanced in essential oil obtained from G. macrocarpum-inoculated dill plants, while G. fasciculatum inoculation resulted in a higher level of thymol in carum.
Communicative & Integrative Biology, 2022
The roots of most land plants form mycorrhizal associations with soil fungi, in which plants trad... more The roots of most land plants form mycorrhizal associations with soil fungi, in which plants trade carbon for increased nutrient acquisition (e.g., N and P) under nutrient deficiency conditions. However, how nutrient enrichment affects mycorrhiza is still not well understood, in particular under future global changing scenarios such as nitrogen deposition. In this chapter, we first review the major pathways of mycorrhizal-mediated nutrient acquisition and molecular mechanisms of sensing nutrient availability for mycorrhizal fungi and roots. Next, we propose two conceptual models that may control plant C allocation to mycorrhizal fungi in response to nutrient enrichment: reciprocal reward model and root-mycorrhiza trade-off model. We also describe a plant-centric model and fungal-centric model to explain responses of the mycorrhizal fungal community to nutrient enrichment as well as examine impacts of nutrient inputs on mycorrhizas functioning.
Different kinds of soil animals and microorganisms inhabit the plant rhizosphere, which function ... more Different kinds of soil animals and microorganisms inhabit the plant rhizosphere, which function closely to plant roots. Of them, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and earthworms play a critical role in sustaining the soilplant health. Earthworms and AMF belong to the soil community and are soil beneficial organisms at different trophic levels. Both of them improve soil fertility and structural development, collectively promoting plant growth and nutrient acquisition capacity. Earthworm activities redistribute mycorrhizal fungi spores and give diversified effects on root mycorrhizal fungal colonization. Dual inoculation with both earthworms and AMF strongly magnifies the response on plant growth through increased soil enzyme activities and changes in soil nutrient availability, collectively mitigating the negative effects of heavy metal pollution in plants and soils. This thus enhances phytoremediation and plant disease resistance. This review simply outlines the effects of earthworms and AMF on the soil-plant relationship. The effects of earthworms on root AMF colonization and activities are also analyzed. This paper also summarizes the interaction between earthworms and AMF on plants along with suggested future research.
Soil Biology, 2019
Excessive concentration of soluble salts in soils adversely affects agricultural lands and crops ... more Excessive concentration of soluble salts in soils adversely affects agricultural lands and crops and subsequently the livelihood of people all around the world. More than 100 countries are facing the problem of soil salinity along with salinization of groundwater. Irrigation of agricultural crops with saline water indeed increases the concentration of soluble salts in soil, thereby reducing the productivity of crop plants. Excessive salts primarily disrupt the cellular osmotic balance by lowering the water potential inside cells. The salts like chlorides and sulphates of sodium, calcium and magnesium along with sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate prevailed in saline soils negatively affect plant growth and productivity as they change the osmotic balance between plant roots and soil and interfere with physiological and metabolic processes of plant. Several techniques have been developed for the reclamation and management of saline and sodic soils, which involve changes in the farming system irrigation, cropping pattern and use of saltresistant varieties as well. The efficient and balanced use of fertilizers or more likely the utilization of biofertilizers could be a better option which can serve as a costeffective technique for resource conservation. This chapter provides brief description of salinity and its causes, global status and effects of salinity on plant growth and productivity, environment and the economy of salt-affected areas. Indeed various techniques are in practice, and there is an urgent need of more site-specific studies for the development of strategies to reclaim saline soils. Under changing climatic conditions, this problem is predicted to increase further and may cover many more areas that necessitate to find out more realistic solutions of this problem. This chapter aims to draw attention of researchers to better understand reclamation and management technologies for sustainable solutions to curtailing the problem of salinization and efficient utilization of saline soils. P. Srivastava Department of Botany, Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India Q.-S. Wu College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China B. Giri (*) Department of Botany, Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 B. Giri, A. Varma (eds.), Microorganisms in Saline Environments: Strategies and Functions, Soil Biology 56, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18975-4_1 3
Soil Biology, 2020
Soil is a very important and sensitive resource of any country as the crop yield of a nation on w... more Soil is a very important and sensitive resource of any country as the crop yield of a nation on which the whole population depends is directly linked to the soil health. The dependence of a nation on others for meeting the demand of its population for food and other crop products is a matter of great concern. The Green Revolution in India intensified agricultural productivity to meet urgent public needs and for the commercialization of crop products. Indeed, Green Revolution helped in achieving goal up to a certain level with the use of high input of chemicals in the form of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides and weedicides along with intense irrigation practices. After Green Revolution, the decline in crop yield in spite of fertilizer application reveals the loss of soil fertility. Toxic chemicals in soil affected the life of beneficial soil organisms, which indeed are responsible for maintaining soil fertility. Further, these chemicals polluted groundwater, air and adversely affected human and animal health. Hence, restoration of soil health and environment is an urgent need. Avoidance of chemical fertilizers and use of natural fertilizers like biofertilizers, vermicompost, farm yard and green manure, and biopesticides can be a sustainable approach in achieving the crop productivity along with nourishing the soil and environment. Present chapter discusses about the effects of Green Revolution on soil health in India and suggests for consideration of techniques with eco-friendly approaches to heal soil loss and to manage soil fertility for sustainable agriculture.
Developments in Fungal Biology and Applied Mycology, 2017
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and Stress Tolerance of Plants, 2017
Soil salinity has become a serious land degradation problem and is increasing steadily in many pa... more Soil salinity has become a serious land degradation problem and is increasing steadily in many parts of the world, particularly in arid and semiarid areas. Increased salinization of arable land is expected to have devastating global effects and would lead to 30% land loss within the next 25 years and up to 50% by the middle of the twenty-first century. Plants growing in saline conditions generally last to three distinct stresses, ionic, osmotic, and oxidative. The toxic effects of specific ions such as Na+ and Cl−, prevalent in saline soils, disrupt the structure of enzymes and other macromolecules, damage cell organelles, disrupt general metabolic activities, inhibit protein synthesis, and induce ion deficiency. Plants exposed to low water potential face the problem of physiological drought condition. Moreover, salinity creates nutrient imbalance in the plant due to decreased and differential uptake of nutrients and/or their translocation to the shoot and leaf tissues, rendering the plants weak and unproductive. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous soil microorganisms that build up symbiotic associations with the majority of higher plants, establish a direct physical link between soil and plant roots, constitute an integral component of the natural ecosystems, and predominantly exist in the saline environment. The extraradical hyphae of AMF run several meters away from the depletion zone, increase root surface area and facilitate nutrient absorption by the plant. Indeed, AMF improve physiological processes and general metabolic activities of the plant and help in the mitigation of physiological drought, which is often imposed under saline conditions. Therefore, the application of AMF could offer a cheaper and cost-effective alternative to counteract the problem of salinity. In this review chapter, we have discussed the factors influencing soil salinization and possible approaches to overcome the problem of salinity stress. The underlying physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which mycorrhizal plants could improve salt tolerance has also been described.
Mycorrhiza - Nutrient Uptake, Biocontrol, Ecorestoration, 2017
To feed the growing population, global food production needs to be doubled by 2050. The fertilize... more To feed the growing population, global food production needs to be doubled by 2050. The fertilizers cost have increased several folds in the last few years, which necessitates agrarian community to be less reliable on chemicals to grow and protect their crops. Moreover, dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to the deterioration of human health, disruption of ecosystem functioning and degradation of our environment. To overcome these problems, there is a need to explore and exploit the beneficial plant–soil microbe interactions to meet the food demand without affecting the relationship between the man and his environment. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to form symbiotic association with the roots of more than 90% of the terrestrial plants. They serve as biofertilizer and enhance the plant growth by accelerating nutrient uptake, particularly of inaccessible nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil. Beside mineral nutrition, AMF also maintain the root hydraulic conductivity, increase the plant net photosynthetic capacity, improve stomatal conductance. The multifunctional extraradical hyphae of the fungus provide numerous ecological advantages like maintaining the soil health by influencing the beneficial microbes, aggregating soil particle and preventing soil erosion, conferring resistance to various stresses, enhance ecosystem productivity, bioremediation of degraded land, serving as soil carbon sink. In this chapter we attempt to discuss different role played by AMF, which make them potential tool for sustainable agriculture and environment. It is tempting to state that AMF served for 3E’s i.e. eco-friendly, economic and enhanced yield.
Mycorrhiza - Nutrient Uptake, Biocontrol, Ecorestoration, 2017
The application of pesticides in agriculture significantly reduces crop losses by protecting the ... more The application of pesticides in agriculture significantly reduces crop losses by protecting the plant from several diseases, caused by a variety of attackers including fungi, bacteria, plant-parasite nematodes and insects. However, excessive use of these agrochemicals has become a serious cause of concern in agriculture as these not only pose a potential risk to beneficial soil microbes, which play a pivotal role in maintaining the soil-fertility but also, result in serious implications to human health and environment. Researchers are exploring environment-friendly approaches of plant protection that could minimize the side effects associated with the use of pesticides. The biocontrol is a process by which an undesirable organism is controlled with the help of another organism. Among soil microorganisms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have demonstrated a considerable potential to reduce crop damages from infectious organisms, whose applications in agriculture have not yet been adopted to a large extent. In view of the importance of AMF in agriculture, we have described the bioprotective role of AMF against various plant pathogens and the possible mechanisms involved in the biological control of crop diseases.
Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 2021
This study aimed to evaluate effects of Funneliformis mosseae on plant growth and root exudate co... more This study aimed to evaluate effects of Funneliformis mosseae on plant growth and root exudate compositions and contents, soil and root phosphatase activity, soil glomalin concentrations, and thus ...
Mycorrhiza - Function, Diversity, State of the Art, 2017
The global climate change presents a serious threat to nature and has been predicted to largely i... more The global climate change presents a serious threat to nature and has been predicted to largely impact the life of human beings in the twenty-first century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that human-induced climate change is a major threat and also emphasized to develop global plans for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Taking into consideration the existing feedbacks between carbon cycle and climate change, understanding whether terrestrial ecosystems will respond to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (eCO2) or up to what extent is of utmost significance. In the global ecosystems, CO2 is largely used by plants in the process of photosynthesis (net primary production). On the other hand, microbes contribute directly, to a great extent, to net carbon exchange through decomposition and respiration and indirectly by developing symbiotic associations with plants. One of the most common symbiotic associations established between plants and fungi is known as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This association facilitates the host plants for the better acquisition of water and nutrients and seems to sequester soil organic carbon. AMF could play a vital role in the global carbon cycle, as they can utilize a large proportion of the carbon fixed by the plants, deposit slow-cycling organic compounds (glomalin), and protect organic matter from microbial attack by promoting soil aggregation. In view of the importance of AM symbiosis in the terrestrial ecosystems, this chapter highlights whether the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to soil carbon sequestration or influence soil carbon decomposition.
Soil Biology, 2019
Excessive concentration of soluble salts in soils adversely affects agricultural lands and crops ... more Excessive concentration of soluble salts in soils adversely affects agricultural lands and crops and subsequently the livelihood of people all around the world. More than 100 countries are facing the problem of soil salinity along with salinization of groundwater. Irrigation of agricultural crops with saline water indeed increases the concentration of soluble salts in soil, thereby reducing the productivity of crop plants. Excessive salts primarily disrupt the cellular osmotic balance by lowering the water potential inside cells. The salts like chlorides and sulphates of sodium, calcium and magnesium along with sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate prevailed in saline soils negatively affect plant growth and productivity as they change the osmotic balance between plant roots and soil and interfere with physiological and metabolic processes of plant. Several techniques have been developed for the reclamation and management of saline and sodic soils, which involve changes in the farming system irrigation, cropping pattern and use of salt-resistant varieties as well. The efficient and balanced use of fertilizers or more likely the utilization of biofertilizers could be a better option which can serve as a cost-effective technique for resource conservation. This chapter provides brief description of salinity and its causes, global status and effects of salinity on plant growth and productivity, environment and the economy of salt-affected areas. Indeed various techniques are in practice, and there is an urgent need of more site-specific studies for the development of strategies to reclaim saline soils. Under changing climatic conditions, this problem is predicted to increase further and may cover many more areas that necessitate to find out more realistic solutions of this problem. This chapter aims to draw attention of researchers to better understand reclamation and management technologies for sustainable solutions to curtailing the problem of salinization and efficient utilization of saline soils.
Journal of Fungi, 2021
Endophytes have the ability to improve plant nutrition alongside their agronomic performance, amo... more Endophytes have the ability to improve plant nutrition alongside their agronomic performance, among which arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi provide the most benefits to their host. Previously, we reported for the first time that an arbuscular mycorrhizal-like fungus Piriformospora indica had the ability to colonize roots of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) and conferred positive effects on nutrient acquisition. Present study showed the changes in fatty acids and sugars to unravel the physiological and symbiotic association of trifoliate orange with P. indica and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Funneliformis mosseae singly or in combination. All the endophytic fungi collectively increased fructose, glucose, and sucrose content in leaves and roots, along with a relatively higher increase with P. indica inoculation than with F. mosseae alone or dual inoculation. Treatment with P. indica increased the concentration of part unsaturated fatty acids such as C18:3N6, C20:2, C20:3N6, C20...
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Plant Science Today, 2017
In pursuit of salinity-mycorrhiza interaction, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the de... more In pursuit of salinity-mycorrhiza interaction, a pot experiment was conducted to determine the dependence of Gliricidia sepium on arbuscular mycorrhizal association under salinity stress, which was imposed using different concentrations of sodium chloride solutions. The present study revealed that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; Rhizophagus fasciculatus significantly increased growth and biomass of G. sepium plants under saline condition. G. sepium showed a high degree of dependence on mycorrhizal symbiosis under saline as compared to non-saline condition. Under non-saline condition (SS0), G. sepium plants exhibited 23.9% dependence on R. fasciculatus, which increased with increase in the levels of salinity. At SS3 level, G. sepium plants showed 46.6% mycorrhizal dependency followed by SS2 and SS1 levels of salinity. However, there was no significant difference between mycorrhizal dependency of G. sepium at SS1 and SS2 levels of salinity. Improved growth of G. sepium under salinity s...
Plant Science Today, 2017
Now days, the development of safe, cost effective, reliable and eco-friendly processes for the sy... more Now days, the development of safe, cost effective, reliable and eco-friendly processes for the synthesis of nanoparticles is an important aspect of nanotechnology. Among the various agents, plants show immense potential for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The bio-molecules found in plants induce reduction of Ag+ ions from silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs); therefore, in the present work, the aqueous leaves extract of the plant was used as reducing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. We synthesized extracellular silver nanoparticles using extract of the leaves of four different medicinal plants which act as a reducing agent at room temperature. The characteristic color change was observed on addition of plant extract to the silver nitrate solution due to their specific properties (Surface Plasmon Resonance). UV-Vis spectroscopy was used for the characterization of the silver nanoparticles. Green synthesized nanoparticles are evaluated for their antimicrobial...
Plant Acclimation to Environmental Stress, 2012
ABSTRACT Soil stresses such as salinity, drought, and heavy metals are major hindrances to crop p... more ABSTRACT Soil stresses such as salinity, drought, and heavy metals are major hindrances to crop productivity as these can significantly decrease plant growth and production. Colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance plant tolerance to these stresses. Arbuscular mycorrhizal associates are integral, functioning parts of plant roots and can significantly increase plant growth and production due to the formation of extensive hyphal network and production of biochemicals like glomalin. This chapter provides an overview of mechanisms evolved by AMF to help plants survive in these stressful conditions. These mechanisms include enhanced growth, prevention of nutrient deficiency and ion toxicity, osmotic adjustment, enhancing the activities of antioxidants and prevention of oxidative damage, improving photosynthesis, and water status. In addition, stress avoidance strategies include exclusion of toxic ions, restriction of entry of toxic ions and immobilization of heavy metals in soil or plant roots.
The effects of application of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus macrocarpum and G. fas... more The effects of application of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi Glomus macrocarpum and G. fasciculatum on shoot biomass and concentration of essential oil in Anethum graveolens L. and Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague fruits were evaluated. Results revealed significant variation in effectiveness of the two AM fungal species. AM fungal inoculation in general improved the growth of the plants. On mycorrhization, the concentration of essential oil increased up to 90% in dill and 72% in carum over their respective controls. Glomus macrocarpum was more effective than G. fasciculatum in enhancing the oil concentration. The constituents of the essential oils were characterized by gas liquid chromatography. The levels of limonene and carvone were enhanced in essential oil obtained from G. macrocarpum-inoculated dill plants, while G. fasciculatum inoculation resulted in a higher level of thymol in carum.