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Papers by Brigitte Hoogendoorn

Research paper thumbnail of Entrepreneurship, Age, and Social Value Creation: A Constraint-based Individual Perspective

Journal of Small Business Management, 2022

We advance research on social entrepreneurship by offering a constraint-based individual perspect... more We advance research on social entrepreneurship by offering a constraint-based individual perspective of “who” (gender, education) chooses to create social value “when” in their life course (proxied by age). Integrating predictions from situational strength theory in psychology and the life course perspective in sociology, we theorize that resource constraints determine at what age entrepreneurs are likely to prioritize social relative to economic value creation goals when starting their enterprise. We examine the intersection of entrepreneur age with gender and education to account for distinct patterns of resource constraints over the life course. Multilevel analyses of nationally representative samples of 5,251 new entrepreneurs from 44 countries reveal a robust curvilinear (U-shaped) relationship between age and social value creation and a steeper U-curve for more highly educated women. Our study offers a springboard for future entrepreneurship research considering individuals’ constraints on prosocial value expression by applying intersectional analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of What Do We Know about Social Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of Empirical Research

ERIM Report Series reference number ERS-2009-044-ORG Publication June 2010 Number of pages 39 Per... more ERIM Report Series reference number ERS-2009-044-ORG Publication June 2010 Number of pages 39 Persistent paper URL http://hdl.handle.net/1765/16558 Email address corresponding author thurik@ese.eur.nl Address Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM) ...

Research paper thumbnail of Social Entrepreneurship and Performance: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk

Erim Report Series Research in Management Erasmus Research Institute of Management, Jun 6, 2011

This study investigates if and in what way social entrepreneurs are hampered in turning their eff... more This study investigates if and in what way social entrepreneurs are hampered in turning their efforts into sustainable organizations. Using binary logit regressions and unique data containing approximately 26,000 individual-level data points for 36 countries, this study assesses the influences of perceived environmental barriers, risk variables, and socio-demographic variables on the probability of being a social entrepreneur versus a commercial entrepreneur. Our findings confirm that socially motivated entrepreneurs are less likely to survive the earliest levels of entrepreneurial engagement. Several factors have been identified to explain this underperformance. Compared to commercial entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs perceive more financial and informational start-up barriers, are more afraid of personal failure and bankruptcy, and can be found in the lower and higher age categories. In addition, this study found that social entrepreneurs are more likely to be female and highly educated than are their commercial counterparts.

Research paper thumbnail of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor The Netherlands 2012

Scales Research Reports, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Belonging, believing, bonding, and behaving: the relationship between religion and business ownership at the country level

Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond the Moral Portrayal of Social Entrepreneurs: An Empirical Approach to Who They Are and What Drives Them

Journal of Business Ethics, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Social Entrepreneurship in the Modern Economy: Warm Glow, Cold Feet

This study tests and extends current knowledge on the causes of social entrepreneurship: a type o... more This study tests and extends current knowledge on the causes of social entrepreneurship: a type of entrepreneurship that concerns the process of discovering, evaluating, and pursuing opportunities aimed at the creation of social value. In contrast to what is common in this research domain, this study applies a research design based on unique, large-scale and internationally comparable survey data. Various research themes are addressed such as the occurrence and drivers of social entrepreneurship at the macro-level, factors that influence the survival of social ventures at the firm level, and the differences and commonalities between social and commercial entrepreneurs at the individual level. At the macro-level it is concluded that social entrepreneurship clearly is a global phenomenon with a prevailing role for the level of income in a country as one of the drivers of its occurrence. At the micro-level results indicate a deviating entrepreneurial profile for social entrepreneurs th...

Research paper thumbnail of A conceptual overview of What We Know About Social Entrepreneurship

This contribution aims to answer the question what we know about social entrepreneurship by summa... more This contribution aims to answer the question what we know about social entrepreneurship by summarizing the current state of knowledge. It first provides a broad description of what social entrepreneurship is. Next, a conceptual overview is given of different perspectives on social entrepreneurship. More specifically, four schools of thought on social entrepreneurship are presented and a description is given of the defining characteristics that distinguish these schools from one another. Subsequently some of the main findings of empirical studies from each of the four schools are summarized and discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence and Determinants of Social Entrepreneurship at the Macrolevel

This study deals with the prevalence and drivers of social entrepreneurship across countries. Uni... more This study deals with the prevalence and drivers of social entrepreneurship across countries. Unique large-scale and internationally comparable data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2009 covering 49 countries at different stages of development are used as our main data source. Hypotheses are generated from a multitude of theoretical perspectives including the failure thesis, interdependence theory, welfare state theory and supply-side theory. As regards the antecedents of the occurrence of social entrepreneurship, our findings suggest above all that social entrepreneurship is a phenomenon driven by wealth. In addition, we find a positive association between government expenditure on welfare and the prevalence of social entrepreneurship which assumes a relation of interdependence and partnership between government and social organizations. This finding supports the interdependence theory. With respect to cultural values, we postulate that a society’s level of individual...

Research paper thumbnail of What drives environmental practices of SMEs?

Small Business Economics, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of A Quantitative Comparison of Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Social Entrepreneurship Organizations in Context

Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Social entrepreneurship and performance: The role of perceived barriers and risk

Abstract: This study investigates if and in what way social entrepreneurs are hampered in turning... more Abstract: This study investigates if and in what way social entrepreneurs are hampered in turning their efforts into sustainable organizations. Using binary logit regressions and unique data containing approximately 26,000 individual-level data points for 36 countries, this study assesses the influences of perceived environmental barriers, risk variables, and socio-demographic variables on the probability of being a social entrepreneur versus a commercial entrepreneur. Our findings confirm that socially motivated entrepreneurs are ...

Research paper thumbnail of Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Exploring individual and organizational characteristics

This study extends our current knowledge of the social entrepreneur and the activities he/she is ... more This study extends our current knowledge of the social entrepreneur and the activities he/she is involved in and contrasts them with our understanding of commercial entrepreneurs. For the purpose of generating empirically-driven propositions, we bring together insights from current empirical investigations and insights from unique large-scale data from the GEM 2009 survey on social entrepreneurship covering Belgium and The Netherlands. Findings are refined with insights from interviews with key informants in both countries. In general the generated propositions seem to indicate a rather fragile entrepreneurial profile in terms of effort put into the organisation or activity, self-confidence, ambition in terms of employment growth, funding from the sale of products and services and progression to more mature stages of the entrepreneurial process. Furthermore, social entrepreneurs are more likely to be younger, more highly educated and they perceive legitimation of entrepreneurs in so...

Research paper thumbnail of Entrepreneurship, Age, and Social Value Creation: A Constraint-based Individual Perspective

Journal of Small Business Management, 2022

We advance research on social entrepreneurship by offering a constraint-based individual perspect... more We advance research on social entrepreneurship by offering a constraint-based individual perspective of “who” (gender, education) chooses to create social value “when” in their life course (proxied by age). Integrating predictions from situational strength theory in psychology and the life course perspective in sociology, we theorize that resource constraints determine at what age entrepreneurs are likely to prioritize social relative to economic value creation goals when starting their enterprise. We examine the intersection of entrepreneur age with gender and education to account for distinct patterns of resource constraints over the life course. Multilevel analyses of nationally representative samples of 5,251 new entrepreneurs from 44 countries reveal a robust curvilinear (U-shaped) relationship between age and social value creation and a steeper U-curve for more highly educated women. Our study offers a springboard for future entrepreneurship research considering individuals’ constraints on prosocial value expression by applying intersectional analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of What Do We Know about Social Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of Empirical Research

ERIM Report Series reference number ERS-2009-044-ORG Publication June 2010 Number of pages 39 Per... more ERIM Report Series reference number ERS-2009-044-ORG Publication June 2010 Number of pages 39 Persistent paper URL http://hdl.handle.net/1765/16558 Email address corresponding author thurik@ese.eur.nl Address Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM) ...

Research paper thumbnail of Social Entrepreneurship and Performance: The Role of Perceived Barriers and Risk

Erim Report Series Research in Management Erasmus Research Institute of Management, Jun 6, 2011

This study investigates if and in what way social entrepreneurs are hampered in turning their eff... more This study investigates if and in what way social entrepreneurs are hampered in turning their efforts into sustainable organizations. Using binary logit regressions and unique data containing approximately 26,000 individual-level data points for 36 countries, this study assesses the influences of perceived environmental barriers, risk variables, and socio-demographic variables on the probability of being a social entrepreneur versus a commercial entrepreneur. Our findings confirm that socially motivated entrepreneurs are less likely to survive the earliest levels of entrepreneurial engagement. Several factors have been identified to explain this underperformance. Compared to commercial entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs perceive more financial and informational start-up barriers, are more afraid of personal failure and bankruptcy, and can be found in the lower and higher age categories. In addition, this study found that social entrepreneurs are more likely to be female and highly educated than are their commercial counterparts.

Research paper thumbnail of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor The Netherlands 2012

Scales Research Reports, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Belonging, believing, bonding, and behaving: the relationship between religion and business ownership at the country level

Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2016

Research paper thumbnail of Beyond the Moral Portrayal of Social Entrepreneurs: An Empirical Approach to Who They Are and What Drives Them

Journal of Business Ethics, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of Social Entrepreneurship in the Modern Economy: Warm Glow, Cold Feet

This study tests and extends current knowledge on the causes of social entrepreneurship: a type o... more This study tests and extends current knowledge on the causes of social entrepreneurship: a type of entrepreneurship that concerns the process of discovering, evaluating, and pursuing opportunities aimed at the creation of social value. In contrast to what is common in this research domain, this study applies a research design based on unique, large-scale and internationally comparable survey data. Various research themes are addressed such as the occurrence and drivers of social entrepreneurship at the macro-level, factors that influence the survival of social ventures at the firm level, and the differences and commonalities between social and commercial entrepreneurs at the individual level. At the macro-level it is concluded that social entrepreneurship clearly is a global phenomenon with a prevailing role for the level of income in a country as one of the drivers of its occurrence. At the micro-level results indicate a deviating entrepreneurial profile for social entrepreneurs th...

Research paper thumbnail of A conceptual overview of What We Know About Social Entrepreneurship

This contribution aims to answer the question what we know about social entrepreneurship by summa... more This contribution aims to answer the question what we know about social entrepreneurship by summarizing the current state of knowledge. It first provides a broad description of what social entrepreneurship is. Next, a conceptual overview is given of different perspectives on social entrepreneurship. More specifically, four schools of thought on social entrepreneurship are presented and a description is given of the defining characteristics that distinguish these schools from one another. Subsequently some of the main findings of empirical studies from each of the four schools are summarized and discussed.

Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence and Determinants of Social Entrepreneurship at the Macrolevel

This study deals with the prevalence and drivers of social entrepreneurship across countries. Uni... more This study deals with the prevalence and drivers of social entrepreneurship across countries. Unique large-scale and internationally comparable data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2009 covering 49 countries at different stages of development are used as our main data source. Hypotheses are generated from a multitude of theoretical perspectives including the failure thesis, interdependence theory, welfare state theory and supply-side theory. As regards the antecedents of the occurrence of social entrepreneurship, our findings suggest above all that social entrepreneurship is a phenomenon driven by wealth. In addition, we find a positive association between government expenditure on welfare and the prevalence of social entrepreneurship which assumes a relation of interdependence and partnership between government and social organizations. This finding supports the interdependence theory. With respect to cultural values, we postulate that a society’s level of individual...

Research paper thumbnail of What drives environmental practices of SMEs?

Small Business Economics, 2014

Research paper thumbnail of A Quantitative Comparison of Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Social Entrepreneurship Organizations in Context

Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Social entrepreneurship and performance: The role of perceived barriers and risk

Abstract: This study investigates if and in what way social entrepreneurs are hampered in turning... more Abstract: This study investigates if and in what way social entrepreneurs are hampered in turning their efforts into sustainable organizations. Using binary logit regressions and unique data containing approximately 26,000 individual-level data points for 36 countries, this study assesses the influences of perceived environmental barriers, risk variables, and socio-demographic variables on the probability of being a social entrepreneur versus a commercial entrepreneur. Our findings confirm that socially motivated entrepreneurs are ...

Research paper thumbnail of Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Exploring individual and organizational characteristics

This study extends our current knowledge of the social entrepreneur and the activities he/she is ... more This study extends our current knowledge of the social entrepreneur and the activities he/she is involved in and contrasts them with our understanding of commercial entrepreneurs. For the purpose of generating empirically-driven propositions, we bring together insights from current empirical investigations and insights from unique large-scale data from the GEM 2009 survey on social entrepreneurship covering Belgium and The Netherlands. Findings are refined with insights from interviews with key informants in both countries. In general the generated propositions seem to indicate a rather fragile entrepreneurial profile in terms of effort put into the organisation or activity, self-confidence, ambition in terms of employment growth, funding from the sale of products and services and progression to more mature stages of the entrepreneurial process. Furthermore, social entrepreneurs are more likely to be younger, more highly educated and they perceive legitimation of entrepreneurs in so...