Carmen Salinas Salazar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Carmen Salinas Salazar
Microalgae Biotechnology for Development of Biofuel and Wastewater Treatment, 2019
Microalgae are regarded as a promising and feasible source of diverse products for application in... more Microalgae are regarded as a promising and feasible source of diverse products for application in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and chemical industries. Such products include biofuels, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, enzymes, polysaccharides, and proteins. The recovery of products from algal biomass is a matter of constant development and progress. In the present chapter, the standard techniques for the extraction of biofuels and high-value metabolites from microalgae in the laboratory are reviewed. Traditional methods such as solvent extraction, as well as novel techniques, like supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are presented in this work, including the suitability of these methods for specific types of metabolites. Pretreatment techniques for the enhancement of product recovery are discussed. This chapter is intended as a reference of the existing methods for the researcher looking forward to study the production of metabolites by microalgae, in order to aid the selection of a suitable technique for specific metabolites.
Molecules, 2021
Agave lechuguilla agro-waste is a promising renewable material for biorefining purposes. The proc... more Agave lechuguilla agro-waste is a promising renewable material for biorefining purposes. The procurement of added-value co-products, such as bioactive phytochemicals, is required to improve bioprocesses and promote the bio-based economy of the productive areas of Mexico. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of post-harvest management and enzymatic pretreatment as the first stages of the A. lechuguilla valorization process. Four drying methods were compared, and enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized to obtain a flavonoid-enriched extract applying ultrasound-assisted extraction. In both experiments, the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, HPLC-UV flavonoid profiles, and radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) were considered as response variables. The results demonstrated that light exposure during the drying process particularly affected the flavonoid content, whereas oven-dehydration at 40 °C in the dark preserved the flavonoid diversity and antioxidant functionalit...
Handbook of Research on Bioenergy and Biomaterials, 2021
Journal of Environmental Management, 2021
Pork production has expanded in the world in recent years. This growth has caused a significant i... more Pork production has expanded in the world in recent years. This growth has caused a significant increase in waste from this industry, especially of wastewater. Although there has been an increase in wastewater treatment, there is a lack of useful technologies for the treatment of wastewater from the pork industry. Swine farms generate high amounts of organic pollution, with large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus with final destination into water bodies. Sadly, little attention has been devoted to animal wastes, which are currently treated in simple systems, such as stabilization ponds or just discharged to the environment without previous treatment. This uncontrolled release of swine wastewater is a major cause of eutrophication processes. Among the possible treatments, phycoremediation seems to be a sustainable and environmentally friendly option of removing compounds from wastewater such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and some metal ions. Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of treating swine wastewater using different microalgae species. Nevertheless, the practicability of applying this procedure at pilot-scale has not been explored before as an integrated process. This work presents an overview of the technological applications of microalgae for the treatment of wastewater from swine farms and the byproducts (pigments, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins) and services of commercial interest (biodiesel, biohydrogen, bioelectricity, biogas) generated during this process. Furthermore, the environmental benefits while applying microalgae technologies are discussed.
Process Biochemistry, 2020
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Environmental Research, 2019
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an anthropogenic contaminant found in different environmental matrices th... more 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an anthropogenic contaminant found in different environmental matrices that has an effect over the biotic and abiotic factors within the environment. Bioremediation by microorganisms can be used as a potential treatment to remove this pollutant. In this work, a consortium of two microorganisms, Arthrospira maxima and Chlorella vulgaris, was employed to remove 4-NP from water. The parameters analyzed included cell growth, removal of 4-NP, and 4-NP remnant in the biomass. In addition, the metabolites produced in the process by this consortium were identified. It was found that C. vulgaris is more resistant to 4-NP than A. maxima (cell growth inhibition by 4-NP of 99%). The consortium used in this study had an IC 50 greater than any strain of microalgae or cyanobacteria reported for 4-NP removal (9.29 mg/ L) and reduced up to 96% of 4-NP in water in the first 48 h of culture. It was also observed that there is a bio-transformation of 4-NP, comparable with the process carried out by another bacterium, in which three similar metabolites were found (4-(1-methyl-octyl)-4-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-enone, 4-nonyl-4-hydroxy-ciclohexa-2,5-dienone and 4-nonyl-4-hydroxy-ciclohex-2-enone) and one that is similar to plant metabolism (4-nonyl-(1-methyl,6,8-metoxy)-hydroxybenzene). These results indicate that microalgae and cyanobacteria consortium can be used to remove 4-NP from water.
Marine Drugs, 2019
Several factors have the potential to influence microalgae growth. In the present study, nitrogen... more Several factors have the potential to influence microalgae growth. In the present study, nitrogen concentration and light intensity were evaluated in order to obtain high biomass production and high phycoerythrin accumulation from Porphyridium purpureum. The range of nitrogen concentrations evaluated in the culture medium was 0.075–0.450 g L−1 and light intensities ranged between 30 and 100 μmol m−2 s−1. Surprisingly, low nitrogen concentration and high light intensity resulted in high biomass yield and phycoerythrin accumulation. Thus, the best biomass productivity (0.386 g L−1 d−1) and biomass yield (5.403 g L−1) were achieved with NaNO3 at 0.075 g L−1 and 100 μmol m−2 s−1. In addition, phycoerythrin production was improved to obtain a concentration of 14.66 mg L−1 (2.71 mg g−1 of phycoerythrin over dry weight). The results of the present study indicate that it is possible to significantly improve biomass and pigment production in Porphyridium purpureum by limiting nitrogen concen...
Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2018
Rosemary oil was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2) as a solvent. The parameters of... more Rosemary oil was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2) as a solvent. The parameters of pressure, temperature, and ethanol as co-solvent were evaluated through a Taguchi experimental design. Extraction yield of rosemary oil increased with high pressure (350 bar) and mid-range temperature (40 °C), while the addition of ethanol as co-solvent did not improve the extraction yield. Palmitic, α-linolenic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acid were the main fatty acids detected (3.96% w/w) in the extracted oil. The major volatile compounds found in the oil (75.74% w/w) included d-camphor, eicosane, 1,8-cineole, tetracosane, borneol, and β-caryophyllene. The extracted oils showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, while Escherichia coli was less sensitive to inhibition. Antioxidant activities on DPPH and TEAC assays were higher at 60 °C, 100 bar without ethanol, while antioxidant activity on FRAP assay was improved at 40 °C, 100 bar, and ethanol as co-solvent. Operational conditions used in the present extraction process (a variation in temperature, pressure, and co-solvent) are described.
Science of The Total Environment, 2019
• Adverse effects of ACs on living organisms in polluted environments were analyzed. • ACs occurr... more • Adverse effects of ACs on living organisms in polluted environments were analyzed. • ACs occurrence in drinking water reservoirs and bottled water was discussed. • Challenges and perspectives of ACs occurrence within water bodies are presented.
Science of The Total Environment, 2019
The mix of nejayote and swine wastewater allows the microalgae cell growth. • Kinetics of cell gr... more The mix of nejayote and swine wastewater allows the microalgae cell growth. • Kinetics of cell growth adjusted at logit mathematic model. • Microalgae were able to grow in nejayote-based culture media. • Microalgae removed TN, TP and COD in nejayote and swine wastewater.
Journal of Food Science, 2016
High standards regarding Listeria monocytogenes control and consumer demands for food products wi... more High standards regarding Listeria monocytogenes control and consumer demands for food products without synthetic additives represent a challenge to food industry. We determined the antilisterial properties of an enriched acetogenin extract (EAE) from avocado seed, compared it to two commercial antimicrobials (one enriched in avocado acetogenins), and tested purified molecules. Acetogenin composition in pulp and seed of Hass avocado was quantified. EAE were obtained by two sequential centrifuge partition chromatography separations and molecules purified by preparative chromatography and quantified by HPLC-MS-TOF and HPLC-PDA. Avocado seed extracts which are the following two: 1) EAE and 2) the commercially available antimicrobial Avosafe R , presented similar inhibition zones and chemical profiles. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of extracts and two isolated acetogenins varied between 7.8 and 15.6 mg/L, were effective at 37 and 4°C, and showed a bactericidal effect probably caused by increased membrane permeability and lytic effects, evidenced by flow cytometry at 10 and 100× MIC. Activity was comparable to Mirenat R. Most potent acetogenins were Persenone C (5) and A (6), and AcO-avocadenyne (1), the latter exclusively present in seed. Common features of bioactive molecules were the acetyl moiety and multiple unsaturations (2 to 3) in the aliphatic chain, some persenones also featured a trans-enone group. Seeds contained 1.6 times higher levels of acetogenins than pulp (5048.1 ± 575.5 and 3107.0 ± 207.2 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively), and total content in pulp was 199 to 398 times higher than MIC values. Therefore, acetogenin levels potentially consumed by humans are higher than inhibitory concentrations. Results document properties of avocado seed acetogenins as natural antilisterial food additives.
![Research paper thumbnail of 2,2′-Dimethoxy-4,4′-[rel-(2R,3S)-2,3-dimethylbutane-1,4-diyl]diphenol](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101807373/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2009
The title molecule, C20H26O4, commonly known asmeso-dihydroguaiaretic acid, is a naturally occurr... more The title molecule, C20H26O4, commonly known asmeso-dihydroguaiaretic acid, is a naturally occurring lignan extracted fromLarrea tridentataand other plants. The molecule has a noncrystallographic inversion center situated at the midpoint of the central C—C bond, generating themesostereoisomer. The central C—C—C—C alkyl chain displays an all-transconformation, allowing an almost parallel arrangement of the benzene rings, which make a dihedral angle of 5.0 (3)°. Both hydroxy groups form weak O—H...O—H chains of hydrogen bonds along [100]. The resulting supramolecular structure is an undulating plane parallel to (010).
Microalgae Biotechnology for Development of Biofuel and Wastewater Treatment, 2019
Microalgae are regarded as a promising and feasible source of diverse products for application in... more Microalgae are regarded as a promising and feasible source of diverse products for application in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and chemical industries. Such products include biofuels, lipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, enzymes, polysaccharides, and proteins. The recovery of products from algal biomass is a matter of constant development and progress. In the present chapter, the standard techniques for the extraction of biofuels and high-value metabolites from microalgae in the laboratory are reviewed. Traditional methods such as solvent extraction, as well as novel techniques, like supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are presented in this work, including the suitability of these methods for specific types of metabolites. Pretreatment techniques for the enhancement of product recovery are discussed. This chapter is intended as a reference of the existing methods for the researcher looking forward to study the production of metabolites by microalgae, in order to aid the selection of a suitable technique for specific metabolites.
Molecules, 2021
Agave lechuguilla agro-waste is a promising renewable material for biorefining purposes. The proc... more Agave lechuguilla agro-waste is a promising renewable material for biorefining purposes. The procurement of added-value co-products, such as bioactive phytochemicals, is required to improve bioprocesses and promote the bio-based economy of the productive areas of Mexico. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of post-harvest management and enzymatic pretreatment as the first stages of the A. lechuguilla valorization process. Four drying methods were compared, and enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized to obtain a flavonoid-enriched extract applying ultrasound-assisted extraction. In both experiments, the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents, HPLC-UV flavonoid profiles, and radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) were considered as response variables. The results demonstrated that light exposure during the drying process particularly affected the flavonoid content, whereas oven-dehydration at 40 °C in the dark preserved the flavonoid diversity and antioxidant functionalit...
Handbook of Research on Bioenergy and Biomaterials, 2021
Journal of Environmental Management, 2021
Pork production has expanded in the world in recent years. This growth has caused a significant i... more Pork production has expanded in the world in recent years. This growth has caused a significant increase in waste from this industry, especially of wastewater. Although there has been an increase in wastewater treatment, there is a lack of useful technologies for the treatment of wastewater from the pork industry. Swine farms generate high amounts of organic pollution, with large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus with final destination into water bodies. Sadly, little attention has been devoted to animal wastes, which are currently treated in simple systems, such as stabilization ponds or just discharged to the environment without previous treatment. This uncontrolled release of swine wastewater is a major cause of eutrophication processes. Among the possible treatments, phycoremediation seems to be a sustainable and environmentally friendly option of removing compounds from wastewater such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and some metal ions. Several studies have demonstrated the feasibility of treating swine wastewater using different microalgae species. Nevertheless, the practicability of applying this procedure at pilot-scale has not been explored before as an integrated process. This work presents an overview of the technological applications of microalgae for the treatment of wastewater from swine farms and the byproducts (pigments, polysaccharides, lipids, proteins) and services of commercial interest (biodiesel, biohydrogen, bioelectricity, biogas) generated during this process. Furthermore, the environmental benefits while applying microalgae technologies are discussed.
Process Biochemistry, 2020
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Environmental Research, 2019
4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an anthropogenic contaminant found in different environmental matrices th... more 4-Nonylphenol (4-NP) is an anthropogenic contaminant found in different environmental matrices that has an effect over the biotic and abiotic factors within the environment. Bioremediation by microorganisms can be used as a potential treatment to remove this pollutant. In this work, a consortium of two microorganisms, Arthrospira maxima and Chlorella vulgaris, was employed to remove 4-NP from water. The parameters analyzed included cell growth, removal of 4-NP, and 4-NP remnant in the biomass. In addition, the metabolites produced in the process by this consortium were identified. It was found that C. vulgaris is more resistant to 4-NP than A. maxima (cell growth inhibition by 4-NP of 99%). The consortium used in this study had an IC 50 greater than any strain of microalgae or cyanobacteria reported for 4-NP removal (9.29 mg/ L) and reduced up to 96% of 4-NP in water in the first 48 h of culture. It was also observed that there is a bio-transformation of 4-NP, comparable with the process carried out by another bacterium, in which three similar metabolites were found (4-(1-methyl-octyl)-4-hydroxy-cyclohex-2-enone, 4-nonyl-4-hydroxy-ciclohexa-2,5-dienone and 4-nonyl-4-hydroxy-ciclohex-2-enone) and one that is similar to plant metabolism (4-nonyl-(1-methyl,6,8-metoxy)-hydroxybenzene). These results indicate that microalgae and cyanobacteria consortium can be used to remove 4-NP from water.
Marine Drugs, 2019
Several factors have the potential to influence microalgae growth. In the present study, nitrogen... more Several factors have the potential to influence microalgae growth. In the present study, nitrogen concentration and light intensity were evaluated in order to obtain high biomass production and high phycoerythrin accumulation from Porphyridium purpureum. The range of nitrogen concentrations evaluated in the culture medium was 0.075–0.450 g L−1 and light intensities ranged between 30 and 100 μmol m−2 s−1. Surprisingly, low nitrogen concentration and high light intensity resulted in high biomass yield and phycoerythrin accumulation. Thus, the best biomass productivity (0.386 g L−1 d−1) and biomass yield (5.403 g L−1) were achieved with NaNO3 at 0.075 g L−1 and 100 μmol m−2 s−1. In addition, phycoerythrin production was improved to obtain a concentration of 14.66 mg L−1 (2.71 mg g−1 of phycoerythrin over dry weight). The results of the present study indicate that it is possible to significantly improve biomass and pigment production in Porphyridium purpureum by limiting nitrogen concen...
Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2018
Rosemary oil was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2) as a solvent. The parameters of... more Rosemary oil was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2) as a solvent. The parameters of pressure, temperature, and ethanol as co-solvent were evaluated through a Taguchi experimental design. Extraction yield of rosemary oil increased with high pressure (350 bar) and mid-range temperature (40 °C), while the addition of ethanol as co-solvent did not improve the extraction yield. Palmitic, α-linolenic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acid were the main fatty acids detected (3.96% w/w) in the extracted oil. The major volatile compounds found in the oil (75.74% w/w) included d-camphor, eicosane, 1,8-cineole, tetracosane, borneol, and β-caryophyllene. The extracted oils showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, while Escherichia coli was less sensitive to inhibition. Antioxidant activities on DPPH and TEAC assays were higher at 60 °C, 100 bar without ethanol, while antioxidant activity on FRAP assay was improved at 40 °C, 100 bar, and ethanol as co-solvent. Operational conditions used in the present extraction process (a variation in temperature, pressure, and co-solvent) are described.
Science of The Total Environment, 2019
• Adverse effects of ACs on living organisms in polluted environments were analyzed. • ACs occurr... more • Adverse effects of ACs on living organisms in polluted environments were analyzed. • ACs occurrence in drinking water reservoirs and bottled water was discussed. • Challenges and perspectives of ACs occurrence within water bodies are presented.
Science of The Total Environment, 2019
The mix of nejayote and swine wastewater allows the microalgae cell growth. • Kinetics of cell gr... more The mix of nejayote and swine wastewater allows the microalgae cell growth. • Kinetics of cell growth adjusted at logit mathematic model. • Microalgae were able to grow in nejayote-based culture media. • Microalgae removed TN, TP and COD in nejayote and swine wastewater.
Journal of Food Science, 2016
High standards regarding Listeria monocytogenes control and consumer demands for food products wi... more High standards regarding Listeria monocytogenes control and consumer demands for food products without synthetic additives represent a challenge to food industry. We determined the antilisterial properties of an enriched acetogenin extract (EAE) from avocado seed, compared it to two commercial antimicrobials (one enriched in avocado acetogenins), and tested purified molecules. Acetogenin composition in pulp and seed of Hass avocado was quantified. EAE were obtained by two sequential centrifuge partition chromatography separations and molecules purified by preparative chromatography and quantified by HPLC-MS-TOF and HPLC-PDA. Avocado seed extracts which are the following two: 1) EAE and 2) the commercially available antimicrobial Avosafe R , presented similar inhibition zones and chemical profiles. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of extracts and two isolated acetogenins varied between 7.8 and 15.6 mg/L, were effective at 37 and 4°C, and showed a bactericidal effect probably caused by increased membrane permeability and lytic effects, evidenced by flow cytometry at 10 and 100× MIC. Activity was comparable to Mirenat R. Most potent acetogenins were Persenone C (5) and A (6), and AcO-avocadenyne (1), the latter exclusively present in seed. Common features of bioactive molecules were the acetyl moiety and multiple unsaturations (2 to 3) in the aliphatic chain, some persenones also featured a trans-enone group. Seeds contained 1.6 times higher levels of acetogenins than pulp (5048.1 ± 575.5 and 3107.0 ± 207.2 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively), and total content in pulp was 199 to 398 times higher than MIC values. Therefore, acetogenin levels potentially consumed by humans are higher than inhibitory concentrations. Results document properties of avocado seed acetogenins as natural antilisterial food additives.
Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, 2009
The title molecule, C20H26O4, commonly known asmeso-dihydroguaiaretic acid, is a naturally occurr... more The title molecule, C20H26O4, commonly known asmeso-dihydroguaiaretic acid, is a naturally occurring lignan extracted fromLarrea tridentataand other plants. The molecule has a noncrystallographic inversion center situated at the midpoint of the central C—C bond, generating themesostereoisomer. The central C—C—C—C alkyl chain displays an all-transconformation, allowing an almost parallel arrangement of the benzene rings, which make a dihedral angle of 5.0 (3)°. Both hydroxy groups form weak O—H...O—H chains of hydrogen bonds along [100]. The resulting supramolecular structure is an undulating plane parallel to (010).