Ikoni Ogaji - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ikoni Ogaji
Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mar 1, 2010
The purpose of this survey was to gain insight on the availability of veterinary pharmaceuticals ... more The purpose of this survey was to gain insight on the availability of veterinary pharmaceuticals in pharmacies in Northern Nigeria using Plateau as a case study and to assess the current role of pharmacists in the healthcare delivery system of animal patients. Questionnaires were used to study the availability of veterinary medicines in pharmacy shops and to also understand the current professional involvement of community pharmacists in ensuring that veterinary medicines are of optimum benefit to animals and animal owners. It was found that community pharmacies rarely sell or distribute veterinary pharmaceuticals and the expertise of the pharmacists was not utilized in the healthcare delivery of animal patients due to ignorance and naivety. None of the pharmacies and the pharmacists interviewed had plans to get involved in this vital aspect of healthcare delivery service in the near future. The involvement of the appropriately trained expert on drugs would be of immense benefit to the healthcare delivery system and pharmacists are best suited for this by their training. Pharmacist could collaborate with the veterinarians in order to develop a safe, effective and complete plan for animals. The work suggested that the involvement of a pharmacist at the point of supply increased the possibility of animal owners understanding the proper use(s) and handling of these drugs and pharmacists’ input may help prevent unwise, incorrect or indiscriminate use of medicines in animals.
Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2010
Scientific African, Jul 1, 2023
Canarium ovatum, commonly known as Pili nut, is an endemic crop in the Philippines. This study fo... more Canarium ovatum, commonly known as Pili nut, is an endemic crop in the Philippines. This study focused on the assessment of the physical, nutritional, and fatty acid profile of the pulp and kernel of Pili nut varieties. The study included 7 varieties that are cultivated in a single soil condition at the Albay Research and Development Center, Buang, Tabaco City, Philippines. Standard method Association of Official Analytical Chemist for nutritional analysis and DNA barcoding were used in the study. Molecular authentication through DNA barcoding shows that studied Pili nut varieties belong to genus C. ovatum. Split component of the fruit reveals that pulp is the major component (12.6-25.3%) of the fruit, followed by shell (5.97-12.3%), kernel (1.75-3.49%), and testa (0.17-0.34%). Lyophilized Pili nut kernel contains 67.2-74.1% fat, 11.5-13.2% protein, 3.43-9.97% dietary fiber, and 2.93-3.37% ash, and provides 704-749 cal 100 g −1 energy. Pili nut pulp contains 43.4-53.1% dietary fiber, 20.2-31.7% fat, 8.32-10.9% ash, and 4.53-6.32% protein, and provides 361-432 cal 100 g −1 energy. Pili nut pulp is an excellent source of dietary fiber. Prominent fatty acid is oleic acid (C18:1) for all varieties, which is higher in the pulp than in the kernel. Other major fatty acids include palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2), stearic (C18:0), and linolenic (C18:3) acids. Most of the physical and chemical characteristics measured depend significantly on the variety.
Abstract. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of grewia gum (GG) as a suspendi... more Abstract. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of grewia gum (GG) as a suspending agent in pharmaceutical oral formulation using ibuprofen as model drug. Ibuprofen pediatric suspension (25 mg/5 mL) was formulated with grewia gum (0.5 % w/v) as the suspending agent. Similar suspensions of Ibuprofen containing either sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) or hydroxymethylpropylcellu-lose (HPMC) were also produced. The suspensions were evaluated for ease of redispersion, sedimentation, rheological properties, and the effect of aging on the rheological properties at 25°C. The particle size and particle size distributions of the dispersed solute were determined. The redispersion time was 19, 11, and 0.5 min, respectively, for formulation containing Na-CMC, HPMC, and GG.The sedimentation volumes were 0.05, 0.05, and 0.125 mL, respectively, for Na-CMC, HPMC, and GG. Viscosities of suspensions at spindle speed of 25 rpm were of the order: GG>HPMC>Na-CMC when freshly ...
Background: Drug use pattern is assessed through prescribers, dispensers, and patients.The indica... more Background: Drug use pattern is assessed through prescribers, dispensers, and patients.The indicators used for monitoring include, health-facility, prescribing and patient care indicators. Objectives: The study was aimed at determining the drug use pattern by measuring core indicators in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Nigeria, from 2010 to 2011, and to compare findings with similar institutions globally. Methods: Drug-specific analysis employed research tools using nine-item questionnaires, checklists and standard patient care forms. Data was obtained from patients who visited the hospital, within the period of this study. Results: The study revealed that out of the total drugs prescribed, 85.3 % were dispensed and the average number of drugs per prescription was three. About 70.2 % of drugs were prescribed by generic names while the rest were by brand names. Drugs prescribed from the hospital formulary were 88 % with antibiotics being the most prescribed (35.3%) while the...
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources, 2018
The seeds of Ricinus communis var minor (RICOM-1013-J) have been reported to prevent conception f... more The seeds of Ricinus communis var minor (RICOM-1013-J) have been reported to prevent conception for a year, when taken as single oral dose of 2.5-2.7 g. In order to assess further the potency and anticonceptive effectiveness of RICOM-1013-J and to provide possible insight into its mechanism of action, the n-hexane extract and emulsion formulation of RICOM-1013-J was evaluated on the oestrous cycle of the Wistar rats. Both formulations of the drug distorted the oestrous cycle. The n-hexane extract distorted the oestrous cycle for a longer period at Dioestrous I (LI), Dioestrous II (LII) and Proestrous (N), while the emulsion formulation distorted the cycle for a longer period at Oestrous (E). There was also individual animal and group variation, which was phase dependent. It can therefore be deduced that the n-hexane extract of RICOM-1013-J had a more potent anticonceptive activity than the emulsion, which was phase dependent, but at varying degrees. This may be attributed to a slow release of the active principle in the emulsion formulation of the phytodrug.Keywords: Ricinus communis; RICOM-1013-J; n-hexane; emulsion formulation; anticonceptive; oestrous cycle
Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, 2012
Research in natural polymeric materials has witnessed growing interest and attention. This is att... more Research in natural polymeric materials has witnessed growing interest and attention. This is attributable to a number of factors which include their relative abundance, low cost, and biodegrable and eco-firendly profiles. This article reviews the current applications of natural polymeric materials in pharmaceutical formulations. The pharmaceutical applications of some of the traditional and commercially available natural polymers were discussed. Emerging potential pharmaceutical excipients of natural origins were also discussed. The increasing research interests in this group of materials are indications of their increasing importance. It is believed that as technology and testing techniques advance, more understanding of their physicochemical nature would be gained that can enable them to be tailored for wider Pharmaceutical applications than their synthetic counterparts.
Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 2014
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of extraction and application of okra gum... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of extraction and application of okra gum as an aqueous film coating agent. Powdered okra pods dispersed in demineralized water was heated at 80 ± 2(o)C for 30 minutes in the presence of sodium chloride. The filtrate was successively centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30, 60, or 120 minutes and freeze dried. The samples were used as film former at different concentrations in aqueous film coating operations. Near infrared (nIR) absorption spectra, photomicrographs, and some physicochemical properties of the coated tablets were evaluated. The okra gum samples had different nIR spectra and possessed good processing and application quality due to relatively low viscosity. A six-fold concentration of this gum from the novel extraction yielded glossy theophylline tablets within a short time. A t (18) = 2.895, P < 0.005, t critical = 1.734 were obtained for the independent analysis of the hardness of core and coated theophylline tablets. ...
AAPS PharmSciTech, 2011
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of grewia gum (GG) as a suspending agent i... more The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of grewia gum (GG) as a suspending agent in pharmaceutical oral formulation using ibuprofen as model drug. Ibuprofen pediatric suspension (25 mg/5 mL) was formulated with grewia gum (0.5% w/v) as the suspending agent. Similar suspensions of Ibuprofen containing either sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) or hydroxymethylpropylcellulose (HPMC) were also produced. The suspensions were evaluated for ease of redispersion, sedimentation, rheological properties, and the effect of aging on the rheological properties at 25°C. The particle size and particle size distributions of the dispersed solute were determined. The redispersion time was 19, 11, and 0.5 min, respectively, for formulation containing Na-CMC, HPMC, and GG .The sedimentation volumes were 0.05, 0.05, and 0.125 mL, respectively, for Na-CMC, HPMC, and GG. Viscosities of suspensions at spindle speed of 25 rpm were of the order: GG>HPMC>Na-CMC when freshly prepared and of the order: HPMC>GG>Na-CMC within 6 months of storage. The particles size was 72.72, 73.82, 81.93, and 83.41 μm, respectively, for suspensions containing Na-CMC, ibuprofen alone, HPMC, and GG. Greatest hysteresis was observed in formulation containing HPMC. All the formulations were stable. It was our conclusion that the difference in the physicochemical properties of ibuprofen pediatric formulations was influenced more by the suspending agent used in the formulations than the drug. GG combined better redispersion with minimal changes in viscosity on storage compared to Na-CMC and HPMC as suspending agent. Thus GG may serve as a good suspending agent requiring no further aid in suspension redispersibility.
Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2012
plant is a wild forest tree [3,5] with dark green foliage and forest; two to three trees occur to... more plant is a wild forest tree [3,5] with dark green foliage and forest; two to three trees occur together and in some areas, it is reported to be widespread. I. gabonensis is largely distributed in Africa. [6-9] The fruit is spherical with smooth seed from the plant has been of interest in the food, [5,10-12] beverages, [13-15] medical [4,16-21] and pharmaceutical [22-32] as well as cosmetic circles. [33] The seed of the plant contains lipids and polymeric constituents [6,15,34-38] and are usually harvested during the dry season when ripe. The seeds are sold round the year in all markets where food stuffs are sold in Nigeria. It is a common soup ingredient freely
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2016
The purpose of this paper was to examine the development of pharmacy education in Kenya since ind... more The purpose of this paper was to examine the development of pharmacy education in Kenya since independence. Websites of the Pharmacy and Poison Board of Kenya and the Commission for University Education as well as those of the universities offering pharmacy education were used to obtain information such as the framework for establishment of programmes in higher institutions, curriculum, regulation of pharmacy practice among others. From a single institution in the 1970s, six universities that are evenly divided between government and private ownerships now offer Bachelor of Pharmacy programs in Kenya. Irrespective of the ownership the requirement for the establishment of programs in Kenya universities is centrally formulated and established. Pharmacy education is regulated by both the Commission for University Education and Pharmacy and Poisons Board. Adequate and well trained, motivated and productive workforce is required for effective teaching and learning and thus the key elemen...
Ginger and cocoyam starches are potential pharmaceutical excipients with scanty information in li... more Ginger and cocoyam starches are potential pharmaceutical excipients with scanty information in literatures on their primary particle size and thermal characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate some thermal and particle size characteristics of ginger and cocoyam starches. The particle size and particle size distribution profiles of the starches were evaluated using the dynamic light scattering technique while the thermal behavior of the starches was investigated on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at the heating rate of 20 o C/min from -20 to 250 o C. The data analysis was on the TA Universal Advantage and Analysis software. The D (3, 2) was respectively 4.93 ± 0.23 and 9.40 ± 0.3 µm for cocoyam and ginger starch while their corresponding D (4, 3) was respectively 15.90 ± 3.00 and 46.00 ± 5.39 µm. The surface area and volume moment means of ginger starch were 2-3 times those of cocoyam starch. The mean volume kurtosis of the starches was between 7 and 48. No...
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources, 2021
Appropriate training on standardization of quality characteristics of complementary and alternati... more Appropriate training on standardization of quality characteristics of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices has the potential to pave way for integrative and collaborative healthcare delivery in African health facilities. The purpose of this study was to understand how willing pharmacy students are to taking on the custody of CAM, especially provision of expertise services on traditional medicines. A questionnaire on the willingness of Bachelor of Pharmacy students to be trained and certified as CAM experts in an integrated health system was administered to one hundred and nineteen (119) pharmacy students of Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Ninety-four respondents (78.99 %) were excited to be trained on CAM and become experts on CAM alongside orthodox but not solely on CAM. Majority of the respondents acknowledged the important role of CAM in the nation’s healthcare delivery system but were not ready to be trained solely as such without the commitments of govern...
Objectives: For centuries, virtually every indigenous culture has utilized plants in an attempt t... more Objectives: For centuries, virtually every indigenous culture has utilized plants in an attempt to control its population. Contrary to the belief that African local communities do not care about population growth, the Bassa people of Plateau State of Nigeria are known to have successfully used, for centuries, the seeds of a commonly available plant, Ricinus communis-linn (RICOM 1013-J) for birth control. Since the phytodrug, RICOM 1013-J has demonstrated high antifertility efficacy in adult cyclic rats and in women volunteers, there is need therefore to evaluate it for any possible embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in animals. Material and Methods: Forty virgin cyclic female albino rats with weight range of 170-220g were carefully selected for the study. Rat pellets and water were provided ad libitum. They were mated with proven males in a 3:1 (female: male) ratio and mating was ascertained the following morning by the presence of clumps of spermatozoa in vaginal smear. Animals we...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Adansonia digitata (AD) as a suspendin... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Adansonia digitata (AD) as a suspending agent in pharmaceutical formulations using paracetamol as the model drug. Paracetamol pediatric 125 mg/5ml suspensions containing AD at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 % w/v as suspending agent were formulated. Similar formulations of paracetamol pediatric suspension were made using sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na CMC) as the suspending agent. Some physicochemical properties of the paracetamol pediatric suspensions such as viscosity, easy of redispersion and sedimentation volume were evaluated. The viscosity of the suspension formulations ranged from 71-119 cP, which was a function of the concentration and type of suspending agent as well as the duration of storage of the suspension. Sedimentation volume, ease of redispersion and the flow rate of the formulations were characteristic of the suspending agent used and were influenced by the concentration of the agent. Overall, the profiles of pa...
The study was aimed at gaining insight into the functionality of grewia gum as a potential aqueou... more The study was aimed at gaining insight into the functionality of grewia gum as a potential aqueous fi lm coating agent in pharmaceutical formulations. Cast free fi lms of grewia gum samples were evaluated for some mechanical properties and the effect of storage conditions to gain insight into the functionality of grewia gum as a fi lm former when applied on solid substrates. Aqueous cast free fi lms of grewia gum samples were prepared with glycerin, propylene glycol or triethylcitrate at 0.75–10 %w/v as the plasticizer. The Young’s Modulus, % elongation and force at break were investigated as well as the effect of storage at 11, 40, 75 and 85 % RH on the integrity of the fi lms. Glycerin had optimum plasticizer effect at 1.5 %w/w and higher concentrations resulted in shiny and smooth fi lms that were unstable on storage at ambient conditions beyond two months. Free fi lms prepared from grewia sample coded-GR exhibited the highest load at failure, being 15.42 ± 3.59 N while tragacant...
Background: Drug use pattern is assessed through prescribers, dispensers, and patients.The indica... more Background: Drug use pattern is assessed through prescribers, dispensers, and patients.The indicators used for monitoring include, health-facility, prescribing and patient care indicators. Objectives: The study was aimed at determining the drug use pattern by measuring core indicators in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Nigeria, from 2010 to 2011, and to compare findings with similar institutions globally. Methods: Drug-specific analysis employed research tools using nine-item questionnaires, checklists and standard patient care forms. Data was obtained from patients who visited the hospital, within the period of this study. Results: The study revealed that out of the total drugs prescribed, 85.3% were dispensed and the average number of drugs per prescription was three. About 70.2% of drugs were prescribed by generic names while the rest were by brand names. Drugs prescribed from the hospital formulary were 88% with antibiotics being the most prescribed (35.3%) while the le...
Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 2014
The last four decades have witnessed developmental changes in pharmacy education in Nigeria. The ... more The last four decades have witnessed developmental changes in pharmacy education in Nigeria. The paradigm change in the role of the pharmacist from a product-oriented to patient-oriented focus requires that the overall education of pharmacists be reorganized to meet the increasing changing roles. Curricular of schools of pharmacy in Nigeria are continually reviewed with the aim of attaining the dynamic competency required to reflect the paradigm shift in service focus and the development of the necessary clinical skills that will enable pharmacists to identify and meet the increasingly complex medication needs of patients. This review focuses on the historical development of pharmacy education from one school of pharmacy in the 1920s to about twenty schools 40 years later. The study looked at the continuous efforts made to produce the pharmacist with the requisite competency for the ever-changing roles in meeting the dynamic and varied needs of patients.
Journal of Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Research, 2014
Some Characteristics of Theophylline Tablets Coated with Samples of Grewia Gum obtained from a No... more Some Characteristics of Theophylline Tablets Coated with Samples of Grewia Gum obtained from a Novel Extraction Film coating of pharmaceutical dosage forms has contributed immensely to the advancement of drug delivery [1]. Film coating offers the benefit of less rigid coat which reduces cracking and other coating defects and also offers the possibility of coating other substrates such as powders, granules, pellets and capsules .
Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs: Open Access, 2014
Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mar 1, 2010
The purpose of this survey was to gain insight on the availability of veterinary pharmaceuticals ... more The purpose of this survey was to gain insight on the availability of veterinary pharmaceuticals in pharmacies in Northern Nigeria using Plateau as a case study and to assess the current role of pharmacists in the healthcare delivery system of animal patients. Questionnaires were used to study the availability of veterinary medicines in pharmacy shops and to also understand the current professional involvement of community pharmacists in ensuring that veterinary medicines are of optimum benefit to animals and animal owners. It was found that community pharmacies rarely sell or distribute veterinary pharmaceuticals and the expertise of the pharmacists was not utilized in the healthcare delivery of animal patients due to ignorance and naivety. None of the pharmacies and the pharmacists interviewed had plans to get involved in this vital aspect of healthcare delivery service in the near future. The involvement of the appropriately trained expert on drugs would be of immense benefit to the healthcare delivery system and pharmacists are best suited for this by their training. Pharmacist could collaborate with the veterinarians in order to develop a safe, effective and complete plan for animals. The work suggested that the involvement of a pharmacist at the point of supply increased the possibility of animal owners understanding the proper use(s) and handling of these drugs and pharmacists’ input may help prevent unwise, incorrect or indiscriminate use of medicines in animals.
Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2010
Scientific African, Jul 1, 2023
Canarium ovatum, commonly known as Pili nut, is an endemic crop in the Philippines. This study fo... more Canarium ovatum, commonly known as Pili nut, is an endemic crop in the Philippines. This study focused on the assessment of the physical, nutritional, and fatty acid profile of the pulp and kernel of Pili nut varieties. The study included 7 varieties that are cultivated in a single soil condition at the Albay Research and Development Center, Buang, Tabaco City, Philippines. Standard method Association of Official Analytical Chemist for nutritional analysis and DNA barcoding were used in the study. Molecular authentication through DNA barcoding shows that studied Pili nut varieties belong to genus C. ovatum. Split component of the fruit reveals that pulp is the major component (12.6-25.3%) of the fruit, followed by shell (5.97-12.3%), kernel (1.75-3.49%), and testa (0.17-0.34%). Lyophilized Pili nut kernel contains 67.2-74.1% fat, 11.5-13.2% protein, 3.43-9.97% dietary fiber, and 2.93-3.37% ash, and provides 704-749 cal 100 g −1 energy. Pili nut pulp contains 43.4-53.1% dietary fiber, 20.2-31.7% fat, 8.32-10.9% ash, and 4.53-6.32% protein, and provides 361-432 cal 100 g −1 energy. Pili nut pulp is an excellent source of dietary fiber. Prominent fatty acid is oleic acid (C18:1) for all varieties, which is higher in the pulp than in the kernel. Other major fatty acids include palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2), stearic (C18:0), and linolenic (C18:3) acids. Most of the physical and chemical characteristics measured depend significantly on the variety.
Abstract. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of grewia gum (GG) as a suspendi... more Abstract. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of grewia gum (GG) as a suspending agent in pharmaceutical oral formulation using ibuprofen as model drug. Ibuprofen pediatric suspension (25 mg/5 mL) was formulated with grewia gum (0.5 % w/v) as the suspending agent. Similar suspensions of Ibuprofen containing either sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) or hydroxymethylpropylcellu-lose (HPMC) were also produced. The suspensions were evaluated for ease of redispersion, sedimentation, rheological properties, and the effect of aging on the rheological properties at 25°C. The particle size and particle size distributions of the dispersed solute were determined. The redispersion time was 19, 11, and 0.5 min, respectively, for formulation containing Na-CMC, HPMC, and GG.The sedimentation volumes were 0.05, 0.05, and 0.125 mL, respectively, for Na-CMC, HPMC, and GG. Viscosities of suspensions at spindle speed of 25 rpm were of the order: GG>HPMC>Na-CMC when freshly ...
Background: Drug use pattern is assessed through prescribers, dispensers, and patients.The indica... more Background: Drug use pattern is assessed through prescribers, dispensers, and patients.The indicators used for monitoring include, health-facility, prescribing and patient care indicators. Objectives: The study was aimed at determining the drug use pattern by measuring core indicators in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Nigeria, from 2010 to 2011, and to compare findings with similar institutions globally. Methods: Drug-specific analysis employed research tools using nine-item questionnaires, checklists and standard patient care forms. Data was obtained from patients who visited the hospital, within the period of this study. Results: The study revealed that out of the total drugs prescribed, 85.3 % were dispensed and the average number of drugs per prescription was three. About 70.2 % of drugs were prescribed by generic names while the rest were by brand names. Drugs prescribed from the hospital formulary were 88 % with antibiotics being the most prescribed (35.3%) while the...
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources, 2018
The seeds of Ricinus communis var minor (RICOM-1013-J) have been reported to prevent conception f... more The seeds of Ricinus communis var minor (RICOM-1013-J) have been reported to prevent conception for a year, when taken as single oral dose of 2.5-2.7 g. In order to assess further the potency and anticonceptive effectiveness of RICOM-1013-J and to provide possible insight into its mechanism of action, the n-hexane extract and emulsion formulation of RICOM-1013-J was evaluated on the oestrous cycle of the Wistar rats. Both formulations of the drug distorted the oestrous cycle. The n-hexane extract distorted the oestrous cycle for a longer period at Dioestrous I (LI), Dioestrous II (LII) and Proestrous (N), while the emulsion formulation distorted the cycle for a longer period at Oestrous (E). There was also individual animal and group variation, which was phase dependent. It can therefore be deduced that the n-hexane extract of RICOM-1013-J had a more potent anticonceptive activity than the emulsion, which was phase dependent, but at varying degrees. This may be attributed to a slow release of the active principle in the emulsion formulation of the phytodrug.Keywords: Ricinus communis; RICOM-1013-J; n-hexane; emulsion formulation; anticonceptive; oestrous cycle
Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, 2012
Research in natural polymeric materials has witnessed growing interest and attention. This is att... more Research in natural polymeric materials has witnessed growing interest and attention. This is attributable to a number of factors which include their relative abundance, low cost, and biodegrable and eco-firendly profiles. This article reviews the current applications of natural polymeric materials in pharmaceutical formulations. The pharmaceutical applications of some of the traditional and commercially available natural polymers were discussed. Emerging potential pharmaceutical excipients of natural origins were also discussed. The increasing research interests in this group of materials are indications of their increasing importance. It is believed that as technology and testing techniques advance, more understanding of their physicochemical nature would be gained that can enable them to be tailored for wider Pharmaceutical applications than their synthetic counterparts.
Journal of advanced pharmaceutical technology & research, 2014
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of extraction and application of okra gum... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of extraction and application of okra gum as an aqueous film coating agent. Powdered okra pods dispersed in demineralized water was heated at 80 ± 2(o)C for 30 minutes in the presence of sodium chloride. The filtrate was successively centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30, 60, or 120 minutes and freeze dried. The samples were used as film former at different concentrations in aqueous film coating operations. Near infrared (nIR) absorption spectra, photomicrographs, and some physicochemical properties of the coated tablets were evaluated. The okra gum samples had different nIR spectra and possessed good processing and application quality due to relatively low viscosity. A six-fold concentration of this gum from the novel extraction yielded glossy theophylline tablets within a short time. A t (18) = 2.895, P < 0.005, t critical = 1.734 were obtained for the independent analysis of the hardness of core and coated theophylline tablets. ...
AAPS PharmSciTech, 2011
The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of grewia gum (GG) as a suspending agent i... more The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of grewia gum (GG) as a suspending agent in pharmaceutical oral formulation using ibuprofen as model drug. Ibuprofen pediatric suspension (25 mg/5 mL) was formulated with grewia gum (0.5% w/v) as the suspending agent. Similar suspensions of Ibuprofen containing either sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) or hydroxymethylpropylcellulose (HPMC) were also produced. The suspensions were evaluated for ease of redispersion, sedimentation, rheological properties, and the effect of aging on the rheological properties at 25°C. The particle size and particle size distributions of the dispersed solute were determined. The redispersion time was 19, 11, and 0.5 min, respectively, for formulation containing Na-CMC, HPMC, and GG .The sedimentation volumes were 0.05, 0.05, and 0.125 mL, respectively, for Na-CMC, HPMC, and GG. Viscosities of suspensions at spindle speed of 25 rpm were of the order: GG>HPMC>Na-CMC when freshly prepared and of the order: HPMC>GG>Na-CMC within 6 months of storage. The particles size was 72.72, 73.82, 81.93, and 83.41 μm, respectively, for suspensions containing Na-CMC, ibuprofen alone, HPMC, and GG. Greatest hysteresis was observed in formulation containing HPMC. All the formulations were stable. It was our conclusion that the difference in the physicochemical properties of ibuprofen pediatric formulations was influenced more by the suspending agent used in the formulations than the drug. GG combined better redispersion with minimal changes in viscosity on storage compared to Na-CMC and HPMC as suspending agent. Thus GG may serve as a good suspending agent requiring no further aid in suspension redispersibility.
Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2012
plant is a wild forest tree [3,5] with dark green foliage and forest; two to three trees occur to... more plant is a wild forest tree [3,5] with dark green foliage and forest; two to three trees occur together and in some areas, it is reported to be widespread. I. gabonensis is largely distributed in Africa. [6-9] The fruit is spherical with smooth seed from the plant has been of interest in the food, [5,10-12] beverages, [13-15] medical [4,16-21] and pharmaceutical [22-32] as well as cosmetic circles. [33] The seed of the plant contains lipids and polymeric constituents [6,15,34-38] and are usually harvested during the dry season when ripe. The seeds are sold round the year in all markets where food stuffs are sold in Nigeria. It is a common soup ingredient freely
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2016
The purpose of this paper was to examine the development of pharmacy education in Kenya since ind... more The purpose of this paper was to examine the development of pharmacy education in Kenya since independence. Websites of the Pharmacy and Poison Board of Kenya and the Commission for University Education as well as those of the universities offering pharmacy education were used to obtain information such as the framework for establishment of programmes in higher institutions, curriculum, regulation of pharmacy practice among others. From a single institution in the 1970s, six universities that are evenly divided between government and private ownerships now offer Bachelor of Pharmacy programs in Kenya. Irrespective of the ownership the requirement for the establishment of programs in Kenya universities is centrally formulated and established. Pharmacy education is regulated by both the Commission for University Education and Pharmacy and Poisons Board. Adequate and well trained, motivated and productive workforce is required for effective teaching and learning and thus the key elemen...
Ginger and cocoyam starches are potential pharmaceutical excipients with scanty information in li... more Ginger and cocoyam starches are potential pharmaceutical excipients with scanty information in literatures on their primary particle size and thermal characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate some thermal and particle size characteristics of ginger and cocoyam starches. The particle size and particle size distribution profiles of the starches were evaluated using the dynamic light scattering technique while the thermal behavior of the starches was investigated on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at the heating rate of 20 o C/min from -20 to 250 o C. The data analysis was on the TA Universal Advantage and Analysis software. The D (3, 2) was respectively 4.93 ± 0.23 and 9.40 ± 0.3 µm for cocoyam and ginger starch while their corresponding D (4, 3) was respectively 15.90 ± 3.00 and 46.00 ± 5.39 µm. The surface area and volume moment means of ginger starch were 2-3 times those of cocoyam starch. The mean volume kurtosis of the starches was between 7 and 48. No...
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources, 2021
Appropriate training on standardization of quality characteristics of complementary and alternati... more Appropriate training on standardization of quality characteristics of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices has the potential to pave way for integrative and collaborative healthcare delivery in African health facilities. The purpose of this study was to understand how willing pharmacy students are to taking on the custody of CAM, especially provision of expertise services on traditional medicines. A questionnaire on the willingness of Bachelor of Pharmacy students to be trained and certified as CAM experts in an integrated health system was administered to one hundred and nineteen (119) pharmacy students of Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya. Ninety-four respondents (78.99 %) were excited to be trained on CAM and become experts on CAM alongside orthodox but not solely on CAM. Majority of the respondents acknowledged the important role of CAM in the nation’s healthcare delivery system but were not ready to be trained solely as such without the commitments of govern...
Objectives: For centuries, virtually every indigenous culture has utilized plants in an attempt t... more Objectives: For centuries, virtually every indigenous culture has utilized plants in an attempt to control its population. Contrary to the belief that African local communities do not care about population growth, the Bassa people of Plateau State of Nigeria are known to have successfully used, for centuries, the seeds of a commonly available plant, Ricinus communis-linn (RICOM 1013-J) for birth control. Since the phytodrug, RICOM 1013-J has demonstrated high antifertility efficacy in adult cyclic rats and in women volunteers, there is need therefore to evaluate it for any possible embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in animals. Material and Methods: Forty virgin cyclic female albino rats with weight range of 170-220g were carefully selected for the study. Rat pellets and water were provided ad libitum. They were mated with proven males in a 3:1 (female: male) ratio and mating was ascertained the following morning by the presence of clumps of spermatozoa in vaginal smear. Animals we...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Adansonia digitata (AD) as a suspendin... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Adansonia digitata (AD) as a suspending agent in pharmaceutical formulations using paracetamol as the model drug. Paracetamol pediatric 125 mg/5ml suspensions containing AD at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 % w/v as suspending agent were formulated. Similar formulations of paracetamol pediatric suspension were made using sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na CMC) as the suspending agent. Some physicochemical properties of the paracetamol pediatric suspensions such as viscosity, easy of redispersion and sedimentation volume were evaluated. The viscosity of the suspension formulations ranged from 71-119 cP, which was a function of the concentration and type of suspending agent as well as the duration of storage of the suspension. Sedimentation volume, ease of redispersion and the flow rate of the formulations were characteristic of the suspending agent used and were influenced by the concentration of the agent. Overall, the profiles of pa...
The study was aimed at gaining insight into the functionality of grewia gum as a potential aqueou... more The study was aimed at gaining insight into the functionality of grewia gum as a potential aqueous fi lm coating agent in pharmaceutical formulations. Cast free fi lms of grewia gum samples were evaluated for some mechanical properties and the effect of storage conditions to gain insight into the functionality of grewia gum as a fi lm former when applied on solid substrates. Aqueous cast free fi lms of grewia gum samples were prepared with glycerin, propylene glycol or triethylcitrate at 0.75–10 %w/v as the plasticizer. The Young’s Modulus, % elongation and force at break were investigated as well as the effect of storage at 11, 40, 75 and 85 % RH on the integrity of the fi lms. Glycerin had optimum plasticizer effect at 1.5 %w/w and higher concentrations resulted in shiny and smooth fi lms that were unstable on storage at ambient conditions beyond two months. Free fi lms prepared from grewia sample coded-GR exhibited the highest load at failure, being 15.42 ± 3.59 N while tragacant...
Background: Drug use pattern is assessed through prescribers, dispensers, and patients.The indica... more Background: Drug use pattern is assessed through prescribers, dispensers, and patients.The indicators used for monitoring include, health-facility, prescribing and patient care indicators. Objectives: The study was aimed at determining the drug use pattern by measuring core indicators in Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Nigeria, from 2010 to 2011, and to compare findings with similar institutions globally. Methods: Drug-specific analysis employed research tools using nine-item questionnaires, checklists and standard patient care forms. Data was obtained from patients who visited the hospital, within the period of this study. Results: The study revealed that out of the total drugs prescribed, 85.3% were dispensed and the average number of drugs per prescription was three. About 70.2% of drugs were prescribed by generic names while the rest were by brand names. Drugs prescribed from the hospital formulary were 88% with antibiotics being the most prescribed (35.3%) while the le...
Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 2014
The last four decades have witnessed developmental changes in pharmacy education in Nigeria. The ... more The last four decades have witnessed developmental changes in pharmacy education in Nigeria. The paradigm change in the role of the pharmacist from a product-oriented to patient-oriented focus requires that the overall education of pharmacists be reorganized to meet the increasing changing roles. Curricular of schools of pharmacy in Nigeria are continually reviewed with the aim of attaining the dynamic competency required to reflect the paradigm shift in service focus and the development of the necessary clinical skills that will enable pharmacists to identify and meet the increasingly complex medication needs of patients. This review focuses on the historical development of pharmacy education from one school of pharmacy in the 1920s to about twenty schools 40 years later. The study looked at the continuous efforts made to produce the pharmacist with the requisite competency for the ever-changing roles in meeting the dynamic and varied needs of patients.
Journal of Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Research, 2014
Some Characteristics of Theophylline Tablets Coated with Samples of Grewia Gum obtained from a No... more Some Characteristics of Theophylline Tablets Coated with Samples of Grewia Gum obtained from a Novel Extraction Film coating of pharmaceutical dosage forms has contributed immensely to the advancement of drug delivery [1]. Film coating offers the benefit of less rigid coat which reduces cracking and other coating defects and also offers the possibility of coating other substrates such as powders, granules, pellets and capsules .
Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs: Open Access, 2014