International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies [IJCLTS] (original) (raw)

Vol 1, No 1 (2013) by International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies [IJCLTS]

Allusion as a culture-specific item can pose significant problems to translation. Therefore, the ... more Allusion as a culture-specific item can pose significant problems to translation. Therefore, the intercultural communication is affected by the way it is translated. This study explores the translation of allusions in subtitling from English into Persian. It can help the translators to know how to translate allusions intelligibly and to maintain the functions and connotations of allusions in translation as much as possible. This is a descriptive study which is conducted within the framework of intertextuality to find the most frequently used translation strategy/strategies of allusions and their change of functions, if any, on macro-and micro-level in Persian subtitles. The data include the allusions on verbal auditory and verbal visual channel collected from four films. This study indicates that the most frequently used translation strategies of allusions are 'minimum change' and 'to keep the name unaltered'. Moreover, the current study shows that in most cases functions of allusions weaken or change on macro-and micro-level in translation.

The two new 21st-century Chinese re-translations of Shakespeare's Hamlet, one by Hongyin Wang and... more The two new 21st-century Chinese re-translations of Shakespeare's Hamlet, one by Hongyin Wang and the other by Guobin Huang, represent continued efforts by Chinese scholars in studying and translating Shakespeare. Compared with those previous translations, these two have realized fresh achievements in such aspects as use of language with characteristics of the times, employment of new para-textual elements, visual arrangement of verse lines, and new treatment of those literary devices in the original work which usually constitute a major challenge to translators of them. And based on the latest academic research achievements with regard to Hamlet, either of them incorporates its translator's own research findings. The two translations also show some different features. Their main differences lie in that Wang, who translates mainly for the reader, is more concerned with the overall artistic effect by giving full play to the literary and expressive force of Chinese in characterization and uses naturally used Chinese language in characterization. Also, he lifts his translation in a philosophical connotation and a literary conception. Huang's version, far more annotated, is rendered for the stage and pays much attention to rhythm-rhyming scheme and image correspondence by concise and accurate Chinese, blending elegant and vulgar features according to the characters' identity. The two translators have made new contribution to the international Shakespeare studies in general and Hamlet studies in particular.

One of Woolf's chief considerations in her fiction of 1920s was to heal the split between the mot... more One of Woolf's chief considerations in her fiction of 1920s was to heal the split between the mother and language or the symbolic order on the one hand and to revise the previous Western binary thinking regarding the construction of gender identity on the other. I argue that Woolf refused the 'either/or' logic of dichotomous models by offering a space which includes the advantages of both the symbolic and the semiotic, which in turn introduces the new logic of 'both/and'. This space fuses masculine and feminine identities. It is speech and pleasure, textuality and sexuality, sameness and difference. It is a space for both men and women. This article attempts to relate subjectivity to desire. Therefore, I shall uncover a new subject position and space between Lacanian symbolic and Kristevan semiotic, in order to construct inbetween (third) gender identities based on characters' desires for a lost maternal space.

Vol 1, No 2 (2013) by International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies [IJCLTS]

Since childhood is the golden age of human being's life, Le Clezio has tried to introduce childre... more Since childhood is the golden age of human being's life, Le Clezio has tried to introduce children as the main heroes in most of his works. In Le Clezio's works, child is the symbol of freedom, purity and simplicity. Such an attitude towards the child and children's world makes the writer to depict a close connection that exists between the child and the world realities such as society, nature and happiness. He writes about a society full of dirt, a nature that its elements speak to the child and a kind of happiness that the child himself creates in the world.

Salleh Ben Joned is seen as a notorious figure in the Malaysian literary scene as a result of his... more Salleh Ben Joned is seen as a notorious figure in the Malaysian literary scene as a result of his use of profanities and vulgarities, interlacing them into ideas or texts that are seen to be sacred by the society. He is most infamously known for his vivid descriptions of carnal images and sex and its vicissitudes in his poems, thus earning the accusations of being an apostate and his works to be blasphemous. This essay is an attempt at reappraising his love poetry, by explicating the poems using the doctrine of Sufism and its central theme of love and the Beloved/Divine. My view is that his poems are not just describing the 'profane' act of sexual copulation, but rather would be more apt in describing a devotee's spiritual journey towards finding his Beloved or the Divine.

This paper reviews the concept and the corpus of English literature and its development in the co... more This paper reviews the concept and the corpus of English literature and its development in the context of culture and the academy from the 18 th Century onwards. I argue that the category of literature is a 'liquid' notion best understood as a form of 'social action' (after Eagleton) relevant to wider social, cultural, and political contexts that produce and 'consume' it. In the academy, through extending the notion of the institution to a wider social and political context, literature could be best understood as an 'institutional reality' reflecting perceived relations of power. Deeming literature as an ideological tribute is crucially important to arguing against the monolithic and essentialist (Anglo-American literary tradition) as embodying a universal value that still prevail in post-colonial institutions. This argument helps conceptualise and interrogate the cultural constructs embodied in English literature, in general, and the English canonical texts, in particular; it also makes it possible to refute the claim that literature transcends its local boundaries and nationalist sentiments to articulate the universal concerns and values of all people. In my approach to these claims and assumptions, I resort to a critical narrative review to the 'story' of the English literature in cultural, political, social, geographical and institutional contexts.. In academy, particularly in post-colonial settings, I conclude that the adopted literary tradition reflects a matrix of relations of power and institutional affiliations. Such conceptualisation of literature helps to challenge the claim that English literature largely embodies a humanistic enterprise of universal values and uniform human experience. Literature has been subordinate to the fluidity of cultural tenets, which in themselves have undergone several historic, paradigmatic, and institutional transfigurations and perversions. Both the notions of culture and literature are subject to similar social and historical trajectories. 'Institutionalising' literature has epitomised the concept and determined its value, and how it mirrors wider cultural relations of power. Drawing on these observations, I argue that there always exists interplay between the text and the wider context responsible for producing and disseminating literature, which intersects with institutionally established ideologies and practices. I understand the notion of context to refer to the 'system' or the 'institutional cultural capital ' (Bourdieu, 1998) that is responsible for normalising and regulating textual knowledges, and which projects literature as an 'institutional reality '. As Popatia (1998) argues, the interaction between text and context is often governed by an ideological and hegemonic discourse that seeks to prove itself as the most legitimate.

It is a common practice for translators to make deletions or additions in a literary work due to ... more It is a common practice for translators to make deletions or additions in a literary work due to personal cultural bias or to avoid embarrassing their countrymen with immoral or obscene images and ideas. This paper questions the role of translation as a critical approach and decries this source text "improvement" as a mistranslation and silencing of the authorial voice. An incorrect translation, rather than being a means of bringing two cultures together, does a disservice to comparative studies and harm to the author and his cultural idiosyncrasies. In addressing distortions arising from cultural and moral bias in Arab translations of Shakespeare's Sonnet 18, the paper discusses how Bakri Al-Azzam introduced an oriental undertone, silenced Shakespeare's voice, changed the speaker's gender, and transformed Shakespeare into an Arab classic poet-all to align the sonnet with the cultural outlook of Arabs at the expense of Shakespeare's identity, culture, and Western aesthetics.

This essay considers Rajiv Joseph's play Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo and investigates how it ... more This essay considers Rajiv Joseph's play Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo and investigates how it features the complex processes of translation by portraying a translator working in war-torn Iraq during the American occupation of the country. Through an analysis of Jacques Derrida's theories of mourning and translation, it illustrates how the playwright connects translation both to eschatological thinking and to the capacity to speak to/for the dead; the play emphasizes death and translation as in-between states where characters explore aspects of their lives they could not access when alive, and develop skills that allow them to 'translate' themselves in different linguistic and cultural contexts. Through an analysis of the translator as cultural hero and 'stand-in' for God, this essay equates translation with post-secular theological inquiry, and looks at linguistic and cultural translations as acts of faith in which the emergence of the new text is both always in the process of manifesting itself and always predicated on the ashes of the original.

Vol 1, No 3 (2013) by International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies [IJCLTS]

In this article, the researcher studied the superlative knowledge (linguistic knowledge or techni... more In this article, the researcher studied the superlative knowledge (linguistic knowledge or technical knowledge) in the process of translation. The translators should have both linguistic knowledge and technical knowledge in a certain field for translating the texts. Since some of the translators believed that linguistic knowledge is more important than technical knowledge or vice versa, this issue is of superlative knowledge was the focus of the study. Given its importance, the researcher chose to focus on the field of oil and energy. In addition, the translation in this field is poor, so the researcher wants to improve the translation. To perform this study, some of the participants took part in an interview. They discussed superlative knowledge in this field, and issues in translation of technical texts. Moreover, the other participants were given questionnaires which include 10 items. The study shows that translators should master both linguistic and technical knowledge to provide a proper translation of the text.

David Herbert Lawrence portrays a complex husband-wife, mother-son, and man-woman relationship in... more David Herbert Lawrence portrays a complex husband-wife, mother-son, and man-woman relationship in his novel Sons and Lovers. This article studied the relational motifs of the major character Paul Morel with other characters and the dire upshot resulting from this relation. The study found that Paul strove for happiness through the concerted entertainment of body and soul with his beloved people, but he failed because his mother's unusual attachment to him negatively impacted on his building up a normal relation with others. Mother's failure to find happiness in her conjugal life led her to pouring her love into Paul, exploiting him, making him sub-serve her own need and denying him the right to his own independent life. As a result, the son's relation with other women proved a disastrous failure. The women with whom Paul had relation underwent part of the sufferings somehow or other. Finally, Mother's death made him hopeless and left his life in nothingness.

This study was conducted to examine the impact of persuasive language on ideology perceived by ch... more This study was conducted to examine the impact of persuasive language on ideology perceived by children while reading translated children's books. To do so, the author studied the ideological manipulations made in children's literature translation (ChLT) through analyzing the two abridged Persian translations of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. The researcher also was looking for major strategies used by the translators to reinforce the ideological attitudes of the recipients. In this regard, a model of critical discourse analysis (CDA), that of Fairclough, was used to analyze the translations in terms of their vocabulary. The model introduces three values of words, namely, experiential, relational, and expressive. Making use of the expressive value, the researcher found that the translators of the novel tried to fit the translated novel into the Iranian culture, using modification, addition, and deletion strategies. Those strategies were determining factors of the ideologies perceived by the young readers.

Yoruba belief system has conceptualized the place and power of women, long before Feminist fervou... more Yoruba belief system has conceptualized the place and power of women, long before Feminist fervour swept through the European world and beyond. In his oeuvre, Shakespeare also inadvertently alluded to this "power" of the feminine by recognizing that the combination of womanhood, motherhood and the female principle can, and do have significant influence on the individual's destiny. In conceptualizing this female power, descriptive phrases such as "aje", "atunnida" "iyami osoronga", "iyami ajubaba" are used by the Yoruba, who fear, respect and loathe these powers one and the same time. By creating unforgettable characters who are "not modified by the customs of particular places, or by the accidents of transient fashions or temporary opinions" (Johnson,1931), Shakespeare's "women" are, through oral texts from Ifa, the Yoruba "system of divination, which also offers humans the possibility of knowing" (Fatunmbi,1994) examined, in order to show the relationship between literature and religion, how drama can effectively be utilized as a cultural material of universal appeal and how beliefs separated by time and clime interconnect, particularly in relation to the Yoruba world and Shakespeare's Elizabethan/Jacobean society.

The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of reading Persian literary texts on t... more The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of reading Persian literary texts on the quality of literary translations. To this end, 52 students majoring in English translation were randomly assigned to two groups. A Comprehensive English Language Test (CELT) was administered to check the homogeneity of the participants. The treatment for the experimental group consisted of reading 60 Persian short stories and poems. In the meantime, the control group went through their ordinary course curriculum. Both groups were asked to translate extracts of two short stories. The translations were then rated. Through statistical analysis, it was revealed that reading Persian literary works, indeed, improves the quality of literary translations. Therefore, to promote a more fruitful instruction on literary translation, it is suggested that translation teachers attempt to consider reading Persian literary works as part of the curriculum and ask students to read Persian texts to the extent possible, so that more qualified translations would be rendered in the area of literature.

This paper delivers to the reader something of the drama that was at the centre of the colonized ... more This paper delivers to the reader something of the drama that was at the centre of the colonized countries, from beginning to end. It seeks to conceive the individual art of the indomitable Martinican poet and dramatist Aimé Césaire , for writing one of the classics of Caribbean writing --A Tempest (AT). A strong social and political conscience informs the play, hoping to liberate the literary mind of Césaire against the classical colonial ambition of the disturbing work of Shakespeare--The Tempest (TT). The key question to this paper is: how each of these two texts, in a feasible dialogic way, shades into one another, and if this new version one adapted with some distance from the original for more imaginative work? Thus, my take has been to deploy the dialogic ideas of the language philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin, specifically the art of answerability. I argue here that Cesaire's call for a reclaiming of a self-other duality marks as a force for social change and liberation.

Scholarly debates over immigration and "diaspora" have shifted in recent years to pluralistic app... more Scholarly debates over immigration and "diaspora" have shifted in recent years to pluralistic approaches of critics such as Bhabha and Hall who argue that the "hybridity" and "in-betweenness" of immigrants' life might function as a suitable ground for the social and cultural improvement of their life-conditions. Drawing on such ideas, writers of the present article contend that Jhumpa Lahiri presents a double-sided outlook about the "third space" of diasporic life in her stories, while most critics have considered her attitude toward immigration a negative one. We argue that though Lahiri portrays immigrants' problems in her stories, a meticulous appraisal of her work reveals the fact that she opposes too much insistence on traditional definitions of home and motherland, and instead pays tribute to the fluidity and flexibility of hybrid identity. She foregrounds the efficiency and fertility of the "third space" of diasporic life in several cases in her fiction by giving centrality and priority to those characters that are flexible, renounce the restricting customs of the left motherland, venture experiencing the inexperienced, and consequently can match themselves with their changed social position to achieve the best out of it.

Vol 2, No 1 (2014) by International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies [IJCLTS]

Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano (1952) illustrates people who become enslaved to a controlling syste... more Kurt Vonnegut's Player Piano (1952) illustrates people who become enslaved to a controlling system of cybernetics that enhances its power through computer, consumer culture, and advertising industry in postwar America. In this study, I investigate Player Piano through the idea of cybernetics that reduces human beings into intelligent machines and mindless bodies. Player Piano constitutes an effort to make sense of powerful systems through the metaphors of the machine. It is a struggle to illustrate a deterministic attitude of the universe that leaves human with no choice.

This article aims to explore the blurred lines of thoughts on the spirit of translation as a synt... more This article aims to explore the blurred lines of thoughts on the spirit of translation as a synthetic sign of interaction between the abundant science of cognition and the philosophy of the unfinalized dialogism of the Russian cultural theorist and social philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin . First, it shows the ineluctable view of cultural differences as a house to translation. Second, because humans are different, the article proceeds to reflect the interplay of some views on culture, language and thought, seeking to envisage the confluent relation of the dialogic trans-formation of the act/tact in translation at play. Third, the metaphor of relation is illustrated through the one postcolonial example in the particular setting of the Israel-Palestine political conflict in language. Together with such lines of confluence came a belief about the holistic architectonics of translation in the development of an attitude towards the 'dialogic turn' of 'answerability' in translation in the future.

Considering Louis Althusser's inquiries into the function of ideology in sustaining power, the wr... more Considering Louis Althusser's inquiries into the function of ideology in sustaining power, the writers of this article discuss the operation of ideological and repressive apparatuses in the asylum Ken Kesey portrays in One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962). The novel recounts the story of a group of people contained in an institution that is supposed to treat their allegedly mental problems, whereas under the facade of psychiatric treatment lies a ruthless controlling system whose major purpose is to turn the inmates into obedient, submissive "subjects". The agents of the institution preserve the patients' docility through strict rules besides the so-called mental therapy that actually results in more confusion in inmates who consequently lose their self-consciousness and self-confidence. But since every ideological system, besides inducing docile "subjects," raises a sort of resistance among them, gradually resisting forces are formed in the asylum of the novel by the coming of a new inmate who defies the dominant ideology of the institution. By his jovial, life-affirming ideology, he breathes new life into others, makes them think and believe in themselves and trust each other, and thereby acts as a source of inspiration for several inmates, specially the Indian American narrator of the novel that subsequently challenges his schizophrenia, and finally, when his friend is shocked by electrical devices as the result of which he totally loses his consciousness, smashes the control panel of the ward to escape from that penitentiary.

This paper gives a brief study on Domestication and Foreignization, and the disputes over these t... more This paper gives a brief study on Domestication and Foreignization, and the disputes over these two basic translation strategies. Domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent and fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for the target language readers; while foreignization means a target text is deliberately produced to break target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original.Most of Said's work have been translated into Arabic; some have been translated twice, and some three times. One of these translations forms the core of this paper, which attempts to discuss foreignization strategy. To accomplish this task, Edward Said's Orientalism (1978 is chosen as the source text (ST), and the Arabic translation undertaken by Kamal Abu Deeb (1981 is chosen as the target text (TT).

At the intersection of trauma, identity, memory, and narrative theories, this article examines th... more At the intersection of trauma, identity, memory, and narrative theories, this article examines the main female narrators of V.V. Ganeshananthan's Love Marriage and Monica Ali's "Dinner with Dr.Azhad," as they encounter varying forms of traumas that distort their perceptions of the world and lead them to question their own identities. This distortion changes the personal narratives they have created about the world, requiring them to reconstruct it in order to incorporate these traumatic experiences and form a coherent narrative on which they will be able to identify themselves and ultimately construct their own selves.

This paper is an attempt to guide the teachers about how the evaluation process should be and it ... more This paper is an attempt to guide the teachers about how the evaluation process should be and it highlights the effectiveness and suitability of adopting Hurtado's method of evaluation on female translators. This method was applied to the correction of female students' translations of the final exam containing different texts to be translated in both directions between English and Arabic. The exam was applied to 43 respondents. The hypothesis regarding the suitability and effectiveness of using Hurtado's method and the possibility to improve the quality of the evaluating the students' translations in future based on this method has been verified. This study concluded that this method was found out to be reasonable to give impartial translation quality evaluation for the students' translations.

Heaven and hell are good places for creating the plot of a story because no one has ever seen the... more Heaven and hell are good places for creating the plot of a story because no one has ever seen these lands. They are hyper-real places because we imagine them like what we see on earth and can never imagine them as they are. Their reality is based on what we read about them in the holy books. By using Jean Baudrillad's ideas of "Hyper-reality" and "Simulacra and Simulation," the present study attempts to consider the concept of hyper-reality in Alice Sebold's The Lovely Bones (2002) in which the main character starts her life on heaven. She tries to indicate heaven as a human creation a place like earth. The writer depicts heaven as an earthly landscape and makes the readers believe that whatever they read about heaven is really true and this fact puts more emphasis on the hyper-reality of heaven in the novel. Through the story heaven is simulated as a copy of a real religious one. Thus, the heaven of the novel is a hyperreality because as it is a copy of religious one but it has no origin. We mean the things and places as amusement parks, different American cars, magic ice creams and newspapers have no place in the real religious heaven that we read about in different holy books such as The Bible and The Holy Quran.

If interpretation is so essential to the translator's work, some will argue, the entire process o... more If interpretation is so essential to the translator's work, some will argue, the entire process of translation will fall outside the realm of Semantics proper, which is the branch of linguistics most relevant to translation. The fact is that work in linguistics semantics has led to the birth of the 'decomposition' theory, alternatively 'componential' analysis, and highly useful observations have been made towards the establishment of a system of analysis capable of universal application. The objective of this paper, therefore, is to bring to light and judge the most common and preferred subjective translation methods used in the translation of cultural (informative) texts with reference to modern theories of the twentieth century which have helped to promote a systematic approach to the translation process. At this early stage, touching on them lightly will be sufficient to understand the course that this study intends to take.

The present essay focuses on the grotesque elements in Edgar Allan Poe's the "Black Cat" and Hora... more The present essay focuses on the grotesque elements in Edgar Allan Poe's the "Black Cat" and Horace Scudder's "The White Cat". Poe's story is highly embedded with a lot of grotesque elements from the beginning to the end. These elements were presented through strange characters, mysterious happenings, and degradation through death. Poe represents the struggle between the supernatural and the natural which he reinforces through the narrator who struggles to commit wrongdoings. Even in the mist of trying to restrict himself, the narrator still does not know what he did. In "The White Cat," Scudder employs grotesque elements as well but his application is subtly done unlike Poe whose application is more pronounced. The underlying meaning of this short story is on the spell of enchantment. However, Scudder, like Poe, displays the supernatural events through the characters of the "fairies" who has magical power to change the once a beautiful princess to a white cat. Grotesque includes absurd and bizarre elements and pierces the conventional version of reality. However, in its ability to shock or offend, grotesque helps to expose the vulnerability in human depicted via these absurd elements which will be explained in details in the present study.

This article is an attempt to examine Nadine Gordimer's The Pickup (2001) using Homi K. Bhabha's ... more This article is an attempt to examine Nadine Gordimer's The Pickup (2001) using Homi K. Bhabha's ideas in the main. It takes upon itself to discuss the issues of hybridity, identity, nation, globalization and migration. Nadine Gordimer's The Pickup is a scrupulous study of the life in exile. We might dissociate this particular novel from her earlier work, in that it goes beyond the matters of local politics and nationhood and paints a truthful picture of migration and alienation, which are global issues. In fact, the subject Gordimer picks up is a universal topos (that of migration and identity in exile). We will focus on the idea that identity is liminal; it is neither one nor the other, but a negotiation of the both. The migrant/exile/diasporan has to translate differing cultures in order to sur-vive.

This study aims to show how Emily Brontë's opposing attitude to civilization in Wuthering Heights... more This study aims to show how Emily Brontë's opposing attitude to civilization in Wuthering Heights reveals to a certain degree her unconscious opposition to authority and accordingly her obsession with the notion of a world in which the father figure is finally slain. The research approach adopted in this study is what is referred to as psychobiography or the Freudian psychoanalytic criticism. Freud's ideas have been employed due to the increasing shift to him in the recent decades, particularly in the discipline of psychobiography. The findings of this research underline that in Wuthering Heights, through Catherine's symbolic fall, not into heaven, but into hell, and through her strong feelings of nostalgia for a lost freedom and happiness, Emily Brontë calls into question the values of patriarchal culture and its code of conduct. The main conclusion to be drawn from this article is that whatever the benefits of civilization-which is intrinsically and necessarily patriarchal in nature-may be, the limitations imposed on its citizens are not at all welcomed.

Nowadays, one of the important problems in translation field will be Translation of Proper Nouns.... more Nowadays, one of the important problems in translation field will be Translation of Proper Nouns. This is an arduous task in Translation Studies to convey the main essence of the nouns amongst cultures. This is somehow due to the fact that every culture has its own system of rendering of proper nouns. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics (Richards & Schmidt, 2002, p.429) defines the proper name as "a name which is the name of a particular person, place, or thing. Proper nouns have disparate allusions such as age, sex, specific connotations, and geographical regions. This study scrutinized two major translations of Animal Farm of George Orwell. The first rendering is pertained to Amirshahi (2010) and the second one Firuzbakht (1988). Finally, this study seeks to investigate the translation procedures of proper nouns in accordance with Newmark and Vermeer's (Skopos) theories of translation. This study shows that Newmark mostly peruses proper noun artificially to saturate the taste of the reader. While, Vermeer sets up the mutual agreement between the reader as the client and the translator in this process.

The nature poetry written by English Romantic poet Wordsworth is a milestone in English literary ... more The nature poetry written by English Romantic poet Wordsworth is a milestone in English literary history. Its inbuilt aesthetics is much similar with that of ancient Chinese Mountain-Water poetry. The most remarkable aspect is the fusion of feeling and scene, in which philosophy, aesthetics, and poetics are interwoven into a thematic unity. In this perspective, one Chinese nature poem Chunjiang Huayue Ye written by early Tang Dynasty poet Zhang Ruoxu can be well compared. This mutual illumination not only yields a dialogical channel, more importantly, it also discovers the potential values of the two: first, Wordsworth's unique aesthetical awareness is forwarded; second, it helps to globalize and modernize ancient Chinese literary theory.

My present study deals with the F. Scott. Fitzgerald's male character, Monroe Stahr, in The Love ... more My present study deals with the F. Scott. Fitzgerald's male character, Monroe Stahr, in The Love of the Last Tycoon: A Western, which was first edited by Edmund Wilson and published in 1941, entitled "The Last Tycoon", one year after Fitzgerald's death. This novel can be seen as the resolution of Monroe Stahr's trauma, whose desire is to win a beautiful woman after the loss of his beloved wife. Various literary studies, such as trauma theory, psychoanalytic approach, historical and biographical approach will be used to analyze the psychological loss and the varieties of traumatic continuation of the protagonist of the novel. It focuses on the thesis: Stahr has suffered traumatic losses of his wife and his girlfriend, and these experiences change his character fundamentally. The paper continues with the discussion using the extracts from the novel to exhibit the effects of Stahr's trauma.

This paper examines from a comparative perspective six novels telling stories of extreme life exp... more This paper examines from a comparative perspective six novels telling stories of extreme life experiences set in both Western and oriental cultures. The paper argues that in these extreme cases, the characters, subjected to absolute power domination, lose their individual identities and are transformed into "human products." Their struggles for power will always remain futile unless they find a way to reverse the power relationships they are trapped in. Such a reversal allows the hope of an exit for the "human products" to escape the hopeless situation of perpetuated social, sexual, and mental enslavement.

This paper reconsiders the representation of exile in the memoirs of the American modernist Malco... more This paper reconsiders the representation of exile in the memoirs of the American modernist Malcolm Cowley and modern Palestinian writer Fawaz Turki, arguing that against the privileged use of exile by Cowley, Turki represents exile as a catastrophic condition. In so doing, my paper asserts the necessity of accounting for the catastrophic aspect of exile as represented in the modern Palestinian canon for a wider understanding of the notion of exile in the modern discourse. I argue that the modern Palestinian experience of exile as delineated in Turki's Exile's Return has tragic, historical and political specificities that disrupt the view of exile as a desired position in the modernist American canon, which Cowley's Exile's Return capitalises on. However, this juxtaposition does not look forward to negating or dismissing American modernists' glorification of exile as a space offering possibilities for freedom, resistance and creativity. Instead, I aim by this juxtaposition to reuse the concept of exile in ways that do not gloss over the differences between various exilic conditions.

This paper aimed at examining the level of students' ability in translating military expressions ... more This paper aimed at examining the level of students' ability in translating military expressions from English into Arabic at Yarmouk University (YU) in Jordan. For achieving its goals, the researcher selected a random sample of (20) Master (MA) students, who are studying English-Arabic translation at the 'Translation Department. They enrolled in the first semester (2011)(2012). The researcher used a validated and reliable text; it was used previously to examine military personnel at the Military Academy in Jordan. This text includes (25) English military expressions to be translated into Arabic. Quantitatively, percentages and mean scores were computed to know the level of students' ability in translating military expressions and phrases. Qualitatively, the analysis was set up to investigate their Arabic translation. The study recommended a number of recommendations to overcome the low level of students' translation in translating military expressions and phrases. Furthermore, further researches in military translation were suggested. that Arab universities, and some Arab lexicographers and translators of scientific texts have made efforts to supply translation equivalents in Arabicized forms. Nevertheless, translators from different Arab countries use different Arabic technical equivalents of the same term. Moreover, the planned terminology involves term choice, term policy formulation, term policy codification, term policy elaboration, term policy implementation, and term policy evaluation.

James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is not a pornographic novel like Georges Ba... more James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is not a pornographic novel like Georges Bataille' Story of the Eye; however, the present study attempts to trace Bataille's heterological notions in A Portrait. This paper attempts to see whether or not Stephan Dedalus as the main character of Joyce's literary work, has the potential to carry Batatille's heterogeneous elements which shatter any religious, linguistic, economic and political system. In order to reach this goal, the paper first attempts to establish the powerful dominance of the Catholic discourse, one of the strictest religious systems in the world, over Ireland which is the main setting of A Portrait. In the next part it will trace the authoritarian shadow of Catholicism and its impression upon Stephen Dedalus. Here, the principal aim is to indicate the significance of Stephen's transgressive acts in the novel and to see whether these transgressions have Bataillean nature as they shatter a very strict religious structure. Afterward, Stephen's transgressions as well as the implicit reaction of the religious system toward these transgressions will be investigated regarding Georges Bataille's heterogeneous notions.

This paper discusses a shift of ideology occurred in the translation of the work of the German Au... more This paper discusses a shift of ideology occurred in the translation of the work of the German Author Karl May Und Friede auf Erden! into Indonesian Language under the title Dan Damai di Bumi! (And Peace on Earth!). The method of the discourse analysis called " topique " developed by Boltanski and Thevenot was used to find the ideology of the source text (ST). The shift of the ideology was analyzed by comparing the ST with the target text (TT) using a structural approach (syntactic and semantic) and by considering the role of the translators, Agus Setiadi and Hendarto Setiadi. According to the result of the analysis, the shift of ideology in the translation of Und Friede auf Erden! into Indonesian, caused by eliminations of parts or whole sentence and replacement of adjectives and other kinds of attributes due to Islam and particular ethnics of the Middle East countries.

This study compares two Persian translations of Virginia Woolf `s Mrs Dalloway(1925); one done by... more This study compares two Persian translations of Virginia Woolf `s Mrs Dalloway(1925); one done by a male (Darush) and one by a female translator(Taheri). Regarding Farzaneh Farahzad`s translation criticism based on CDA and Farzan Sojoodi`s stratificational semiotics, this study analyzed the effect of gender ideology on lexical choices by the two translators. The manipulated words and phrases were analyzed as the reflection of fundamental theories based on the cognitive and personality psychology. It was revealed that translators are definitely affected by their cognitive and mental psychological areas in making gendered lexical choices. Furthermore, almost all the manipulated selected words were done by the male translator. Statistical data, on the other hand, revealed a difference between positive and negative gender values in which the negative choices were used more by the male and the positive ones more by the female translator.

The film is a means of mass entertainment which has become part of our daily lives. As more and m... more The film is a means of mass entertainment which has become part of our daily lives. As more and more English films are imported to China, intercultural communication becomes an important component in the mass media. It allows film translators to make adaptation based on the source text in order to create accessible text which fulfills the need of the target community. However, due to the eminent cultural differences, film as a branch of literary translation, when translated, critical factors such as history and tradition must be carefully reviewed. Film translators are required to make appropriate adaptations based on the source text, retain the intended message of the source language, and eliminate the cultural gaps so that the target language audience can better comprehend and appreciate the film correctly. However, even in Chinese speaking areas such as Chinese Mainland and Taiwan the linguistic translation strategies adopted in the same film are disparate. In order to improve the quality of film translation, we need to have some systematic theories to guide translators on how to make flexible adaptations. Hoping to provide a new perspective for common film translation studies in Chinese Mainland and Taiwan, this explanatory study of film translation focuses on the different methods adopted by translators during the process of translating a foreign film in Chinese Mainland and Taiwan through a theoretical exploration of the translation, attempting to find a norm and to formulate a guiding theory for translation in Chinese speaking areas. This paper attempts to construct a theoretical framework for this intercultural production. It first gives a brief introduction of the state of the art in film translation, its gaining popularity, and its empowerment potentials. Then the paper proposes to integrate different theoretical traditions in translation studies in order to formulate a conceptual and theoretical framework that could be used to better comprehend the social dynamics surrounding subtitling, editing, revising and marketing strategies. Theory of functional equivalence, relevance theory and reception theory are critically reviewed and integrated. It also argues that audiences and translators are playing a decisive role in film translation.

This paper examines a charismatic nameless female protagonist (known as Thomas's mother) in a pat... more This paper examines a charismatic nameless female protagonist (known as Thomas's mother) in a patriarchal domestic setting. in Flannery O'Connor's 'The Comforts of Home'. O'Conner seeks to expose the trail of patriarchal prejudices sparked off by Thomas towards Sarah Ham, the fallen feminine figure who took refuge under the caring motherly wings of his mother. Thomas's mother was able to accentuate her caring motherly nature which complemented her noble virtues of generosity, Christ like compassion and courageous streak of independence where she found immense meaning and profound sense of happiness as a woman. In breaking away from the suffocating structures of patriarchy, Thomas's mother was not strictly tied or conformed to patriarchal stereotypical traits bestowed on women as it was crucial for her to discover her own identity while exercising and utilizing their skills, talents and potential to the fullest. Besides that, this paper also dwells on the heart wrenching struggles faced by Sarah Ham who was drown in an oppressive patriarchal world dictated by Thomas, a highly inflamed misogynist male.

This article presents a reading of the consciousness of belonging to the homeland through a discu... more This article presents a reading of the consciousness of belonging to the homeland through a discussion of the horrors of the Civil War in Nigeria in the discussion of Buchi Emecheta's Destination Biafra (1982). I argue here that the author who has been living in London as a migrant for so long has managed to introduce the western audience to the history of the Nigerian Biafra -one that triggers the mind to rethink confluences of answerability to the idyllic but lost biafra in the lands due to the staged scenario of the postcolonial in many countries in the 21th century.

This paper argues that magic realism cannot evolve in a setting where there is no bush environmen... more This paper argues that magic realism cannot evolve in a setting where there is no bush environment because this is where oral literature flourishes. The oral literature provides the conditions necessary for magic realism to explore the relationship between the surreal and the mundane. If the magic realism is set outside this bush environment then the experience becomes muted. Texts that have a clear dichotomy between the world of human habitation (such as villages, towns) and that of the spirits (such as the bush or forest) enable magic realism to evolve into a more profound experience, that of the dream setting. My argument is that the dream setting needs this dichotomy for it to exist. In essence, texts that do not use the bush environment as part of their setting fall short in their creative aspect because the space and time within which characters function are constrained. The use of the oral tradition with its interplay of the human, animal and spirit worlds creates a platform for the dream setting, something which cannot happen where the setting limits itself to the world of human habitation. I will compare Bessie Head's Maru with Ben Okri's Starbook to show how the oral tradition in the latter text makes it achieve a level of magic realism that cannot be possible in Head's Maru.

Drawing upon his knowledge and understanding of literature, book culture, and vernacular culture ... more Drawing upon his knowledge and understanding of literature, book culture, and vernacular culture of pre-modern China, Glen Dudbridge offers, in his unique reading of Kuang-i chi 廣異記 (The great book of marvels), insights into the religious experiences of lay society individuals of eighth century China. However, an inquisitive reader must ask the following questions: Can Kuang-i chi, a medieval collection of tales of encounters with the other world by the minor T'ang Dynasty official Tai Fu 戴孚 (fl. 760-780, chin-shih 757), be used for the purpose of the study of religious culture? How? and to what extent? What approaches would be effective in inquiring such a text and what kinds of conclusions can be drawn? Though not explicitly setting forth these questions, Dudbridge's work serves as answers to them through explicitly defining the nature of Kuang-i chi to his study, discarding conventional categories and establishing new ones in his analysis, and associating Kuang-i chi to the "vernacular," instead of official, or "centralized," religious culture (p.63-4). Using a sharp historical focus on the collection, Dudbridge concentrates on the dynamics of change in religious practices of T'ang Dynasty that is rooted and reflected in such a vernacular religious culture. Besides Kuang-i chi, Dudbridge cites extensively, with accurate and often thoroughly annotated translations, from 176 primary sources, including official history, such as Shih chi 史記, Hsin T'ang shu 新唐書, Chiu T'ang shu 唐書, Tuz-chih t'ung-chien 資治通鑑, classics such as Shih ching 詩經 and Lun-yü 論語, collections of unofficial records and anecdotes, such as T'ai-p'ing kuang-chi 太平廣記, I-chien chi 夷堅志, various local gazetteers, epigraphical texts, poetry collections, texts of religious canon such as Tao tsang 道藏, and other historical records such as maps, exam records and geographical documents. The 134 secondary studies he uses include literary, historical, cultural, social, anthropological, and religious studies from both western and Chinese scholars. To have such range of discussion in one coherent and well focused study of a collection shows the effort put into and the quality of Dudbridge's work.

The Temptations of Big Bear by Rudy Wiebe focuses on Big Bear's struggle against the European set... more The Temptations of Big Bear by Rudy Wiebe focuses on Big Bear's struggle against the European settlers who take over the land inhabited by the Natives for thousands of years. This impressive depiction of the Western Canadian history is revitalised using vivid portrayal of Canadian prairies highlighting 'place' as a crucial aspect in this novel. This paper, therefore, aims to highlight the various portrayals of place in the novel The Temptations of Big Bear before progressing to examine the relationship between the place and its inhabitants depicted in the novel. In order to attain these two objectives, two concepts are applied in this study -place (physical setting) and sense of place (territorial bonding). The findings of this study reveal that the places portrayed in the novel can be classified into two main categories: landscape and dwelling place of buffalo. Then, with the concept of sense of place, the relationship between the Natives and each of these places is foregrounded. Most importantly, this study reveals that the relationship between the place and the inhabitants are bidirectional.

Since the 1990s, discourse analysis has been applied to translation studies, and studies with thi... more Since the 1990s, discourse analysis has been applied to translation studies, and studies with this approach have become quite prominent. As one resource of discourse analysis, the SFL (Systemic Functional Linguistics) model can be applied to analyze both the original text and the translated text. Following this approach, both texts are compared at the sociological, semiotic, generic, registerial, discoursal, and lexicogrammatical levels by adopting a top-down process. The applicability of Halliday's linguistic framework has then been widely recognized within the field of translation studies. Meanwhile, different strata of Systemic Functional Grammar have shed light on a number of studies. In this paper, I have restricted the topic to one aspect only, i.e. the textual metafunction. I have first traced the development of SFL and its integration with translation studies. Some basic terms in SFL and Theme/Rheme analysis are also explained. Then, some of the existing studies involving thematic analysis and translation are reviewed. As advocated by several scholars, what we need is a more objective apparatus for descriptive translation studies. It would be beneficial to link SFL and descriptive translation studies together, as SFL serves as a tool that relates linguistic choices to the sociocultural context systematically.

In The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, T.S. Eliot employs an admonishing style and represents th... more In The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, T.S. Eliot employs an admonishing style and represents the Puritan errand to indicate the influence of the American Puritan jeremiad tradition. Like a prophet howling in the wilderness; Eliot denounces the moral corruption of the New England city Boston and the spiritual paralysis of its inhabitants. Besides, he goes back to the Bay Colony during the 17 th century and ironically represents the Puritan errand into the wilderness. Eliot's attitude towards the Puritan errand is ambivalent. Influenced by his family's sense of mission, Eliot is haunted by images which remind him of the Puritan errand. Meanwhile, he denies the errand by a satirical portrait of Prufrock, the modern incarnation of John the Baptist. The poem can be considered as an anti-jeremiad. The anti-jeremiad is not a rejection of the Puritan jeremiad but a variation of a same figural-symbolic outlook. Both jeremiads and anti-jeremiads are equal and opposite expressions of the symbol of America. The symbol sustains and restricts the imagination of Eliot, barring him from paths that led beyond the boundaries of American culture.

This article argues that Woolf serves as an exemplary model of women's writing; a kind of writing... more This article argues that Woolf serves as an exemplary model of women's writing; a kind of writing through which patriarchal language is subverted. She explores the nature of oppressive male discourse and the conditions necessary to create alternative women's discourse. In her text, unconscious desires manifest themselves through different languages. Through meticulous analysis of characters' language in Woolf's selected works, it becomes evident that so far, patriarchy has repressed the feminine element of the articulations of these unconscious desires. Therefore, Woolf's text lays bare a language which does not repress pre-symbolic elements, since they are considered as crucial determinants in the process of the construction of subjectivity. Such a language is possible by merging masculine and feminine elements, or in other words, by merging symbolic and semiotic elements. Characters, under an ever-present maternal power, realise the inadequacy and limitations of the patriarchal (symbolic) language and therefore, transcend the rigid boundaries of patriarchal language.

Teoría del Humanismo is made up of seven volumes and an accompanying DVD version, and is the resu... more Teoría del Humanismo is made up of seven volumes and an accompanying DVD version, and is the result of a project conceived by the Research Group "Humanismo-Europa" directed by Prof. Pedro Aullón de Haro from the University of Alicante, Spain, with the collaboration of Medialab-Prado, a state-of-the-art research center in Madrid. This project has involved approximately one hundred and fifty participants from across a wide range of geographical locations, as well as from diverse linguistic and academic contexts in order to rebuild and reinterpret the idea of historical Humanism while also trying to respond to the current humanistic crisis.

This paper intends to argue that Mother Courage, the main character of Bertolt Brecht's play, Mot... more This paper intends to argue that Mother Courage, the main character of Bertolt Brecht's play, Mother Courage and Her Children (1980), fails to support her children financially because of a socio-psychological state defined by Marx as "alienation". Mother Courage's attempt to maintain and secure financial profit leads to a tragic failure because her endeavor falls into the Marxist category of alienated labor. This reading intends to offer a study of the two major aspects of "alienation"-'alienation and identity,' and 'alienation and political,'-in selected play.

The present study captures the role of the literary artists in the struggle for emancipation of A... more The present study captures the role of the literary artists in the struggle for emancipation of Africa. Brief allusions are made to southern and western African literary works, but East Africa is used as a major microcosm of the representation. Ngugi wa Thiongo's A Grain of Wheat (1967) is analyzed using the sociological approach to the study of literature with a view to identifying how the author has through the instrumentality of his novel been able to project the realities of blacks emancipation in Kenya. To this end therefore, the historical, economic and social realities of the Kenyan society is analyzed as source materials which Nguigi has used to x-ray his society. The research concludes that, Ngugi has been able to effectively capture the realities of his society through his novel.

An analysis of Mark Twain's The Innocents Abroad with its emphasis on cultural representations in... more An analysis of Mark Twain's The Innocents Abroad with its emphasis on cultural representations in the American culture, touches very significantly upon the question of the rising of the American identity and its connection with the American Travel Narrative in the nineteenth century. While it is believed that the novel produces "pure" "true knowledge", or "a neutral exercise" of basic facts and realties, we argue that Twain's narrative entails a genre of political knowledge that is premised on the basic requirement of self/other constructions. The ideological apparatus of Americanized emerging identity, nationalism, power and authority are fundamental issues in the Twains narrative. Furthermore, it is not only the personal motif that is the basis of Twain's The Innocents Abroad, as he claims in his preface, nor is it a "Great Pleasure Excursion," as he pretends. The novel structures relations according to the rising American norms and values in the nineteenth century clearly acquired and absorbed by the American travelers in The Innocents Abroad. It also subscribes to the complication of the American character in order to develop, process and reconstruct cultural relations in the narrative. In this sense, we argue that Twain's narrative raises discursive ideological questions about the rising of the American national identity and its connection with other cultural components, the Oriental, in particular.

At a time of historically monumental events in England, most notably the transition from feudalis... more At a time of historically monumental events in England, most notably the transition from feudalism to capitalism and establishing colonies abroad, there had been cultural oscillation between the old mode of life and the new understanding of life. Renaissance literary texts showed signs of criticism of the old tenets but could not register a substantial break up with them. Literary texts were engaged also in the act of colonisation taking place remotely from the English shores, their engagement was subversive at times but contained at others.

This paper argues that writers of African literature during colonialism differed in their portray... more This paper argues that writers of African literature during colonialism differed in their portrayal of sexuality, particularly that which was considered deviant by nature, because of their need to build an 'upright' African image, no matter how artificial this was. The paper looks at how the political environment dictated sexual expression amongst characters and that the urban setting was more candid in its narrative style. There was also a total blackout on homosexuality between characters and where this took place, it was presented as something that was alien to the African culture in general and to the personality in particular. Writers who depicted pre-colonial settings limited sexuality to procreation and as a comment to the African's link with the ancestors. There is also a correlation between the geographic location of texts and the degree of sexual expression that the writer engages in. As such the paper argues that sexual deviance is depicted as a matter of geography over and above thematic concerns.

In spite of the short history of the Saudi fiction, compared with the genre of poetry and with th... more In spite of the short history of the Saudi fiction, compared with the genre of poetry and with the rise of novel in other Arab countries like Egypt, Lebanon and Iraqi, Saudi novelists start to occupy a remarkable part of the space of Arab narration. Although Saudi novelists face the challenge of a restrictive cultural milieu, they seek to go beyond the local and regional levels and maintain a real significant universal presence. This study is a critical reaction to an outstanding attitude that colors the reception of Saudi fictional works. In reading of Saudi narrative texts readers, critics and scholars obviously focus on the local and regional aspects, and consciously or unconsciously ignore the universal perspectives that characterize their thematic and technical concerns. The study, accordingly, explores the world of Saudi fiction, concentrating on the question of universality, a concern which has been and will remain a core issue of critical and scholarly controversy. With reference to selected works, the study is an attempt to shed light on the universal aspects in Saudi novel. The basic and core premise of the study, then, is that the production of some Saudi novelists is rich in universal elements. The study concentrates on Gazi Al-Gosaibi (1940) and Rajaa Alem (1956 as writers representing the search for universality in Saudi novel. Al-Gosaibi's Freedom Apartment (1994) and Alem's The Doves' Necklace (2010) are works rich in persistent universal narrative themes and images. The main objective of the study is to show how these two texts, like many others, incarnate and present both Saudi culture and universal human values. With reference to these two novels, the researchers seek to prove the reliability of the main premise of the study.

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between cultural, social intelligences and... more The present study aims to investigate the relationship between cultural, social intelligences and student translators' ability in translating cultural and social texts. The predictive power of CQ subscales (cognitive, meta-cognitive, motivational, and behavioral) and SI subscales (social information processing, social skills, and social awareness) in the variance of translation scores were also examined. For the purpose of the study, a sample of 82 senior students of English Translation Studies comprised the participants of the study. Participants filled two questionnaires: the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) and a Persian version of Tromso Social Intelligence Scale. They also received a rendering test of translation. The results of the analysis indicated that there is a significant relationship between cultural intelligence (CQ) and its subscales, social intelligence (SI) and its subscales and student translators' ability in translating cultural and social texts.

Translation has always been considered a communication tool among different cultures and language... more Translation has always been considered a communication tool among different cultures and languages. Hence, the investigation of translations across history can reflect the dominant translational approaches and strategies in a specific era. The present study is descriptive-analytical corpus based aiming at investigation of utilized strategies in translation of culture specific items from English into Persian. Here, the researchers have focused on the novel Spartacus written by Howard Fast and its Persian translation by Ebrahim Yunesi as the corpus of the study. After analyzing the corpus according to the model presented by Pedersen , it was revealed that the translator has adopted a target-oriented approach. Moreover, substitution strategy was seen to be used the most by the translator.

This study examines Maxwell Anderson's play High Tor that is an aesthetic engagement with nature ... more This study examines Maxwell Anderson's play High Tor that is an aesthetic engagement with nature and dramatizes Anderson's environmental sensibilities. The play is a satirical fantasy in verse loaded with allusions, symbolism and philosophical meditation, dramatizing the end of America's pioneering tradition. High Tor refers to a mountain overlooking the Hudson River, only a few miles away from Anderson's home in New City in the district of New York. The name derives from Celtic lore and means a sacred and holy place where people commune with the gods. The area where High Tor stands is steeped in history, legend and the supernatural. There are many accounts of ghosts haunting this historical mountain and the surrounding areas. In this play, Anderson makes use of the aura of mystery surrounding this region to dramatize the story of the protagonist, Van Dorn, and his struggle against the advancing forces of industrialism and materialism that threaten his independence and the pioneering values, pastoral tradition and the Arcadian beauty of the American wilderness.

This article aims to elaborate the relationship between migration and mental health problems that... more This article aims to elaborate the relationship between migration and mental health problems that are evident in migrant women in Toni Morrison's Jazz (1992). To this end, pre-migration, migration and post-migration stress factors are identified in the novel based on Danish Bhugra's theory of migration. It seems that pre-migration stress factors and traumas are associated with the push theory of migration, while post-migration stresses are associated with the pull theory of migration. Despite post-migration stresses, the main female characters who encounter pre-migration stress factors and traumas are more likely to develop mental health problems like Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Although there is extensive literary criticism of Jazz (1992), no theoretical criticism exists that simultaneously covers migration theories and the mental health problems evident in Toni Morrison's female characters. It is worth highlighting that gender is a variable that correlates positively with migration and mental health. This article attempts to fill a gap in literary criticism and contribute to the body of research on mental health problems associated with gender and migration.

Metodologías comparatistas y literatura comparada is the most recent work by the Research Group "... more Metodologías comparatistas y literatura comparada is the most recent work by the Research Group "Humanismo-Europa", coordinated by Prof. Pedro Aullón de Haro, from the University of Alicante, in Spain. This body of work, following on from the line of a previous work, Teoría del Humanismo (2010), intends to contribute to the renewal and reconstruction of Human Sciences. With this objective in mind forty researchers have worked together to theoretically establish the comparative method, addressing the necessity of a methodology in the field of humanities and social sciences caused by the globalization process.

Translation is a profession that deals with replacing a message in one language by a similar mess... more Translation is a profession that deals with replacing a message in one language by a similar message in another language. However, this is not always possible in translation of Culture-Bound Terms (CBTs) since each culture has its own way of expressing concepts and entities. When translating CBTs of a text, the translator should be cautious of the strategies he/she chooses to better be able to transfer the effect that the original writer assumes to transfer. This paper aims to investigate the procedures used by the translator to translate CBTs from English into Farsi. These CBTs are chosen from one single scene of the movie Scent of a Woman. In order to do so, the researcher watched the film and extracted the CBTs from the subtitles and analyzed the data. The paper also provides the readers with some examples to see how the translator coped with the difficulty of his rendering.

This paper seeks to critically investigate the notion of "reported speech" as envisaged by member... more This paper seeks to critically investigate the notion of "reported speech" as envisaged by members of 'the Bakhtin Circle', especially Valentin Voloshinov, and attempts to understand the process of interlingual translation of creative literatures in the light of their specifications. The paper aims to understand the activity of translation metaphorically as transforming a source-text into a reported speech/indirect discourse. The central concern is to exemplify how Bakhtin Circle's observations on indirect discourse can prove to be effective strategies for a translator in communicating the semantic liveliness of the source-text. The paper is divided into three parts: the first part seeks to elucidate the Bakhtin Circle's views on indirect discourse; in the second, the purport is to provide a theoretical framework for understanding the activity of translation as composing an indirect discourse; and the third part seeks to exemplify the theoretical position with the help of a few examples from the translations of Marathi poetry and Hindi prose into English.

Translation as a business is a service. The concept of translation competence is a term covering ... more Translation as a business is a service. The concept of translation competence is a term covering the various skills and knowledge that a translator needs to have in order to translate functionally. The term which is often studied as a multicomponential concept in literature may not cover the necessary skills if it is taken from an organizational point of view. Program designs at the departments of Translation Studies at universities can be seen as a model for students to acquire translation competence. One of the primary purposes of translation education is to measure and assess the acquisition of translation competence. Despite the fact that the concept of translation competence consists of knowledge and skills needed to translate, the job description of a translator in the translation sector may well go beyond the proper translation process from an organizational perspective. This study focuses on the need for a change from translation competence to translator's competence. The need was observed through a scale of translation competence conducted at the states universities in Turkey, which resulted in the proposed model of translator's competence. A scale of translation competence concerning student perceptions was used as an empirical data collection tool in quantitative research in Translation Studies, the reliability statistics of which was tested as ,951 with 448 participants. The scale consists of 50 statements and measures 8 sub-competencies. This paper proposes a model of translator's competence from an educational perspective, thus paving the way for more effective translator education required to meet the expectations in the translation sector. The concept of translator's competence was proposed as an umbrella term to cover the needs of translation business. It is based on the three different skills of technical skills, conceptual skills and interpersonal skills in which the technical skills represent the translation competence as one of the constituents of the translator's competence. Program designs at tertiary education can be more effective in that it takes this aspect into consideration.

This paper presents a close analysis of the images in Federico Lorca's poems entitled "Poet in Ne... more This paper presents a close analysis of the images in Federico Lorca's poems entitled "Poet in New York" where he depicts two kinds of deaths that are opposite to each other in multiple aspects of meaning and significance. In so doing, the paper argues that the death depicted in such images as the drowned child signifies the loss of innocence, while the death of the city, depicted in the many cruel and bloody images in these poems, signifies a terrifying living death. The former is a concept that Lorca lamented and ritualized, a concept he allowed himself to be obsessed with. The latter is a concept he detested and condemned. The paper further shows that both concepts are reflections of his personal plights and tribulations in life and his own experiences in New York.

During a mythical quest, a typical hero undergoes certain ordeals to achieve the heroic goal whic... more During a mythical quest, a typical hero undergoes certain ordeals to achieve the heroic goal which sets him/her on the path of adventure in the first place. Facing the difficulties, the narrator offers help not only through the internal powers of the hero's soul but also through a variety of external forces (natural/supernatural). In Greek and Persian mythology, heroes sometimes receive help from nature as a source of independent power which can bring about changes. The current study aims to hold out a few cases of natural changes in legendary quests that take ordinary natural phenomena out of their path affecting the quest results. Joseph Campbell's list of stages of a myth is to be used for juxtaposing the natural phenomena in the myths in order to decide about the part of the legend where nature leaves a mark. The result of the study is expected to categorize different types of heroes that appear in Greek and Persian myths. Furthermore, the relationship between heroes and nature will be examined; as the Persian hero receives the natural interference during the ongoing stages of their quest as help, while the Greek hero receives the effect of nature after their death. All these are supposed to reveal the reward mechanism and how it reflects on the type of measures taken by nature.

This study aims to examine the identity of female cyborg in William Gibson's Neuromancer (1984) b... more This study aims to examine the identity of female cyborg in William Gibson's Neuromancer (1984) based on Donna Haraway's A Cyborg Manifesto. In Neuromancer the main character, Molly Million does not fit in the stereotypical female characteristics. When a male is the protagonist, females will be seen as a feminine stereotype and being depicted as helpless and weak. She is in fact the reversal of feminine stereotype. Henry Dorsett Case, the male protagonist of the story, was given a job opportunity and being partnered up with Molly to fulfil their mission. When Molly and Case are together, Case is always on the safe side while Molly aggressively moves around getting her things done. Being a cyborg is to be fierce, fast and bold just like Molly and being a goddess will be a typical female. It is a metaphor used to conceptualize socialist feminism in the modern society. The boundary breakdown between organism and machine portrays the boundary breakdown between Molly and Wintermute, an Artificial Intelligence (AI), because Molly and Wintermute are representatives of organism and machine, respectively. When Molly and Wintermute could put up with each other, it indirectly shows the connection between human and technology that can then be brought to another level as dualism of mind and body that are considered as one in the cybernetic world just like how high technology and scientific culture are interrelated. Mind which symbolizes Artificial Intelligence is the ultimate power which controls the body. The technological enhancements in Molly are the symbolised power which gives her the difference in stereotypical female role.

By adopting a different outlook, the present study endeavors to explain Walter Benjamin's The Tra... more By adopting a different outlook, the present study endeavors to explain Walter Benjamin's The Translator's Task as an attempt to introduce new dimensions to translation studies. To do so, first the intention behind the creation of The Translator's Task was explained through studying key elements proposed in The Translator's Task and searching for instances of these significant factors. It was concluded that The Translator's Task is a reply to the indeterminist nature of languages in the field of translation. Secondly, a translation model based on The Translator's Task was provided and explained. The model used target language lexicon and source language syntax to fully accommodate what was proposed in The Translator's Task. This model was used to produce a sample translation from English to Persian, which was later compared with a published translation. In order to determine the quality of translation, level of determinacy by the ST was assigned as a criterion. To achieve this, each TT was compared with the ST through a back-translation bottom-up analysis and each unit of translation was later categorized as D -determined and positive -or Uundetermined and negative. Finally, the results highlighted the high levels of determinacy by the ST in the sample translation based on the provided model. The published translation, which was a domesticated one, showed lower levels of determinacy by the ST as these kinds of translations are mainly based on the interpretations of the ST.

This study reflects pedagogical implications derived from "Translation in the 2 nd foreign langua... more This study reflects pedagogical implications derived from "Translation in the 2 nd foreign language" course offered at Translation Studies Department at Sakarya University, Turkey in 2014-2015 academic year / fall term. The insights derived from the classroom sessions were obtained from the instructor's observations based on reflective journals, which were updated on a weekly basis. These observations provided a great deal of qualitative data. The course attendees used a Facebook group forum specifically designed for the course discussions and students-teacher communication. They also received their translation projects and then sent them via Facebook messaging system and email till the deadline identified previously by the instructor. The findings reveal that trainee translators' teleworking skills increased as they became more conscious users of computer assisted translation (CAT) tools and social networks. In this way, they are more adaptable to work with distant colleagues, clients and translation vendors in their future career.

This study investigated the ideal definition of QB, that is Quality Book-one that is ideally suit... more This study investigated the ideal definition of QB, that is Quality Book-one that is ideally suited for translation-and the variables affecting its selection criteria among 136 members of King Saud University (KSU) academic staff. A workshop was held to elicit the ideal definition of QB to answer the first question, and a 19-item electronic questionnaire with four domains was designed to help collect the data necessary to answer the other two questions of the study. The results revealed that all four domains came low; "Authorship and Publication" came the highest with a mean score of 2.28 and "Titling and Contents" came the lowest with a mean score of 1.76. 5-way ANOVA (without interaction) was applied in accordance with the variables of the study at α≤ 0.05 among the mean scores. The analysis revealed significance of the variables of gender, those who translated a book or more before, and those who participated in a conference devoted for translation whereas the variables of qualification and revising a translated book did not reveal any statistical significance.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the modern Chinese and Russian poetry. Peculiar l... more This article presents a comparative analysis of the modern Chinese and Russian poetry. Peculiar linguo-philosophical ideas of an internationally recognized Chinese poet Ouyang Jianghe are being juxtaposed with poetic views of famous Russian poets such as Osip Mandelstam, Joseph Brodsky and Arkadii Dragomoshchenko. The paper should be of interest to readers, because it deals with the yet unexplored topic. Recently, scholars have focused on the relationship between Chinese and Russian poetry of the classical period. According to a generally accepted opinion, the dialogue between Russian and Chinese literary traditions does not move further than the classical masterpieces by Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Gogol, Turgenev and Tolstoy. Hypothesis of research -a creative interaction between Russian and Chinese literatures still goes on after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which has lead to the loosening of strong cultural ties between Russia and China. As a proof of this statement the present paper reveals striking similarities between the theories of the Acmeist Mandelstam and the leading post-Obscure poet Ouyang Jianghe. That is, both of them share the language-centered approach to the art of poetry. Secondly, this paper provides factual evidence that Heidegger's view on language as the house of being is one the main features uniting poetry of Dragomoshchenko, Brodsky and Ouyang. In summary, Russian school of poetry has left such a deep imprint on Chinese poetry that it can still be seen in the works of Post-Obscure poets. This article helps strengthen the intercultural dialogue, enhances mutual understanding between Russia and China and encourages further research regarding modern Chinese and Russian poetic traditions.

This article aims at exploring the key concepts of Existential thought in two masterpieces of the... more This article aims at exploring the key concepts of Existential thought in two masterpieces of the world literature, namely, William Shakespeare's Hamlet and Sadeq Hedayat's The Blind Owl ( Buf-e Kur). Freedom, free will, authenticity, self-realization, self-becoming, and awareness of death are among the main concerns of both writers. Shakespeare depicts authenticity in the character of Hamlet, and it is in contrast to him that the reader finds many instances of inauthenticity. The Danish prince has no tolerance whatsoever for inauthentic or self-deceiving. The same thing is visible in The Blind Owl in which the narrator-protagonist feels himself above all the low, petty desires of mankind. All in all, both characters' main challenge is to live authentically.

Modality deals with the assessment of the intrinsic and extrinsic meanings of a statement in term... more Modality deals with the assessment of the intrinsic and extrinsic meanings of a statement in terms of control over a situation and judgement of truth value. This paper focuses on the functionality and translatability of expressing modality from Arabic into English and French to determine its effects in translation. The analyses are carried out on literary translations from Arabic into English and French. The data reflective to the occurrence of expressing modality are identified, collected, categorized and analyzed. The analysis reveals that there are more modality use in the English translations than in the Arabic source texts and French target texts, which reflects some aspects of Arabic language and French language peculiarities on the one hand and some aspects of English language peculiarities on the other hand. Moreover, the frequent use of modality in English is found to be more functional in that it enhances more the meaning.

This study calls the translators´ attention to animal personification in texts where in some case... more This study calls the translators´ attention to animal personification in texts where in some cases the image of the animal is not only different from or contradictory to those in the target language but also different from or contradictory to those in the source text. The proposed translation strategies in this study are based on the specificity of the situations. The translator must reflect on three factors: a) the features of the animal in the source text, b) the image of that animal in the source language, and also c) its image in the target language. However, in this study, we conclude that the burden is put on the readers, rather than on the author or translators. They make use of the reader´s willing suspension of disbelief which helps them in encountering breakdown in established conventions and norms, to "suspend" their disbelief about odd or eccentric entities and concepts.

Alan Maley is a British, award-winning, internationally-known writer and artist, highly regarded ... more Alan Maley is a British, award-winning, internationally-known writer and artist, highly regarded for his unique observation of life at the turn of the century. He has been involved in English Language Teaching (ELT) for over 50 years. He worked for the British Council in Yugoslavia, and was the Director of the Bell Educational Trust in Cambridge for 5 years. He later worked in universities in Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and UK. Alan has published over 40 books and numerous articles. In the following, Dr. Maley answered our questions on teaching creative writing in academic centers, the relationship between creative writing and language learning, and the status of creative writing in non-English speaking countries.

Since translation concerns all disciplines, we may ask whether it is possible to conduct theoreti... more Since translation concerns all disciplines, we may ask whether it is possible to conduct theoretical research peculiar to translations, or to what extent theoretical thinking is possible in a field of study which has a nexus of complex relations with other disciplines. We can answer these questions if we understand why we have a recourse to theorization in translation. Since the defining feature of theory as a complex set of relations overlaps with the concept of translation, they both involve complex mental procedures. Mental procedures in both actions operate similarly; that is to say, both theorists and translators draw up analogies between similar cases in order to define, classify and categorize the components of complexity. In theorization these procedures are called "abstraction" and "simplification"; whereas in translation studies, we call it "deverbalization". It means stripping the linguistic form of a text, or a document so as to understand the sense of it (Gile 2003:47). Accordingly, we can reach such a conclusion that both translation and theorization follow the same logical sequence in understanding and overcoming the complexity. In the light of these introductory remarks the present study discusses the concept of theory, and theorization both in translation and translation studies so as to draw up similarities and divergencies between translation theory and translation practice.

The present study sought to investigate the probable link between Iranian English translation stu... more The present study sought to investigate the probable link between Iranian English translation studies students' metacognitive awareness, self-regulation, and gender. Furthermore, the role of educational level of translation students in metacognitive awareness and self-regulation was explored. For the purpose of the study, a sample of 230 M.A and B.A senior English translation students comprised the participants of the research. They were asked to complete two questionnaires of Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) and Self-regulation Trait (SRT).The Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) was developed by and consists of 52 statements. It measures two components of metacognition: metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation. Metacognitive knowledge comprises three subscales: Declarative knowledge, Procedural knowledge, and Conditional knowledge. Metacognitive regulation consists of five subscales: Planning, Information management, Monitoring, Debugging, and Evaluation. The self-regulation trait (SRT) questionnaire was designed by O' Neil and Herl (1998). It was developed based on Zimmerman's self -regulation model. It consists of 32 Likert-scale questions. The scale seeks to measure metacognition and motivation dimensions. Each dimension comprises two sub-scales. Meta-cognition covers the constructs of planning and self-monitoring, and motivation contains effort and self-efficacy. Independent samples t-tests were run to investigate the role of gender and educational level in the level of translation students' metacognitive awareness and self-regulation. The results of t-test demonstrated that there are not any differences between male and female translation students regarding metacognitive awareness and self-regulation. It was also found that there is a negative significant impact of educational level on total metacognitive awareness, and some components of metacognitive awareness: declarative knowledge, conditional knowledge, and evaluation. In other words, MA students were shown to have higher levels of metacognitive awareness in comparison with their BA counterparts. Finally, no significant differences between educational level and self-regulation were obtained.

Muslims have never ceased to be important for the West and have been depicted in vilifying and st... more Muslims have never ceased to be important for the West and have been depicted in vilifying and stereotypical manners in western literature and films. However, after the tragic event of 9/11, a dramatic change has been observed in the world's focus towards Muslims. Although stereotypes and discriminatory actions were nothing new to Muslims, the post-9/11 backlash was absolutely terrible and heartbreaking. People have started to consider Muslims either terrorists or sympathetic to terrorists, and they have been suspected and distrusted. Lots of books, articles and films have depicted Muslims in a derogatory and extreme manner. Pre-9/11 Hollywood movies True Lies and The Siege explicitly show the stereotypical attitude of the West to Muslims while post-9/11 novels like The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid and Once in a Promised Land by Laila Halaby depict the plight and predicament of Muslims in America. The article aims to depict the stereotypical, vilifying and antagonistic attitudes of the West to Arabs and Muslims in both pre-and post-9/11 era. It also aims to prove that the depiction is highly motivated by the media, western authorities and the West's desire for social, cultural and political dominance over the East.

This paper offers a meta-critical statement on the critical inputs of some major Nigerian male cr... more This paper offers a meta-critical statement on the critical inputs of some major Nigerian male critics to the tenets and posture of feminism in a body of representative feminist creative works in Nigeria. Evincing an aggregation of these male voices the quantum of which urges feminist cautionary approach to their critical expostulations both in the creative enterprise and critical temper, the paper argues that feminism in Nigeria, of whatever shade or colouration, has become too partial, too single-voiced and therefore, too dangerous for continued male and female sanctity and the prevailing complacency in the creative,critical and even political drives of the Nigerian society.The paper in consequence challenges budding and practicing creative writers, critics and stake-holders especially in tertiary institutions in Nigeria to work to reverse or at least curtail and stall the trend as it is poised to pose intractable danger for, not only the country ,but the world at large, in terms of cohesion and the paterfamilias in the not-too-distant future.

This paper discusses vegetarian eco-feminist consciousness in Carol Ann Duffy's poetry by close a... more This paper discusses vegetarian eco-feminist consciousness in Carol Ann Duffy's poetry by close analysis of two poems, namely "The Dolphins" and "A Healthy Diet" from her poem collection Standing Female Nude. The former is a dramatic monologue of a dolphin, which is exploited by people, and the latter is a dramatic monologue of an omnipotent observer in a restaurant. Both poems criticized the species-ism, and together, they showed the poet's vegetarian eco-feminist consciousness. A close reading of the two poems from the eco-feminist perspective helps the reader understand why Carol Ann Duffy is honored as the first woman poet laureate in British history, and better understand vegetarian eco-feminism and its influence in British society.

This paper aims to investigate the translation of address terms between Arabic and English. Those... more This paper aims to investigate the translation of address terms between Arabic and English. Those terms belong to different systems in both languages. Certain characteristics of an address term in one culture tend to be lost when translated into another. Therefore, politeness theory will be used in order to find out whether the politeness intended by using an address term is transferred into the target language or not. For this study, a number of address terms are selected from a novel, Madiq Alley. Those terms are delivered to a number of subjects in a questionnaire. The analysis points out the use of such systems and how each system applies different politeness strategies to show respect and deference. The findings indicate that some patterns of face-work are lost in the translation process and that the relational terms of address are more challenging to translate than the absolute ones.

is the debut novel written by an established Malaysian horror stories author, Tunku Halim. Dark D... more is the debut novel written by an established Malaysian horror stories author, Tunku Halim. Dark Demon Rising narrates the journey of the protagonist, Shazral Abbas, and his encounter with his dark childhood and dangerous future. This paper aims to examine the relationship between Shazral and Minah, specifically the representation of the grotesque through deviant sexuality. To illustrate and depict grotesque romance, a textual analysis is carried out and close reference to the definition of grotesque is applied as the framework of the study. The term 'grotesque romance' is coined throughout this study to show the type of relationship entered into by the protagonist and his lover. There are three components of grotesque that are embodied in the notion of grotesque romance in the novel; 'demonic fantasy', 'the excessive and the unreal' and 'the horrifying and the attractive'. Our findings illustrate that these three components of grotesque are manifested through the action of deviant sexuality and represented in two ways; 1) pre-marital sex prohibited by religion and culture, and 2) the relationship between two different entities -human and demon.

Having long been accepted by many translation scholars as an interdisciplinary field, Translation... more Having long been accepted by many translation scholars as an interdisciplinary field, Translation Studies is now thought to be a maturated discipline with the advent of new technological tools or the integration of computerized devices into the translation practice. The interdisciplinary aspect of Translation Studies generally stems from linguistics, philology, philosophy, sociology and cultural studies. Additionally, most translation scholars explain the interdisciplinarity of Translation Studies according to these fields of study. However, as explained above, there are also technological tools or computerized devices that contribute to the maturation of Translation Studies and are supported by the integrated computer technologies associated with computational linguistics, computer engineering, software engineering and so forth. This fact brings to the mind a new concept, i.e trans-disciplinarity, which is seldomly mentioned in Translation Studies. This study therefore investigates "trans-disciplinarity" within Translation Studies by connecting it with technology integrated tools commonly used in the translation practice. From this point of view, the study questions whether these tools or computerized devices contribute to the transition process from inter-disciplinarity to trans-disciplinarity in Translation Studies.

Reference, which is one aspect of cohesion, may affect or enhance cohesiveness in its behaviour i... more Reference, which is one aspect of cohesion, may affect or enhance cohesiveness in its behaviour in translation. This study is an investigation of the behaviour of reference in translating from Arabic into English and French. The texts which are used as corpuses are literary texts whose findings are expected to be reflexive to other genres. The study reveals that reference, in translation depends often on certain language peculiarities; it is seldom depends on the translator's choices. It is found that English is more cohesive in translation than Arabic and French due to some of its peculiarities. Although the Arabic language and the French languages have different peculiarities, they are found to have more in common as far as translating reference is concerned. The translators' familiarity with the language peculiarities would make them avoid pitfalls and handle reference perfectly, which enhances more translation in terms of meaning, cohesiveness, and coherence. It is observed that the translators' unfamiliarity with the languages peculiarities may affect reference in terms of meaning, cohesiveness, and coherence. It can, therefore, create translations in that reference is often found to be determined by language peculiarities.

Translation is a multi-dimensional task which requires different aspects of competencies one of w... more Translation is a multi-dimensional task which requires different aspects of competencies one of which is linguistics. Falling within the realm of linguistic competence is the ability to produce relatively similar degree of markedness throughout the translation. Such ability contributes to keep the thematic structure of sentences intact and make the same propositional meanings have different communicative meanings. The present study which is a descriptive analytical corpus-based one aimed to analyze the thematic structure of titles of all English books rendered into Persian from the beginning of translation in Iran to 2004drawing on Hallidayan linguistic taxonomy of marked sentences as proposed by . The corpus is a parallel one consisting of 141 marked English book titles and their Persian translations. Comparative analyses of items revealed that about 56.7% of all marked English sentences havebeen translated into marked Persian sentences, i.e. the thematic structure of ST has been preserved. The similar thematic structure entails corresponding communicative meaning of STand TT.

This research deals with the investigation of translation ideologies in the translation process o... more This research deals with the investigation of translation ideologies in the translation process of Chapter 5 of The 8th Habit -From Effectiveness to Greatness-into Bahasa Indonesia. The objectives of this study are: 1) to find out the translation ideology; and 2) to find out the realization of translation method from source text to target text. The type of this study is descriptive-qualitative that focuses on translation product analysis. The sources of data are text-books, informants, and interview of key informants and respondents. The collecting of data was done with purposive sampling technique. The sampling of this study is Chapter 5 of The 8th Habit -From Effectiveness to Greatness by Stephen R. Covey and its translation version in Bahasa Indonesia: Bab 5 -The 8th Habit -Melampaui Efektifitas, Menggapai Keagungan. The samples of the study are 430 data pairs of both texts (English and Indonesian). The finding showed that nine translation techniques are identified in this study. Those techniques and their frequency are as follows: Literal (181), Addition (105), Omission (33), Borrowing (32), Modulation , Transposition (24), Equivalence (21), Calque (5), and Adaptation (2). Theoretically, three of these techniques (literal, borrowing and calque) are oriented to source text while the rest (Addition, Omission, Modulation, Transposition, Equivalence, and Adaptation) are oriented to target text. Further, techniques that tend to source text are referred to as foreignization, while the techniques that tend to target text are referred to as domestication. The finding revealed that the proportions of both foreignization and domestication are 50.70% and 49.30% respectively.

This paper takes a cursory look at the subjects of poverty, infidelity and oppression in Festus I... more This paper takes a cursory look at the subjects of poverty, infidelity and oppression in Festus Iyayi's Violence. Using Malinowski and Radcliffe Brown's Functional approach to literature as a framework, the writers peer into the society with the intent of exposing the ills bedeviling the people. The preponderant penury has been decried; the cruelty of infidelity and immorality has been denounced as well as the dehumanizing oppression of the poor by the rich. The study concludes with a call on the government and well-meaning members of society to stand and overcome these three maladies.

Australia is one of the world's most diverse multicultural nations. Almost half of the population... more Australia is one of the world's most diverse multicultural nations. Almost half of the population are immigrants or the children of an immigrant. The objective of this paper is to find out about the needs for translation and interpreting services in Australia as a multi-cultural country from the perspective of the macro environmental forces that shape up the market. One of the most important policies on translation and interpreting in Australia is the Multicultural Access and Equity Policy, which is significant in that it fosters sustainability in Australia. In order to meet the challenges of an ageing population, skilled migration is seen as a solution. By respecting diversity and improving responsiveness, this policy acknowledges that immigrants live in a multicultural society and there is an obligation on Australian Government departments and agencies to provide equitable access to services regardless of the cultural or linguistic background. Data were collected though a content-analysis method from the sources of Australia's governmental bodies with a focus on the demographic, political and cultural forces. The demographic environment is of major interest because it involves people who make up markets. The political environment consists of laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence or limit various organizations and individuals in a given society. The cultural environment consists of institutions and other forces that affect a society's basic values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors. The findings were used to draw conclusions about translation and interpreting services as a profession in Australia and the sustainability of the public services.

Many critics have judged Tommy Wilhelm in terms of his weaknesses only and have considered him a ... more Many critics have judged Tommy Wilhelm in terms of his weaknesses only and have considered him a complete failure, far from being a hero. But many of them have failed to see the bright side of Tommy's character. He possesses rare human qualities completely alien to the citizens of a morally corrupt society. The article aims to prove that in spite of possessing various negative and unheroic qualities, Tommy, by defying social structure and network, asserts his nonconformity which, along with his humanity, love and philanthropy, aversion for power and material success and most importantly, his power of overcoming humiliation, secures him the position of a hero although an untraditional one. The narrative structure also plays a significant role behind his being a hero.

Para)linguistic parameters (e.g., un/filled pauses, speech rate) are believed to underlie perceiv... more Para)linguistic parameters (e.g., un/filled pauses, speech rate) are believed to underlie perceived fluency of simultaneous interpretation (SI). Little research, however, is available to ascertain whether and to what extent these (para)linguistic measures of SI fluency correlate with fluency ratings provided by human raters. This exploratory study investigates three questions: a) how nine selected (para)linguistic parameters correlate with each other, b) how the parameters correlate with rater-generated fluency ratings, and c) which parameter or a combination of parameters could best discriminate an interpreter into pre-determined groups of interpretation fluency. The major results are: a) three underlying dimensions of the perceived fluency emerged, including breakdown, speed, and repair fluency, b) speech rate, phonation/time ratio, and mean length of a run had higher correlation with the fluency ratings, and c) speech rate and phonation/time ratio were the best possible predictors of the interpreters' group affiliation. Implications of the results are discussed regarding fluency assessment in SI.

The present study is an attempt to investigate the subtitling strategies adopted in Persian trans... more The present study is an attempt to investigate the subtitling strategies adopted in Persian translation of humor of Woody Allen's "Annie Hall" and to determine which strategy was utilized more frequently than others. The study is a descriptive comparative content analysis on the basis of the dialogues and the corresponding subtitles from Woody Allen's "Annie Hall". The theoretical framework of the present study was based on Henrik classifications of subtitling strategies. The results of the study showed that the most frequent strategy was transfer. The high frequency of transfer strategy means that the Iranian subtitlers transferred the dialogues of the original film into Persian in the most comprehensible and natural way possible.

This article explores the environment's resistance in the face of "Oil" discovery in Abdel Rahman... more This article explores the environment's resistance in the face of "Oil" discovery in Abdel Rahman Munif'snovel the Cities of Salt. Linking the areas of environmentalism, postcolonialism, and Oil discovery, the article claims that Oil is the colonizer which has colonized the environment. The article then shows the environment resistance which is portrayed by Munif indirectly by several episodes of personifying the environment and by the people's nature-like responses and reactions. The article ends up with tracing the people's cultural displacement due to the colonization of their environment.

Julia Kristeva's concept of abjection deals with how the subject intends to gain his/her subjecti... more Julia Kristeva's concept of abjection deals with how the subject intends to gain his/her subjectivity by rejecting the things which are not considered part of himself/herself. In Kate Chopin's The Awakening (1899), the protagonist, Edna Pontellier, is portrayed as a married woman but one who has romantic affairs with other men. Deemed unthinkable, Edna's desire and search for true love is seen as an act of defiance by the society in which she lives. Edna's life's boundaries are blurred and confused by her ambiguous actions, a display of her attempt at abjection. By applying textual analysis as our methodology, this research aims to delve into how Edna fights for her individuality and sense of self. As a result, the analyses are divided into two parts, namely, Search for Subjectivity and Individuality and Edna Pontellier's Awakened Individuality. Besides, the reaction of patriarchal society towards Edna's search for independent subjectivity is scrutinised as it greatly affects Edna's life. By applying Kristeva's abjection to Chopin's The Awakening, the current article intends to focus on Edna's attempt at self-realization.

This paper follows the critical lines of feminism and psychoanalysis to argue that Othello is a c... more This paper follows the critical lines of feminism and psychoanalysis to argue that Othello is a conflict between female characters' moral voices and male figures' treacherous voices. Drawing on the concepts of Jungian and Freudian psychoanalysis, I argue that the association of female speech and silence with sexuality is a projection of misogynist and racist discourses. I read Iago's projection of his evil onto Othello as a verbal intercourse of homosexuality. The cause of tragedy emanates from the fact that Othello weds his shadow, Iago and ignores his anima, Desdemona. While the verbal marriage between Othello and Iago results in Othello's accusation of Desdemona of being a whore, I argue that Desdemona escapes this category because a boy actor impersonates her physically and vocally. I argue that Othello stages for audiences in contemporary Palestine male figures' deafness to feminist views. While Othello's marriage to Desdemona symbolizes his integration into Venetian society, his murder of Desdemona signals the loss of his heroic identity and the dissolution of his link to Venice. In contrast, killing the supposedly aggressive female figures in Palestine marks the public respect of the killer. Furthermore, I use the romance of Antar (525-608) as a Palestinian literary intertext to scrutinize the significance of female figures in constructing male figures' heroic identity and the racial discourse that the Romance of Antar and Othello embodies. IJCLTS 3(4):1-13, 2015

Heroic poetry, particularly that of the inyamtswam extraction, is not just popular but fundamenta... more Heroic poetry, particularly that of the inyamtswam extraction, is not just popular but fundamental to the existence of the Tiv people. In this paper, we have attempted to show that aside from providing a channel for the people to express their love for competition, heroic poetry corrects social vices, performs didactic functions, propagates the people's culture and serves as a veritable means of entertainment. It also facilitates the link with the ancestral world. In this age when advances in Information Communication Technology (ICT) have turned the world into a global village, we believe there is the risk of the values inherent in Tiv heroic poetry being corrupted and even eroded unless such works as this present one are sustained.

Writing about Mulk Raj Anand, Indian writer, and Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian writer, is writing abou... more Writing about Mulk Raj Anand, Indian writer, and Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian writer, is writing about two of the great writers who played major roles in developing the novel in their own countries. They succeeded in using novel to deal with the historical development in their respective societies. This study examines two of their best-known works Punjab Trilogy and Cairo trilogy. This paper investigates the way Anand and Mahfouz accomplish their construction of private and public lives and how they try to show a large picture of the society through the private lives of their characters. The significance of the study lies in comparing two great writers of two great nations that underwent similar historical development in the first half of the 20 th century.

This article is a comparative analysis of the eighteenth-century British Orientalist Isaac D'Isra... more This article is a comparative analysis of the eighteenth-century British Orientalist Isaac D'Israeli's romance Mejnoun and Leila (1797) with its original source Leyli o Majnun (1188) by Nezami of Ganja (1141-1209). Nezami, a twelfthcentury Persian poet, is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature. The idea of the love of Leyli and Majnun is raised as being primarily an earthly love, yet it is transcended into a divine type of love through suffering and hence loss of self in the Other. The article discusses the extent to which D'Israeli's treatment of Sufism in his romance is sympathetic with Nezami's work.

Emerging from the1980s, the concept of masculinity has slowly started to make its way towards soc... more Emerging from the1980s, the concept of masculinity has slowly started to make its way towards social studies. Instead of a singular fixed identity, masculinity has now been claimed to be branching into several types -hegemonic masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalized masculinity, and subordinated masculinity. By utilizing the notion of hegemonic masculinity, this paper observes the thoughts and decisions made by men in Kathleen Winter's Annabel. This paper explores and re-examines the position of men in their society with reference to the effect of hegemonic masculinity, as proposed by Connell. It is also within the scope of the study to trace the position of men in the novel through a series of negotiations made within themselves. This study reveals the typical behavior of an alpha male of hegemonic masculinity in Annabel. For hegemony to pan out, all members of society should have respective social duties in order for the entire mechanism to function. The paper demonstrated that male characters of the novel exude the position of men in the hegemonic masculine setting by showcasing the firmness in making decisions, having knowledge on faith, religion, and monetary issues.

Chinua Achebe's second novel, Arrow of God, is concerned with the theme of conflict. According to... more Chinua Achebe's second novel, Arrow of God, is concerned with the theme of conflict. According to Holman C. Hugh (1960), there are four basic levels of conflict: struggle between the protagonist and the antagonist, the protagonist with the society, struggle in the mind of the protagonist or the protagonist struggling with fate, destiny or force of nature. Conflicts in Arrow of God delineate three of these struggles in a concentration of events leading to the destruction of the social order in the community (Umuaro). However, the conflicts are linked with colonialism which is at the root of the conflict. In this view, the novel is to some extent, a protest against colonialism and the suffering that it brought to the colonised people generally and the Igbo specifically. Arising from the above, this paper draws some implications from the actions of the protagonist to reveal the connection between a leader's flexibility and good governance as reflected in the life of the old chief priest (Ezeulu). The novel made its debut in 1964, symbolically marking a year since Nigeria's adoption of Republican Constitution. The connection between Umuaro's institution of Ulu and its priest as source of law and order with Nigeria's adoption of the republican constitution is made obvious in this study. Through this, the nexus between literature and reality is thus reinforced.

Barrie's playlet The Truth about the Russian Dancers (written as a direct response to the impact ... more Barrie's playlet The Truth about the Russian Dancers (written as a direct response to the impact upon British cultural life of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes) has been hardly discussed in the literary scholarship dedicated to his writings. By placing the playlet in the social and political context of the age, as well as focusing on close analysis of the textual variants of the manuscript, the paper discusses Barrie's exploration of the impressionistic notion of the unfamiliar and the exotic. It is shown that as a searching piece of dramatic criticism, the work provides a penetrating reflection on cultural dialogism produced within the framework of a modernist, rather than Edwardian platform, and thus puts into new perspective certain aspects of the British perception of what was notoriously categorised as the Russian myth.

The article investigates several Arabic translations of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Won... more The article investigates several Arabic translations of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Framed by Warren Weaver's book Alice in Many Tongues, the article locates the five problematic aspects which are: the parodied verses, the puns, the nonsense words, the jokes that involve logic, and Carroll's twist of meaning.Through a critical comparative reading and analysis of Carroll's original work, The Nursery Alice, and the different Arabic translations, the article illustrates how some cultural and linguistic constraints in the Arab world have prevented a faithful translation of Carroll's work and thus limiting it to a solely plot-oriented one. With reference to selected examples from Carroll's work, the article ends up with giving some suggested solutions for these five problematic translation areas.

This article comes from the adaptation and updating of a chapter of my doctoral thesis, where I q... more This article comes from the adaptation and updating of a chapter of my doctoral thesis, where I questioned the roles of journalists and artists in the so-called digital societies of the twenty-first century. This research is based on a premise exposed by communications' theorist Marshall , where he defined artists as the "antennae of the race" and as the "early warning systems" of the societies they inhabit (Wolfe, 1968). For this reason, I choose the journalistic and literary work of George Orwell as an example of an artist whose critical mind and sensibility allowed him to see beyond all the dogma and all the propaganda that clouded the reasoning of most of his contemporaries.

James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans can be read as an outline for the contact (or cl... more James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans can be read as an outline for the contact (or clash) of many diverse cultures. This novel may also be seen as a story of the development of American national-racial identity. The present paper aims at examining Cooper's classic novel in order to reveal the underlying discourse of race and nationhood. The paper will discuss Cooper's idea of historical change and human progress, and will show how the teleological, stage-by-stage passage of history from savagery to civilization, from tribal communities to a unified nation, empowered by cultural appropriation, resulted in the formation of a fresh and inevitably hybrid American national identity.

This interview was conducted with Emerita Professor Margaret Rogers with the aim of providing a b... more This interview was conducted with Emerita Professor Margaret Rogers with the aim of providing a brief but informative
summary of the relationship between translation and creative writing. Emerita Professor Rogers is in the Centre for
Translation Studies, School of English and Languages, University of Surrey, UK. She is also the founder of Terminology
Network at the Institute of Translation and Interpreting in the UK. Professor Rogers introduced creative writing into the
translation curriculum some 10 years ago at her own university.

This paper seeks to offer a more nuanced and further-reaching exploration of the translation of a... more This paper seeks to offer a more nuanced and further-reaching exploration of the translation of all of Seamus Heaney's sonnets into a Spanish 'collected', lead by the Mexican poet Pura López-Colomé. Taking in critical thinking oncreativity and the 'post-colonial' sonnet as well as Heaney's and López-Colomé's own views and metaphorics relating to literary translation, this paper asks not only what Sonetos brings to the originals, but what they bring also to poetry and translation. The paper argues that Sonetos offers a distinct insight into questions of semantic faithfulness and the translator's visibility, but also that whilst we must eschew metaphysical or essentialist language in analysis,the project of Sonetoshas alsobeen to communicate not just original poetry's, but also translation'squalitiesas a strategyof (secular) revelation.

The main aim of this study is to examine some common proverbs in Arabic and their English counter... more The main aim of this study is to examine some common proverbs in Arabic and their English counterparts to shed light on significant socio-cultural differences. The choice of sample proverbs is based upon thematic classification. Proverbs are words combined together to form larger semantic units which are encoded by the speaker and decoded by the hearer by means of their underlined knowledge of the language itself. Proverbs, as metaphoric expressions or as cultural discourse, are codified on semantic structures. Thereby, Proverbs are figural and signifying acts of meaning that mediate interpretation and negotiate pragmatic signification at linguistic, philosophical and cultural levels. While proverbs make up and reflect the cultural identity of a specific society, and despite the uniqueness of languages and the profound differences between cultures, there are proverbs that shed light on universal truths of human life, common traditions and beliefs. Such proverbs have bridged linguistic and cultural barriers throughout human history.

This study investigates Yuan Zhen's " The Story of Ying-ying " (" Yingying Zhuan ") by means of S... more This study investigates Yuan Zhen's " The Story of Ying-ying " (" Yingying Zhuan ") by means of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. From a psychoanalytic perspective, Ying ying faces internal struggles between the ego and the id caused by her superego—this leads to her inconsistent behaviours. This contradiction encapsulates how any reasonable person would have felt, thus having an epoch-marking significance. Poems composed based on their love affair also reveal the social role of scholars under the reality principle, the underlying basis for the desertion of Ying-ying. Interpretation of the story using a combination of tale and poetry expands the Tang literati discourse on Ying-ying's contradictory behaviours.

This paper considers James McBride's novel Song Yet Sung through multiple lenses -Bakhtin's Carni... more This paper considers James McBride's novel Song Yet Sung through multiple lenses -Bakhtin's Carnivalesque, magic realism and performativity as it relates to race and gender identities. It is considered how the character of the "Dreamer" can be read clinically as suffering the sequelae of a traumatic brain injury. Her symptoms, which include future hallucinations or prophecies, can be read as neurological symptoms of her multiple head injuries documented in the novel. Connected to this reading, the influence of magic realism is considered, particularly as it relates to the natural imagery and symbolism in the novel. The importance of birds, in particular, is considered. Carnivalesque as conceptualized by Bakhtin is also considered in the context of "magical" thinking and reading, and its connections to social subversion; this is considered in relation to the era of slavery, its legacy, and associated issues of gender and race.

Men have long been associated with dominance, strength and confidence and the issue regarding bei... more Men have long been associated with dominance, strength and confidence and the issue regarding being compliant to the acceptable masculine ideal has always been part of a culture's social identity. This study focuses on the critical discussion on masculinity studies in the classic fiction of D.H Lawrence. Drawing on narrative data from his novel Sons and Lovers (1913), the study examines how hegemonic masculinity is conformed by the male protagonist, Walter Morel, in his gendered relationship. More specifically, the analysis focuses on how the male character aligns himself with the hegemonically authoritarian philosophy of 'tough' masculinity. The effects of social practices and sociohistorical context in which Lawrence wrote these novels are also examined. The study utilises Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity to explicate Lawrence's depiction of dominant masculinity through his character. The findings reveal that Lawrence aligns his male protagonist to the dominant role by sanctioning aggressiveness, autonomy and violence.

Chapter Four of Fusheng Liuji (Six Chapters of a Floating Life), a unique autobiographical prose ... more Chapter Four of Fusheng Liuji (Six Chapters of a Floating Life), a unique autobiographical prose work by early Qingdynasty author Shen Fu (1763-1825), records Shen's travel to many parts of the country and contains a multitude of place names, whose rich cultural connotations pose a great challenge to the translator. Drawing on Javier Franco Aixelá's taxonomy of translation strategies for treating culture-specific items, this paper attempts to describe the translation strategies adopted by world-renowned writer and translator Lin Yutang to handle these place names. An analysis of twenty-four examples indicates that Lin tended to preserve Chinese culture carried by the place names through employing cultural conservation strategies, including linguistic translation, transliteration, transliteration plus linguistic translation, transliteration plus annotation, and linguistic translation plus annotation. Furthermore, Lin occasionally resorted to such cultural substitution strategies as absolute universalization and domestication. It is concluded that on the whole Lin adopted a source-oriented approach to translation when working on Shen Fu's work. This study sheds fresh light on Lin's selection of translation strategies in the early years of his lifelong career as "a native interpreter of Chinese culture for Western readers".

This paper intends to explore challenges in translating terms and concepts of the social sciences... more This paper intends to explore challenges in translating terms and concepts of the social sciences within the frame of scholarly texts of translation studies translated into Turkish. Conceptual problems in the translation of scholarly texts in translation studies arise both from the "interdisciplinary" and "independent" nature of the field. Given the interdisciplinary nature of translation studies, key concepts of the influential movements of thought from adjacent fields pose challenges for the translator. Furthermore, terms which specifically belong to the field of translation studies require the translator to be familiar with the literature of the field in both source and target languages. Immanuel Wallerstein's suggestions for translating concepts of the social sciences are evaluated within this context with certain reservations. The translator of the scholarly texts of translation studies encounters challenges both with regard to "commonly shared" and "specific" concepts. Already existent Turkish translations of "common" concepts shared with the other disciplines are often diverse and varied, while some of the "specific" concepts of the field have not yet been translated. Both instances bring to the fore the translator's agency as the decision-maker who makes informed decisions among various alternatives. Examples i of two Derridean concepts and two terms specific to the field of translation studies are provided to illustrate the problem-solving and decision-making process of the translator.

Voice is a grammatical aspect, which is divided into active and passive. However, it occurs in la... more Voice is a grammatical aspect, which is divided into active and passive. However, it occurs in languages and in translation with different surface structures. The present paper is a descriptive study that attempts to describe the behaviour of active and passive voices in translating from Arabic into English and French, to compare differences and similarities, and to establish the effects of this linguistic factor on the modeling of translation. The analysis is done on some existing literary translations from Arabic into English and French and data reflective to the problems and occurrences of voices are collected throughout the texts under study. Then, the data are identified, categorized, and analyzed in the source texts and target texts. The results indicate that passive occurrences are more in the English text than in the French and Arabic texts and that there are a lot of similarities between Arabic and French as far as voice is concerned. The conclusion is reached that the active and passive voices are determined by these factors: language peculiarity in terms of structural constraints, tendency, and translator's latitude in terms of norms, which the translator must pay attention to for a better functionality in translation.

Translation Studies has been accepted as an academic discipline as of the second half of the Twen... more Translation Studies has been accepted as an academic discipline as of the second half of the Twentieth Century and since then, many translation theories have been developed by the translation scholars or linguists. These theories can be useful for translators in the translation process and in the determination of the function of the translation. Additionally, they can synchronically and diachronically contribute to the comparison of translation products. As a continuous developing discipline, Translation Studies has first integrated itself with linguistics, science of philosophy, literature studies, sociology, history and cultural studies. Thus, the translation teaching that first focused on language teaching has gained an inter-disciplinary status. However after the millennium, it is thought that there is also a journey from interdisciplinary aspects of Translation Studies and translation teaching to trans-disciplinarity. Because Translation Studies has now extended its scope into Information & Communication Technologies, computational linguistics, computer engineering, computer programming and so forth. Therefore, the current translation teaching must be done taking into account this reality. Hence, in this study, transdisciplinary aspects of the translation teaching are discussed in the context of new areas of study by analyzing the technology based translation courses which are found in translation curricula at Boğaziçi, Illinois and Western Sydney Universities.