DR FAIZAH MASHAHADI - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by DR FAIZAH MASHAHADI
Information Management and Business Review
The remarkable expansion of globalization stands as one of the most significant phenomena in the ... more The remarkable expansion of globalization stands as one of the most significant phenomena in the twenty-first century, shaping both the business landscape and robust strategic approaches that prioritize the internationalization of domestic firms. In addition to large multinational corporations, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) also recognize the vast opportunities international markets offer for business growth and development. Furthermore, SMEs that venture into global markets can strengthen their competitiveness and global presence by integrating valuable global experiences and incorporating their benefits into their domestic operations. Despite the potential, SMEs' involvement in the global market has remained disappointingly low, with little improvement since 2011. In light of this challenge, our study endeavors to unravel the multifaceted factors contributing to SMEs' internationalization dilemmas. Analyzing a total of 409 valid datasets, the findings highlight...
Information Management and Business Review
Environmental sustainability has become an urgent problem that cannot be avoided and ignored. The... more Environmental sustainability has become an urgent problem that cannot be avoided and ignored. The transportation sector is the main cause of greenhouse gas emissions. Many suggest electric vehicles (EVs) as a mechanism for reducing environmental degradation since EVs release less greenhouse gas as compared to combustion cars. However, the sales of EVs in Malaysia are still low compared to the achievements recorded by the neighboring countries. Despite being the earliest to promote electric vehicles, in the first quarter of 2023, Malaysia has only represented 2.4% of the EV market in Southeast Asia. It seems that the success rate in promoting environmental conservation through the adoption of EVs is still minimal. For this reason, the existing study seeks to explore factors related to EV behavioral intention and adoption by using the extended UTAUT (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition, perceived value/cost, hedonic motive, and habit). T...
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 2021
Malaysia has achieved much in reducing poverty and quality of life for most of the population. Th... more Malaysia has achieved much in reducing poverty and quality of life for most of the population. The government is consistently taking effective measures to transform the country from a low-income to high-income country. However, Malaysia is now facing with the reality of slow progression in the transformation process because of Covid-19. Indeed, the number of B40 strata has increased tremendously. Despite the pandemic that has forced the government to make major adjustment on the transformation program, the government is still optimist and committed to boost up the household income of low-income earners (B40). Due to the significance of entrepreneurship to improve standard of living and income distribution, this study aims to examine the determinants of entrepreneurial intention among B40 strata in Malaysia. Following the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study examines the extent to which attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predict entrepreneurial intention among B40 strata in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey is done using the sample of B40. The hypotheses are analysed by using partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The result suggests that only attitude and perceived behavioural control are significant to explain B40 entrepreneurial intention. While subjective norm is found as a non-significant predictor in explaining B40 entrepreneurial intention. The paper extends the current knowledge on entrepreneurial intention by analysing TPB and provide insightful input from the context of entrepreneurial intention among B40 in Malaysia.
TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION, 2018
Sustainable farming is as yet another way or strategy for cultivating in the business. The farmer... more Sustainable farming is as yet another way or strategy for cultivating in the business. The farmers here in Malaysia are as yet not comfortable with the practical method for cultivating. A portion of the farmers have executed such technology however neglected to make progress since they are absence of information and ability. For the most recent decades, the impact of innovation has driven the progressions in the greater part of the association. These days business culture is moving towards green business activities. There are developing consideration of business visionaries perceive that doing supportability or anything identified with green is useful for their business and furthermore to the earth. In particular, the goal of this investigation is to distinguish the elements that urge farmers to acknowledge Sustainable farming technology. Factors for foreseeing the acknowledgment of Sustainable Farming Technology is relied upon to be delivered toward the end of the study. The study is additionally meant to increase the value of the current literature in the investigating of farmers utilizing sustainable farming technology in their business and towards the national plan.
ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, 2021
Moving towards a developed nation in 2050, government is committed to boost up the wellbeing and ... more Moving towards a developed nation in 2050, government is committed to boost up the wellbeing and income of low-income earners (B40) household towards middle class society. Considering SMEs instrumental roles in creating prosperity for the nation, variety of programs have been established in promoting entrepreneurial activity to address pockets of poverty and socio-economic imbalances among B40 group. Therefore, study related to B40 entrepreneurial intention is worth further examination. Following the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study examines the extent to which attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predict entrepreneurial intention among B40 in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey was done using the sample of B40. The hypotheses were analysed by using partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The result suggests that only attitude and perceived behavioural control were significant to explain B40 entrepreneurial intention yet subject...
International Journal of Marketing and Technology, 2014
Malaysia is a multi-racial country with a rich cultural heritage where cultures have been meeting... more Malaysia is a multi-racial country with a rich cultural heritage where cultures have been meeting and mixing since the very beginning of its history. Much of its cultural heritage is recorded in various format - manuscripts, artifacts, sculptures, traditional motifs and designs on textiles and jewels and kept in libraries, museums, archives, art galleries and cultural centers. These cultural potentials demand proper preserving, management and promotion. Preserving this culturally related potential means preserving the nation, a situation that in turn would keep human civilization in Malaysia sustainable. This research aims to create awareness among the Baba Nyonya generations and people of the importance of preserving its culture such as its language, marriage customs and other aspects of Baba Nyonya culture. This research is focusing more on the language and marriage customs as it is the most important part of the Baba Nyonya culture. Preserving these aspects is important as it wil...
Date fruit is a type of fruit grown mainly in the eastern region. Favorable research findings on ... more Date fruit is a type of fruit grown mainly in the eastern region. Favorable research findings on date nutritional value has led to dates becoming one of a well-known fruits consumed by many people in the world. In general, people only consume the date flesh but throw the seed as waste. Recent studies have indicated the existence of nutritional benefits in date seed with potential health benefits for human being. In relation to the promotion of green environment, this study is conducted to examine consumer acceptance towards the innovation of nutritional food by using dates seed powder as the main ingredient in producing ice-cream in Malaysia. The survey questions were adapted from Nielsen Global New Product Innovation Survey, Q1 2015 which have been distributed through the application of Google form. There were 301 respondents chosen randomly and the findings from the survey stated 94% of the respondents agreed that dates seed ice cream is an innovation food with nutritional value w...
Consumer nationalism (or ethnocentrism) refers to domestic consumers’ biasness for local products... more Consumer nationalism (or ethnocentrism) refers to domestic consumers’ biasness for local products over imported products. Since Malaysia has been manufacturing its own local-made car, Malaysian consumers were expected to portray higher preference in buying a local car. However, in spite of the support given by the government, sales of imported cars have shown an increasing trend since 2000, even before AFTA was fully implemented. The trend clearly indicated that more Malaysians were showing their preferences for imported cars. The objective of this paper is to examine factors affecting Malaysian's car-buying behaviour, especially after AFTA was implemented. A survey had been conducted to collect relevant data from car buyers in the Klang Valley. A structured questionnaire was used to record the responses. The study uses factor analysis in identifying factors affecting consumers’ car-buying behaviour. The findings of the study show that attributes of the car, car maintenance, acq...
Imperial journal of interdisciplinary research, 2016
: Undergraduate students who are enrolled in research methodology courses tend to believe that su... more : Undergraduate students who are enrolled in research methodology courses tend to believe that such courses are overwhelming and that it is almost impossible to get through them. It has been reported that undergraduate students, in particular, enter research methodology courses with feelings of stress and anxiety, although in most cases, they are not really aware of what research methods are all about [4,15]. The aim of this study is to identify the level of attitude towards research (ATR) that undergraduate students experience and the use of gaming elements to assist students to deal with it. This paper considers the impact of gamification in creating innovative learning environments for higher education to improve students’ attitude towards research methodology course. The sample of the study consisted of 110 students who had completed a research methods course. Based on the findings, five factors of student attitudes in ATR scale towards research (research usefull in profession, research anxiety, positive attitude towards research, relevance to life and research difficulty) show a good improvement. However, this study is measured with descriptive study and can serve only as an exploratory point of departure for further studies. Students views, conceptions and attitudes towards research methods should be further investigated using other data sources as well (e.g. interviews) to obtain a richer understanding.
ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, 2020
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have been the core agents in accelerating growth and providin... more Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have been the core agents in accelerating growth and providing jobs opportunities for the nation. Indeed, with industrial revolution rapidly evolving, there is a stronger exigency for SMEs to explore new opportunities aims to enhance efficiency so that SMEs able to compete and grow internationally. Recent development has heightened the need for SMEs to involve in innovation activity as the means to improve competitiveness and sustaining performance becoming a reality. Many studies emphasize on the critical role of innovation ambidexterity in determining SMEs success but the existing studies yet to conclude the predecessor of innovation ambidexterity in internationally operated SMEs. This article aims to provide a conceptual model that explores the potential of international entrepreneurial orientation in determining innovation ambidexterity in international SMEs in Malaysia.
Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 2017
The purpose of this study is to measure the influence of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) and Continuous Impr... more The purpose of this study is to measure the influence of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) and Continuous Improvement (KAIZEN) to reduce the defect products in practising Quality Management System (QMS) for the automotive industry. Data were obtained from questionnaires which has been returned from 78 respondents among production operators in assembly section. The data has been analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Result shown that Lean Six Sigma (LSS) and Continuous Improvement (KAIZEN) have positive influence for solving the problem of defect products. The findings of this study will help the industry for giving serious enforcement and attention for these two methods in reducing the defect products thus will reduce the scrap management cost. This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge on methods to reduce defect products for automotive industry.
World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 2016
Purpose This paper aims to explain the relationship between strategic technological and non-techn... more Purpose This paper aims to explain the relationship between strategic technological and non-technological innovation ambidexterity and the internationalization performance of HbSMEs. Design/methodology/approach The theory of dynamic capability is highlighted as the main approach to enhance the internationalization performance of HbSMEs. It spells on the importance of continuous improvement, which can be realized by renewing and reconfiguring businesses competencies in response to the changing nature of business environment. The respondents composed of 310 HbSMEs that involve actively in international business activity. The data is analyzed using partial least squares. Findings The results indicate that only strategic non-technological innovation ambidexterity plays critical role in determining the internationalization performance of HbSMEs, while strategic technological innovation ambidexterity creates non-significant impact. Originality/value As resource-constrained enterprises, in...
Procedia Economics and Finance, 2016
Kajian ini meneliti kepentingan strategik ambideksteriti dalam konteks perusahaan kecil dan seder... more Kajian ini meneliti kepentingan strategik ambideksteriti dalam konteks perusahaan kecil dan sederhana berasaskan produk herba (PKSH) di Malaysia yang telah menembusi pasaran antarabangsa dan bagaimana strategik ambideksteriti boleh meningkatkan prestasi pengantarabangsaan daripada perspektif keupayaan dinamik. This research examined the relevance of strategic ambidexterity in the context of internationally operated herbal-based SMEs (HbSMEs) in Malaysia and how could strategic ambidexterity enhance HbSMEs internationalization performance from the dynamic capability perspective
Journal of International Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship, 2017
Developing exploitation and exploration innovation capability is enormously critical for small an... more Developing exploitation and exploration innovation capability is enormously critical for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to attain comprehensive endurance in borderless business battlefield. To better understand the extent to which SMEs realize strategic innovation ambidexterity, this study develops a theoretical framework that associates human capital to strategic innovation ambidexterity. Grounded by the Theory of Dynamic Capability, this present study examines the effects of the subsequent predecessor in predicting technological and non-technological innovation ambidexterity among SMEs operating internationally specifically; general human capital and specific human capital. Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires from herbal-based SMEs who participated in this study. A quantitative approach was adopted, and hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. Findings showed that general and specific human capital positively influenced the devel...
Information Management and Business Review
The remarkable expansion of globalization stands as one of the most significant phenomena in the ... more The remarkable expansion of globalization stands as one of the most significant phenomena in the twenty-first century, shaping both the business landscape and robust strategic approaches that prioritize the internationalization of domestic firms. In addition to large multinational corporations, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) also recognize the vast opportunities international markets offer for business growth and development. Furthermore, SMEs that venture into global markets can strengthen their competitiveness and global presence by integrating valuable global experiences and incorporating their benefits into their domestic operations. Despite the potential, SMEs' involvement in the global market has remained disappointingly low, with little improvement since 2011. In light of this challenge, our study endeavors to unravel the multifaceted factors contributing to SMEs' internationalization dilemmas. Analyzing a total of 409 valid datasets, the findings highlight...
Information Management and Business Review
Environmental sustainability has become an urgent problem that cannot be avoided and ignored. The... more Environmental sustainability has become an urgent problem that cannot be avoided and ignored. The transportation sector is the main cause of greenhouse gas emissions. Many suggest electric vehicles (EVs) as a mechanism for reducing environmental degradation since EVs release less greenhouse gas as compared to combustion cars. However, the sales of EVs in Malaysia are still low compared to the achievements recorded by the neighboring countries. Despite being the earliest to promote electric vehicles, in the first quarter of 2023, Malaysia has only represented 2.4% of the EV market in Southeast Asia. It seems that the success rate in promoting environmental conservation through the adoption of EVs is still minimal. For this reason, the existing study seeks to explore factors related to EV behavioral intention and adoption by using the extended UTAUT (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition, perceived value/cost, hedonic motive, and habit). T...
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 2021
Malaysia has achieved much in reducing poverty and quality of life for most of the population. Th... more Malaysia has achieved much in reducing poverty and quality of life for most of the population. The government is consistently taking effective measures to transform the country from a low-income to high-income country. However, Malaysia is now facing with the reality of slow progression in the transformation process because of Covid-19. Indeed, the number of B40 strata has increased tremendously. Despite the pandemic that has forced the government to make major adjustment on the transformation program, the government is still optimist and committed to boost up the household income of low-income earners (B40). Due to the significance of entrepreneurship to improve standard of living and income distribution, this study aims to examine the determinants of entrepreneurial intention among B40 strata in Malaysia. Following the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study examines the extent to which attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predict entrepreneurial intention among B40 strata in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey is done using the sample of B40. The hypotheses are analysed by using partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The result suggests that only attitude and perceived behavioural control are significant to explain B40 entrepreneurial intention. While subjective norm is found as a non-significant predictor in explaining B40 entrepreneurial intention. The paper extends the current knowledge on entrepreneurial intention by analysing TPB and provide insightful input from the context of entrepreneurial intention among B40 in Malaysia.
TURKISH ONLINE JOURNAL OF DESIGN ART AND COMMUNICATION, 2018
Sustainable farming is as yet another way or strategy for cultivating in the business. The farmer... more Sustainable farming is as yet another way or strategy for cultivating in the business. The farmers here in Malaysia are as yet not comfortable with the practical method for cultivating. A portion of the farmers have executed such technology however neglected to make progress since they are absence of information and ability. For the most recent decades, the impact of innovation has driven the progressions in the greater part of the association. These days business culture is moving towards green business activities. There are developing consideration of business visionaries perceive that doing supportability or anything identified with green is useful for their business and furthermore to the earth. In particular, the goal of this investigation is to distinguish the elements that urge farmers to acknowledge Sustainable farming technology. Factors for foreseeing the acknowledgment of Sustainable Farming Technology is relied upon to be delivered toward the end of the study. The study is additionally meant to increase the value of the current literature in the investigating of farmers utilizing sustainable farming technology in their business and towards the national plan.
ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, 2021
Moving towards a developed nation in 2050, government is committed to boost up the wellbeing and ... more Moving towards a developed nation in 2050, government is committed to boost up the wellbeing and income of low-income earners (B40) household towards middle class society. Considering SMEs instrumental roles in creating prosperity for the nation, variety of programs have been established in promoting entrepreneurial activity to address pockets of poverty and socio-economic imbalances among B40 group. Therefore, study related to B40 entrepreneurial intention is worth further examination. Following the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), the study examines the extent to which attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control predict entrepreneurial intention among B40 in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey was done using the sample of B40. The hypotheses were analysed by using partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The result suggests that only attitude and perceived behavioural control were significant to explain B40 entrepreneurial intention yet subject...
International Journal of Marketing and Technology, 2014
Malaysia is a multi-racial country with a rich cultural heritage where cultures have been meeting... more Malaysia is a multi-racial country with a rich cultural heritage where cultures have been meeting and mixing since the very beginning of its history. Much of its cultural heritage is recorded in various format - manuscripts, artifacts, sculptures, traditional motifs and designs on textiles and jewels and kept in libraries, museums, archives, art galleries and cultural centers. These cultural potentials demand proper preserving, management and promotion. Preserving this culturally related potential means preserving the nation, a situation that in turn would keep human civilization in Malaysia sustainable. This research aims to create awareness among the Baba Nyonya generations and people of the importance of preserving its culture such as its language, marriage customs and other aspects of Baba Nyonya culture. This research is focusing more on the language and marriage customs as it is the most important part of the Baba Nyonya culture. Preserving these aspects is important as it wil...
Date fruit is a type of fruit grown mainly in the eastern region. Favorable research findings on ... more Date fruit is a type of fruit grown mainly in the eastern region. Favorable research findings on date nutritional value has led to dates becoming one of a well-known fruits consumed by many people in the world. In general, people only consume the date flesh but throw the seed as waste. Recent studies have indicated the existence of nutritional benefits in date seed with potential health benefits for human being. In relation to the promotion of green environment, this study is conducted to examine consumer acceptance towards the innovation of nutritional food by using dates seed powder as the main ingredient in producing ice-cream in Malaysia. The survey questions were adapted from Nielsen Global New Product Innovation Survey, Q1 2015 which have been distributed through the application of Google form. There were 301 respondents chosen randomly and the findings from the survey stated 94% of the respondents agreed that dates seed ice cream is an innovation food with nutritional value w...
Consumer nationalism (or ethnocentrism) refers to domestic consumers’ biasness for local products... more Consumer nationalism (or ethnocentrism) refers to domestic consumers’ biasness for local products over imported products. Since Malaysia has been manufacturing its own local-made car, Malaysian consumers were expected to portray higher preference in buying a local car. However, in spite of the support given by the government, sales of imported cars have shown an increasing trend since 2000, even before AFTA was fully implemented. The trend clearly indicated that more Malaysians were showing their preferences for imported cars. The objective of this paper is to examine factors affecting Malaysian's car-buying behaviour, especially after AFTA was implemented. A survey had been conducted to collect relevant data from car buyers in the Klang Valley. A structured questionnaire was used to record the responses. The study uses factor analysis in identifying factors affecting consumers’ car-buying behaviour. The findings of the study show that attributes of the car, car maintenance, acq...
Imperial journal of interdisciplinary research, 2016
: Undergraduate students who are enrolled in research methodology courses tend to believe that su... more : Undergraduate students who are enrolled in research methodology courses tend to believe that such courses are overwhelming and that it is almost impossible to get through them. It has been reported that undergraduate students, in particular, enter research methodology courses with feelings of stress and anxiety, although in most cases, they are not really aware of what research methods are all about [4,15]. The aim of this study is to identify the level of attitude towards research (ATR) that undergraduate students experience and the use of gaming elements to assist students to deal with it. This paper considers the impact of gamification in creating innovative learning environments for higher education to improve students’ attitude towards research methodology course. The sample of the study consisted of 110 students who had completed a research methods course. Based on the findings, five factors of student attitudes in ATR scale towards research (research usefull in profession, research anxiety, positive attitude towards research, relevance to life and research difficulty) show a good improvement. However, this study is measured with descriptive study and can serve only as an exploratory point of departure for further studies. Students views, conceptions and attitudes towards research methods should be further investigated using other data sources as well (e.g. interviews) to obtain a richer understanding.
ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, 2020
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have been the core agents in accelerating growth and providin... more Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have been the core agents in accelerating growth and providing jobs opportunities for the nation. Indeed, with industrial revolution rapidly evolving, there is a stronger exigency for SMEs to explore new opportunities aims to enhance efficiency so that SMEs able to compete and grow internationally. Recent development has heightened the need for SMEs to involve in innovation activity as the means to improve competitiveness and sustaining performance becoming a reality. Many studies emphasize on the critical role of innovation ambidexterity in determining SMEs success but the existing studies yet to conclude the predecessor of innovation ambidexterity in internationally operated SMEs. This article aims to provide a conceptual model that explores the potential of international entrepreneurial orientation in determining innovation ambidexterity in international SMEs in Malaysia.
Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research, 2017
The purpose of this study is to measure the influence of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) and Continuous Impr... more The purpose of this study is to measure the influence of Lean Six Sigma (LSS) and Continuous Improvement (KAIZEN) to reduce the defect products in practising Quality Management System (QMS) for the automotive industry. Data were obtained from questionnaires which has been returned from 78 respondents among production operators in assembly section. The data has been analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Result shown that Lean Six Sigma (LSS) and Continuous Improvement (KAIZEN) have positive influence for solving the problem of defect products. The findings of this study will help the industry for giving serious enforcement and attention for these two methods in reducing the defect products thus will reduce the scrap management cost. This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge on methods to reduce defect products for automotive industry.
World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 2016
Purpose This paper aims to explain the relationship between strategic technological and non-techn... more Purpose This paper aims to explain the relationship between strategic technological and non-technological innovation ambidexterity and the internationalization performance of HbSMEs. Design/methodology/approach The theory of dynamic capability is highlighted as the main approach to enhance the internationalization performance of HbSMEs. It spells on the importance of continuous improvement, which can be realized by renewing and reconfiguring businesses competencies in response to the changing nature of business environment. The respondents composed of 310 HbSMEs that involve actively in international business activity. The data is analyzed using partial least squares. Findings The results indicate that only strategic non-technological innovation ambidexterity plays critical role in determining the internationalization performance of HbSMEs, while strategic technological innovation ambidexterity creates non-significant impact. Originality/value As resource-constrained enterprises, in...
Procedia Economics and Finance, 2016
Kajian ini meneliti kepentingan strategik ambideksteriti dalam konteks perusahaan kecil dan seder... more Kajian ini meneliti kepentingan strategik ambideksteriti dalam konteks perusahaan kecil dan sederhana berasaskan produk herba (PKSH) di Malaysia yang telah menembusi pasaran antarabangsa dan bagaimana strategik ambideksteriti boleh meningkatkan prestasi pengantarabangsaan daripada perspektif keupayaan dinamik. This research examined the relevance of strategic ambidexterity in the context of internationally operated herbal-based SMEs (HbSMEs) in Malaysia and how could strategic ambidexterity enhance HbSMEs internationalization performance from the dynamic capability perspective
Journal of International Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship, 2017
Developing exploitation and exploration innovation capability is enormously critical for small an... more Developing exploitation and exploration innovation capability is enormously critical for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to attain comprehensive endurance in borderless business battlefield. To better understand the extent to which SMEs realize strategic innovation ambidexterity, this study develops a theoretical framework that associates human capital to strategic innovation ambidexterity. Grounded by the Theory of Dynamic Capability, this present study examines the effects of the subsequent predecessor in predicting technological and non-technological innovation ambidexterity among SMEs operating internationally specifically; general human capital and specific human capital. Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires from herbal-based SMEs who participated in this study. A quantitative approach was adopted, and hypotheses were tested using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. Findings showed that general and specific human capital positively influenced the devel...