Dhiraj Giri - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Dhiraj Giri
This study comprised of air quality monitoring during the day time at three municipalities of Ban... more This study comprised of air quality monitoring during the day time at three municipalities of Banepa, Dhulikhel and Panauti(Known as Banepa Valley) in Kavre district of Nepal. The study was conducted in order to establish a baseline air quality data for those municipalities as the first time ever in the district. In each of those municipalities three air monitoring stations were established representing predominant industrial, commercial and residential areas. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) had been estimated from air sampling programme which spanned 7 months and a total of 126 days reflecting winter, premonsoon and monsoon seasons. Low Volume Air (LVA) Sampler and Personal air sampler were used for sampling. UV spectrophotometer was used for estimation of the NO2. The study found that during winter season the concentration of NO2 was more and among the areas commercial area found to be highest level pollution. The over all mean, minimum and maximum level of NO2 was found to be 24.62µg/m 3,...
Air pollution is a problem in Kathmandu, Nepal. Particulate matter concentrations often exceed th... more Air pollution is a problem in Kathmandu, Nepal. Particulate matter concentrations often exceed threshold values at which human health is severely affected. The problem is serious since it is in the valley topography wherein the meteorological parameters role is significant. This study addresses the linkages between meteorological processes and air pollution in the lower atmosphere of the Kathmandu Valley. The study establishes influence of meteorological conditions like temperature, rainfall, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed with elemental concentrations of PM10 in Kathmandu Valley.Government of Nepal has established permanent air monitoring stations in the valley and a continuous PM10 data is available on the public domain. The data relating to average daily temperature, rainfall, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction recorded in Tribhuvan International Airport was used for analysis. The mean association of PM10 levels and meteorologi...
Current Science, 2007
The statistical cluster analysis of particulate matter concentration, measured as PM 10 in a netw... more The statistical cluster analysis of particulate matter concentration, measured as PM 10 in a network of air-quality monitoring stations located in Kathmandu Valley is presented. PM 10 data for the period 2003-05 has been analysed. Spatial classification was attempted on the basis of ambient air-quality data. A hierarchical agglomeration schedule using linkages between groups by the Euclidean distance metric was used and Ward's strategy was followed to unite two clusters. Two distinct clusters were formed irrespective of the season. The pre-monsoon cluster of monitoring sites reflected similar rural characteristics. The other cluster comprising air-monitoring sites was typified in having urbanized areas with densely populated commercial characteristics with high motor vehicular traffic. The cluster characteristics of monitoring sites during the monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons reflected city-centric and distant area characteristics. Cluster analysis reiterates the fact th...
Kathmandu Valley has increasingly experienced perio ds f impaired visibility that is attributed t... more Kathmandu Valley has increasingly experienced perio ds f impaired visibility that is attributed to met eorological parameters & increasing air pollution. Given the pretext, this s tudy analyzes the general influence of meteorologic al conditions and PM10 concentration on visibility in Kathmandu Valley during the years 200 3 to 2005. The results showed that meteorological parameters a ffect visibility. The Chi-square test of independen c validates that visibility is dependant on wind speed, temperature (maximum and minimum), r elative humidity, atmospheric pressure, total cloud cover, rainfall and PM10 (P<0.05, for all the parameters) . Analysis of variance of visibility with these par ameters substantiated the change in temperature (mi nimum and maximum), rainfall, wind speed, pressure, total clo ud and humidity causes a significant change in the mean value of visibility (P<0.05 for all the parameters) . Similarly the analysis of variance of visibility with PM10 shows mean vis...
Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research
The study examined the effects of demographic and non-demographic factors like income, family siz... more The study examined the effects of demographic and non-demographic factors like income, family size, rural/urban location of household and gender of household head on consumption expenditure across 9 different food commodities. To analyze the food consumption behavior of Nepalese households National Living Standard Survey (NLSS) over two years 1995/96 and 2010/11 have been used. This study found that there have been significant changes in food consumption pattern in Nepal during these two periods. Food budget share of a household has declined over time. Budget share of cereals and pulses has shifted towards other food items such as fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy products and other miscellaneous food items. Result also shows that lower income households have higher expenditure elasticities of food compared to higher income households. Similarly, rural households have higher expenditure elasticities of food compared to urban households. For male and female headed households, expenditu...
Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research
From the last decade of the 20th century, it has become increasing evident that uses of firewood,... more From the last decade of the 20th century, it has become increasing evident that uses of firewood, kerosene, LPG and electricity are the major sources of energy used by household for cooking, heating, lighting and cooling. The study examined the effect of socio-economic factors like income, education, geographical location, ethnicity across three different regions. Two cross-section data surveyed by National Living Standard Survey (NLSS) in 1995/96and in 2010/11 are used to analyze the end-use of energy in urban sector for cooking purpose. The studies found there have been significant changes in energy consumption behavior of urban household in these two time periods. Consumption of kerosene has declined over the period of time. Firewood has still contribution with significant amounts although people prefer LPG for cooking purpose. Result shows that household income plays significant role to switch from traditional and transitional fuel to modern fuel. Similarly, household education,...
PLOS ONE
were feeling of unnecessary , far distance, lack of transportation and associated cost; and birth... more were feeling of unnecessary , far distance, lack of transportation and associated cost; and birth preparedness is also low. Hence, promotion of birth preparedness, uptake of ANC service, proper counselling for institutional delivery, promoting women autonomy and strengthening women to have planned pregnancy were some recommendation to promote institutional delivery for such disadvantage community.
The general leachate characteristics of different ages of landfill sites (LFS) in different parts... more The general leachate characteristics of different ages of landfill sites (LFS) in different parts of Nepal were investigated according to APHA 2012 methods. The mature landfill site (> 10 years old LFS) were found to have high pH value and low BOD and COD in compared to intermediate landfill site (5-10 years old LFS). The average pH, BOD and COD are found to be significantly different in various seasons as indicated by P-value in young and intermediate LFS. The age of the landfills and seasonal variation were found to have significant impact on leachate composition as LFS goes under acetogenesis, early methanogenic, late methanogenic and stabilized phases of degradation.
Kathmandu University Journal of Science, …, 2010
The ionizing radiation has hazardous health effects upon human exposure. Different types of cance... more The ionizing radiation has hazardous health effects upon human exposure. Different types of cancers are reported to be arising on account of overt exposure to ionizing radiation like Xrays. This study reports occupational exposure as well as general exposure to the public and persons visiting radiology department in hospitals of Kathmandu city for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A portable environment radiation monitor was used to quantify the total radiation in places of work in the X-ray departments of 13 hospitals located in different parts of city. The findings show increased exposure and in some instances very high levels of unintentional exposure to radiation.
… University Journal of …, 2010
This study comprised of air quality monitoring during the day time at three municipalities of Ban... more This study comprised of air quality monitoring during the day time at three municipalities of Banepa, Dhulikhel and Panauti(Known as Banepa Valley) in Kavre district of Nepal. The study was conducted in order to establish a baseline air quality data for those municipalities as the first time ever in the district. In each of those municipalities three air monitoring stations were established representing predominant industrial, commercial and residential areas. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2) had been estimated from air sampling programme which spanned 7 months and a total of 126 days reflecting winter, premonsoon and monsoon seasons. Low Volume Air (LVA) Sampler and Personal air sampler were used for sampling. UV spectrophotometer was used for estimation of the NO 2. The study found that during winter season the concentration of NO 2 was more and among the areas commercial area found to be highest level pollution. The over all mean, minimum and maximum level of NO 2 was found to be 24.62µg/m 3 , 11.26µg/m 3 , 91.20µg/m 3 in the Banepa valley. The seasonal trend in pollution levels show that winter > pre-monsoon > monsoon. The pollution concentration trend noted among the areas was commercial > industrial > residential on almost all the occasions. This finding conclude that, most of the time NO 2 level are below the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guideline representing little risk at present in Banepa Valley however commercial area of Banepa is more polluted and is associated with higher NO 2 concentration compared to other areas.
Int. J. Environ. Sci. …, 2007
INTRODUCTION Particulates in an urban setting are emitted chiefly by human activities. The princi... more INTRODUCTION Particulates in an urban setting are emitted chiefly by human activities. The principal sources are fuel combustion, motor vehicle operation, industrial processes and open burning operations. The Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) consists of finely divided small particulates with diameters of less than 10µg (PM 10) suspended in the medium of ambient air. This is one among the criteria air pollutant. It comprises among variety of substances, inorganic and organic carbon (containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), acidic or neutral sulphates and nitrates, fine soil dust, residues of lead and other toxic trace heavy metals, asbestos and other fibres. PM 10 particles penetrate deep into the lungs and pose significant health risks (Folinsbee, 1992). The risks of adverse health effects are reported greater when particles enter the tracheobronchial and alveolar portions of the human respiratory system. PM 10 is often associated with asthma and chronic cardiovascular and respiratory health problems. The PM 10 induces acute respiratory morbidity (Pope, 1991). Thus ambient air monitoring of PM 10 from air reflects respiratory morbidity (American Thoracic Society, 2000; Pierson, 1992) and hence considered an index of health.
Int. J. Environ. Sci. …, 2006
The ionizing radiation has hazardous health effects upon human exposure. Different types of cance... more The ionizing radiation has hazardous health effects upon human exposure. Different types of cancers are reported to be arising on account of overt exposure to ionizing radiation like X-rays. This study reports occupational exposure as well as general exposure to the public and persons visiting radiology department in hospitals of Kathmandu city for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A portable environment radiation monitor was used to quantify the total radiation in places of work in the X-ray departments of 13 hospitals located in different parts of city. The findings show increased exposure and in some instances very high levels of unintentional exposure to radiation.
This study comprised of air quality monitoring during the day time at three municipalities of Ban... more This study comprised of air quality monitoring during the day time at three municipalities of Banepa, Dhulikhel and Panauti(Known as Banepa Valley) in Kavre district of Nepal. The study was conducted in order to establish a baseline air quality data for those municipalities as the first time ever in the district. In each of those municipalities three air monitoring stations were established representing predominant industrial, commercial and residential areas. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) had been estimated from air sampling programme which spanned 7 months and a total of 126 days reflecting winter, premonsoon and monsoon seasons. Low Volume Air (LVA) Sampler and Personal air sampler were used for sampling. UV spectrophotometer was used for estimation of the NO2. The study found that during winter season the concentration of NO2 was more and among the areas commercial area found to be highest level pollution. The over all mean, minimum and maximum level of NO2 was found to be 24.62µg/m 3,...
Air pollution is a problem in Kathmandu, Nepal. Particulate matter concentrations often exceed th... more Air pollution is a problem in Kathmandu, Nepal. Particulate matter concentrations often exceed threshold values at which human health is severely affected. The problem is serious since it is in the valley topography wherein the meteorological parameters role is significant. This study addresses the linkages between meteorological processes and air pollution in the lower atmosphere of the Kathmandu Valley. The study establishes influence of meteorological conditions like temperature, rainfall, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed with elemental concentrations of PM10 in Kathmandu Valley.Government of Nepal has established permanent air monitoring stations in the valley and a continuous PM10 data is available on the public domain. The data relating to average daily temperature, rainfall, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction recorded in Tribhuvan International Airport was used for analysis. The mean association of PM10 levels and meteorologi...
Current Science, 2007
The statistical cluster analysis of particulate matter concentration, measured as PM 10 in a netw... more The statistical cluster analysis of particulate matter concentration, measured as PM 10 in a network of air-quality monitoring stations located in Kathmandu Valley is presented. PM 10 data for the period 2003-05 has been analysed. Spatial classification was attempted on the basis of ambient air-quality data. A hierarchical agglomeration schedule using linkages between groups by the Euclidean distance metric was used and Ward's strategy was followed to unite two clusters. Two distinct clusters were formed irrespective of the season. The pre-monsoon cluster of monitoring sites reflected similar rural characteristics. The other cluster comprising air-monitoring sites was typified in having urbanized areas with densely populated commercial characteristics with high motor vehicular traffic. The cluster characteristics of monitoring sites during the monsoon, post-monsoon and winter seasons reflected city-centric and distant area characteristics. Cluster analysis reiterates the fact th...
Kathmandu Valley has increasingly experienced perio ds f impaired visibility that is attributed t... more Kathmandu Valley has increasingly experienced perio ds f impaired visibility that is attributed to met eorological parameters & increasing air pollution. Given the pretext, this s tudy analyzes the general influence of meteorologic al conditions and PM10 concentration on visibility in Kathmandu Valley during the years 200 3 to 2005. The results showed that meteorological parameters a ffect visibility. The Chi-square test of independen c validates that visibility is dependant on wind speed, temperature (maximum and minimum), r elative humidity, atmospheric pressure, total cloud cover, rainfall and PM10 (P<0.05, for all the parameters) . Analysis of variance of visibility with these par ameters substantiated the change in temperature (mi nimum and maximum), rainfall, wind speed, pressure, total clo ud and humidity causes a significant change in the mean value of visibility (P<0.05 for all the parameters) . Similarly the analysis of variance of visibility with PM10 shows mean vis...
Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research
The study examined the effects of demographic and non-demographic factors like income, family siz... more The study examined the effects of demographic and non-demographic factors like income, family size, rural/urban location of household and gender of household head on consumption expenditure across 9 different food commodities. To analyze the food consumption behavior of Nepalese households National Living Standard Survey (NLSS) over two years 1995/96 and 2010/11 have been used. This study found that there have been significant changes in food consumption pattern in Nepal during these two periods. Food budget share of a household has declined over time. Budget share of cereals and pulses has shifted towards other food items such as fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy products and other miscellaneous food items. Result also shows that lower income households have higher expenditure elasticities of food compared to higher income households. Similarly, rural households have higher expenditure elasticities of food compared to urban households. For male and female headed households, expenditu...
Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research
From the last decade of the 20th century, it has become increasing evident that uses of firewood,... more From the last decade of the 20th century, it has become increasing evident that uses of firewood, kerosene, LPG and electricity are the major sources of energy used by household for cooking, heating, lighting and cooling. The study examined the effect of socio-economic factors like income, education, geographical location, ethnicity across three different regions. Two cross-section data surveyed by National Living Standard Survey (NLSS) in 1995/96and in 2010/11 are used to analyze the end-use of energy in urban sector for cooking purpose. The studies found there have been significant changes in energy consumption behavior of urban household in these two time periods. Consumption of kerosene has declined over the period of time. Firewood has still contribution with significant amounts although people prefer LPG for cooking purpose. Result shows that household income plays significant role to switch from traditional and transitional fuel to modern fuel. Similarly, household education,...
PLOS ONE
were feeling of unnecessary , far distance, lack of transportation and associated cost; and birth... more were feeling of unnecessary , far distance, lack of transportation and associated cost; and birth preparedness is also low. Hence, promotion of birth preparedness, uptake of ANC service, proper counselling for institutional delivery, promoting women autonomy and strengthening women to have planned pregnancy were some recommendation to promote institutional delivery for such disadvantage community.
The general leachate characteristics of different ages of landfill sites (LFS) in different parts... more The general leachate characteristics of different ages of landfill sites (LFS) in different parts of Nepal were investigated according to APHA 2012 methods. The mature landfill site (> 10 years old LFS) were found to have high pH value and low BOD and COD in compared to intermediate landfill site (5-10 years old LFS). The average pH, BOD and COD are found to be significantly different in various seasons as indicated by P-value in young and intermediate LFS. The age of the landfills and seasonal variation were found to have significant impact on leachate composition as LFS goes under acetogenesis, early methanogenic, late methanogenic and stabilized phases of degradation.
Kathmandu University Journal of Science, …, 2010
The ionizing radiation has hazardous health effects upon human exposure. Different types of cance... more The ionizing radiation has hazardous health effects upon human exposure. Different types of cancers are reported to be arising on account of overt exposure to ionizing radiation like Xrays. This study reports occupational exposure as well as general exposure to the public and persons visiting radiology department in hospitals of Kathmandu city for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A portable environment radiation monitor was used to quantify the total radiation in places of work in the X-ray departments of 13 hospitals located in different parts of city. The findings show increased exposure and in some instances very high levels of unintentional exposure to radiation.
… University Journal of …, 2010
This study comprised of air quality monitoring during the day time at three municipalities of Ban... more This study comprised of air quality monitoring during the day time at three municipalities of Banepa, Dhulikhel and Panauti(Known as Banepa Valley) in Kavre district of Nepal. The study was conducted in order to establish a baseline air quality data for those municipalities as the first time ever in the district. In each of those municipalities three air monitoring stations were established representing predominant industrial, commercial and residential areas. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2) had been estimated from air sampling programme which spanned 7 months and a total of 126 days reflecting winter, premonsoon and monsoon seasons. Low Volume Air (LVA) Sampler and Personal air sampler were used for sampling. UV spectrophotometer was used for estimation of the NO 2. The study found that during winter season the concentration of NO 2 was more and among the areas commercial area found to be highest level pollution. The over all mean, minimum and maximum level of NO 2 was found to be 24.62µg/m 3 , 11.26µg/m 3 , 91.20µg/m 3 in the Banepa valley. The seasonal trend in pollution levels show that winter > pre-monsoon > monsoon. The pollution concentration trend noted among the areas was commercial > industrial > residential on almost all the occasions. This finding conclude that, most of the time NO 2 level are below the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guideline representing little risk at present in Banepa Valley however commercial area of Banepa is more polluted and is associated with higher NO 2 concentration compared to other areas.
Int. J. Environ. Sci. …, 2007
INTRODUCTION Particulates in an urban setting are emitted chiefly by human activities. The princi... more INTRODUCTION Particulates in an urban setting are emitted chiefly by human activities. The principal sources are fuel combustion, motor vehicle operation, industrial processes and open burning operations. The Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) consists of finely divided small particulates with diameters of less than 10µg (PM 10) suspended in the medium of ambient air. This is one among the criteria air pollutant. It comprises among variety of substances, inorganic and organic carbon (containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), acidic or neutral sulphates and nitrates, fine soil dust, residues of lead and other toxic trace heavy metals, asbestos and other fibres. PM 10 particles penetrate deep into the lungs and pose significant health risks (Folinsbee, 1992). The risks of adverse health effects are reported greater when particles enter the tracheobronchial and alveolar portions of the human respiratory system. PM 10 is often associated with asthma and chronic cardiovascular and respiratory health problems. The PM 10 induces acute respiratory morbidity (Pope, 1991). Thus ambient air monitoring of PM 10 from air reflects respiratory morbidity (American Thoracic Society, 2000; Pierson, 1992) and hence considered an index of health.
Int. J. Environ. Sci. …, 2006
The ionizing radiation has hazardous health effects upon human exposure. Different types of cance... more The ionizing radiation has hazardous health effects upon human exposure. Different types of cancers are reported to be arising on account of overt exposure to ionizing radiation like X-rays. This study reports occupational exposure as well as general exposure to the public and persons visiting radiology department in hospitals of Kathmandu city for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A portable environment radiation monitor was used to quantify the total radiation in places of work in the X-ray departments of 13 hospitals located in different parts of city. The findings show increased exposure and in some instances very high levels of unintentional exposure to radiation.