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Papers by Mamokone Mahlo
Journal of medicinal plants for economic development, Dec 18, 2023
Oral candidiasis is characterised by the overgrowth of Candida species in the epithelium of the o... more Oral candidiasis is characterised by the overgrowth of Candida species in the epithelium of the oral mucosa. An increase in oral candidiasis incidences, particularly in developing countries, has Background: Based on high frequency index, Ximenia caffra Sond. var. natalensis was selected for further phytochemical investigation and biological assays. Aim: The study aimed to isolate the active antifungal compounds from the leaves of X. caffra var. natalensis. Setting: The ethnobotanical study was conducted in Aganang Local Municipality, Capricorn District. Methods: Acetone extract was partitioned five times with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water, respectively. Fractions were screened for antifungal activity against Candida albicans using the microplate method and bioautography assays. The structures of isolated compounds were identified using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction led to the isolation of four compounds, out of which only two were identified. Compound 1 was identified as epigallocatechin gallate, and Compound 3 was confirmed as kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside. Epigallocatechin gallate exhibited moderate antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.5mg/mL and less toxic to the cells with LC50 = 32.32 μg/mL. Conclusion: The antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of isolated compounds validate the use of X. caffra Sond. var. natalensis in combating oral candidiasis. Contribution: The results have shown the potential bioactivity of X. caffra Sond. var. natalensis in the treatment of oral candidiasis.
Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development, 2024
Background: Oral candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans, which is most prevalent in immunocomp... more Background: Oral candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans, which is most prevalent in immunocompromised patients. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of plant species used for oral candidiasis against C. albicans.
Introduction 2. Motivation 3. Aim 4. Objectives CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Plants in tradit... more Introduction 2. Motivation 3. Aim 4. Objectives CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Plants in traditional medicine 2.2 Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) 2.3 Identification and treatment of livestock diseases 2.3.1 Plant uses in EVM 2.3.1.1 World wide 2.3.1.2 South Africa 2.3.1.3 Limpopo province 2.3.1.3.1 Plant characteristics (a) Balanites maughamii i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses (b) Breonadia salicina i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses (c) Dombeya rotundifolia i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description i iv. Uses (d) Hyperacanthus amoenus i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses (e) Piliostigma thonningii i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses 2.4 Bioactive compounds from plants 2.4.1 Nitrogen containing compound 2.4.1.1 Alkaloids 2.4.1.2 Cyanogenic glycosides 2.4.2 Terpenes 2.4.3 Phenolic compounds 2.4.3.1 Flavonoids 2.4.3.2 Lignins 2.4.3.3 Tannins i. Condensed tannins ii. Hydrolysable tannins 2.4.4 Tannin binding agents i. Polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) ii. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2.5 Phytochemical analyses of bioactive compounds 31 2.5.1 Preparation of plant extracts 31 2.5.1.1 Tannin assays 31 2.5.1.2 Bioassays 31 2.5.2 Tannin assays 33 2.5.2.1 Colorimetric assay for total phenolics 2.5.2.2 Gravimetric assays 2.5.2.3 Protein precipitation assays: radial diffusion 2.5.4 Bioassays for antibacterial activity 2.5.4.1 Agar-diffusion assays i. Disc diffusion assay ii. Well diffusion assay 2.5.5 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) i. Agar-dilution method ii. Serial dilution method for MIC 2.5.6 Bioautography 2.6 Separation and purification techniques 2.6.1 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) CHAPTER 3: Material and methods 3.1 Plant selection 3.2 Plant collection 3.3 Plant identification 3.4 Drying and grinding of plant material 3.5 Preparation of crude plant extracts for bioactivity assays 3.5.1. Addition of PEG and PVPP to plant extracts for removal of tannins 42 3.5.2 Determination of tannins 3.5.2.1 Preparation of agarose plates 3.5.2.2 Radial diffusion assay 3.6 Determination of antibacterial activity of plant extracts 3.6.1 Bacteria 3.6.2 Determination of MIC crude plant extracts 44 3.6.2.1 Agar-dilution method 44 3.6.2.2 Serial dilution method 44 3.6.3 Fractionation of crude plant extracts 45 3.6.3.1 Extraction 45 3.6.3.2 Solvent-solvent fractionation of crude extracts 45 iii 3.6.3.3 Separation of bioactive compounds by TLC 3.6.3.4 Detection of separated compounds 3.6.3.5 Bioautographic assay 3.7 Statistical Analysis CHAPTER 4: Results 4.1 Identification of plant material 4.2 Tannins in plant extract 4.2.1 Tannins in 70% acetone extract (variant 1) 4.2.1.1 Effect of PEG and PVPP on binding tannins from 70% acetone extracts when added at the beginning of the extraction (variant 1) 4.2.2 Tannins in 100% acetone extract (variant 1) 4.2.2.1 Effect of PEG and PVPP on binding tannins from 100% acetone extracts when added at the beginning of the extraction (variant 1) 51 4.2.2.2 Effect of PEG and PVPP on binding tannins from 100% acetone extracts when added to the final extracts (variant 2) 54 4.2.6 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts 59 4.2.6.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration of 100% acetone extracts (agar-dilution method) 59 4.2.6.2 Effect of PEG on MIC of 100% acetone extracts (agar-dilution method) 59 4.2.7.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration of 100% acetone extracts (serial dilution method) 61 4.2.7.2 Effect of PEG on MIC of 100% acetone extracts (serial dilution method) 61 4.3 Thin layer chromatography and bioautography 63
Natural Product Communications, 2020
Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of the skin caused by a group of pathogenic fungi known as ... more Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of the skin caused by a group of pathogenic fungi known as dermatophytes. Therefore, we investigated those medicinal plants that were being used by local people and traditional healers to treat skin infections in the Mopani District, Limpopo Province. A survey was conducted through the use of a semistructured program to gather information on the common names, plant parts used, methods of preparation, and administration of the medicine. Findings of the survey revealed that over 30 plant species were used for the treatment of skin infections in the area. The most common local mode of medicinal preparation to treat skin was decoction (37%), followed by paste (21%), infusion (19%), poultice (9%), smoke (7%), maceration (5%), and steam (2%). Of the species, only 12 ( Ficus sur L., Peltophorum africanum Sond., Vangueria infausta Burch. subsp. infausta, Diospyros mespilliformis Hochst. ex. A. DC., Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata, Euclea divi...
International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2017
Various indigenous cultures in the Limpopo Province of South Africa are transitioning from a trad... more Various indigenous cultures in the Limpopo Province of South Africa are transitioning from a traditional lifestyle to a westernised one. This leads to a loss of cultural identity and knowledge. Consequently, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted to investigate the medicinal uses of indigenous plants in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality of the Waterberg District in Limpopo Province, South Africa, an area experiencing rapid transition to a western lifestyle. The study interviewed 30 traditional healers via a semi-structured questionnaire. Thirty five indigenous plant species were documented to be used in the treatment of 37 ailments. These species are distributed among 22 families, of which Asteraceae (5 species), Fabaceae (4 species) and Hyacinthaceae (3 species) are the most prominent. The remaining families are represented by either a single or two species. Bark and roots accounted for 50% of the material used, followed by leaves (12%) and tuber (8%), amongst other. Preparation of remedies was mainly through decoctions (40%), followed by infusions (33.3%), paste (8.3%), and fumes through burning (6.7%). The high percentage of bark and roots use is an area of concern. Furthermore this study found many instances of unsustainable harvesting techniques. These issues need immediate attention for the long term conservation of a number of threatened species identified in this study.
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2016
Background: Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) are plants that have migrated from one geographic... more Background: Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) are plants that have migrated from one geographical region to non-native region either intentional or unintentional.The general view of IAPs in environment is regarded as destructive to the ecosystem and they pose threat to native vegetation and species. However, some of these IAPs are utilized by local inhabitants as a substitute for scarce indigenous plants. The aim of the study is to conduct ethnobotanical survey on medicinal usage of invasive plant species in Waterberg District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Materials and methods: An ethnobotanical survey on invasive plant species was conducted to distinguish species used for the treatment of various ailments in the Waterberg, District in the area dominated by Bapedi traditional healers. About thirty Bapedi traditional healers (30) were randomly selected via the snowball method. A guided field work by traditional healers and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather info...
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2016
Background: Medicinal plants are used by many ethnic groups as a source of medicine for the treat... more Background: Medicinal plants are used by many ethnic groups as a source of medicine for the treatment of various ailments in both humans and domestic animals. These plants produce secondary metabolites that have antimicrobial properties, thus screening of medicinal plants provide another alternative for producing chemical fungicides that are relatively non-toxic and cost-effective. Materials and methods: Leaf extracts of selected South African plant species (Bucida buceras, Breonadia salicina, Harpephyllum caffrum, Olinia ventosa, Vangueria infausta and Xylotheca kraussiana) were investigated for activity against selected phytopathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Colletotricum gloeosporioides, Penicillium janthinellum, P. expansum, Trichoderma harzianum and Fusarium oxysporum). These plant fungal pathogens causes major economic losses in fruit industry such as blue rot on nectaries and postharvest disease in citrus. Plant species were selected from 600 evalu...
Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f P Pr re et to or ri ia a DEDICATION This work is dedicated to... more Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f P Pr re et to or ri ia a DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my daughter Dunisani Maashaba Mahlo and my parents Wilson and Maria Mahlo for their support throughout my studies. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Supervisor Prof J. N Eloff for the advice, support and encouragement he gave me throughout my project. His office was always open to discuss my work, and his inputs and criticism were very helpful, especially during discussion of scientific papers. Thanks for your negative and positive comments, they have made me grow from strength to strength and realise that if I want to be a good scientist, I really need to work harder. Co-supervisor Dr LJ. McGaw, thanks for being a good listener and proof reading my thesis. There were time where things were falling apart and you gave me strength and make me understand the world of research.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 2017
Journal of medicinal plants for economic development, Dec 18, 2023
Oral candidiasis is characterised by the overgrowth of Candida species in the epithelium of the o... more Oral candidiasis is characterised by the overgrowth of Candida species in the epithelium of the oral mucosa. An increase in oral candidiasis incidences, particularly in developing countries, has Background: Based on high frequency index, Ximenia caffra Sond. var. natalensis was selected for further phytochemical investigation and biological assays. Aim: The study aimed to isolate the active antifungal compounds from the leaves of X. caffra var. natalensis. Setting: The ethnobotanical study was conducted in Aganang Local Municipality, Capricorn District. Methods: Acetone extract was partitioned five times with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water, respectively. Fractions were screened for antifungal activity against Candida albicans using the microplate method and bioautography assays. The structures of isolated compounds were identified using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. Cytotoxicity of isolated compounds was determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate fraction led to the isolation of four compounds, out of which only two were identified. Compound 1 was identified as epigallocatechin gallate, and Compound 3 was confirmed as kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside. Epigallocatechin gallate exhibited moderate antifungal activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.5mg/mL and less toxic to the cells with LC50 = 32.32 μg/mL. Conclusion: The antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of isolated compounds validate the use of X. caffra Sond. var. natalensis in combating oral candidiasis. Contribution: The results have shown the potential bioactivity of X. caffra Sond. var. natalensis in the treatment of oral candidiasis.
Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development, 2024
Background: Oral candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans, which is most prevalent in immunocomp... more Background: Oral candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans, which is most prevalent in immunocompromised patients. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of plant species used for oral candidiasis against C. albicans.
Introduction 2. Motivation 3. Aim 4. Objectives CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Plants in tradit... more Introduction 2. Motivation 3. Aim 4. Objectives CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Plants in traditional medicine 2.2 Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) 2.3 Identification and treatment of livestock diseases 2.3.1 Plant uses in EVM 2.3.1.1 World wide 2.3.1.2 South Africa 2.3.1.3 Limpopo province 2.3.1.3.1 Plant characteristics (a) Balanites maughamii i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses (b) Breonadia salicina i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses (c) Dombeya rotundifolia i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description i iv. Uses (d) Hyperacanthus amoenus i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses (e) Piliostigma thonningii i. Classification ii. Distribution iii. Description iv. Uses 2.4 Bioactive compounds from plants 2.4.1 Nitrogen containing compound 2.4.1.1 Alkaloids 2.4.1.2 Cyanogenic glycosides 2.4.2 Terpenes 2.4.3 Phenolic compounds 2.4.3.1 Flavonoids 2.4.3.2 Lignins 2.4.3.3 Tannins i. Condensed tannins ii. Hydrolysable tannins 2.4.4 Tannin binding agents i. Polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) ii. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2.5 Phytochemical analyses of bioactive compounds 31 2.5.1 Preparation of plant extracts 31 2.5.1.1 Tannin assays 31 2.5.1.2 Bioassays 31 2.5.2 Tannin assays 33 2.5.2.1 Colorimetric assay for total phenolics 2.5.2.2 Gravimetric assays 2.5.2.3 Protein precipitation assays: radial diffusion 2.5.4 Bioassays for antibacterial activity 2.5.4.1 Agar-diffusion assays i. Disc diffusion assay ii. Well diffusion assay 2.5.5 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) i. Agar-dilution method ii. Serial dilution method for MIC 2.5.6 Bioautography 2.6 Separation and purification techniques 2.6.1 Thin layer chromatography (TLC) CHAPTER 3: Material and methods 3.1 Plant selection 3.2 Plant collection 3.3 Plant identification 3.4 Drying and grinding of plant material 3.5 Preparation of crude plant extracts for bioactivity assays 3.5.1. Addition of PEG and PVPP to plant extracts for removal of tannins 42 3.5.2 Determination of tannins 3.5.2.1 Preparation of agarose plates 3.5.2.2 Radial diffusion assay 3.6 Determination of antibacterial activity of plant extracts 3.6.1 Bacteria 3.6.2 Determination of MIC crude plant extracts 44 3.6.2.1 Agar-dilution method 44 3.6.2.2 Serial dilution method 44 3.6.3 Fractionation of crude plant extracts 45 3.6.3.1 Extraction 45 3.6.3.2 Solvent-solvent fractionation of crude extracts 45 iii 3.6.3.3 Separation of bioactive compounds by TLC 3.6.3.4 Detection of separated compounds 3.6.3.5 Bioautographic assay 3.7 Statistical Analysis CHAPTER 4: Results 4.1 Identification of plant material 4.2 Tannins in plant extract 4.2.1 Tannins in 70% acetone extract (variant 1) 4.2.1.1 Effect of PEG and PVPP on binding tannins from 70% acetone extracts when added at the beginning of the extraction (variant 1) 4.2.2 Tannins in 100% acetone extract (variant 1) 4.2.2.1 Effect of PEG and PVPP on binding tannins from 100% acetone extracts when added at the beginning of the extraction (variant 1) 51 4.2.2.2 Effect of PEG and PVPP on binding tannins from 100% acetone extracts when added to the final extracts (variant 2) 54 4.2.6 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts 59 4.2.6.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration of 100% acetone extracts (agar-dilution method) 59 4.2.6.2 Effect of PEG on MIC of 100% acetone extracts (agar-dilution method) 59 4.2.7.1 Minimum inhibitory concentration of 100% acetone extracts (serial dilution method) 61 4.2.7.2 Effect of PEG on MIC of 100% acetone extracts (serial dilution method) 61 4.3 Thin layer chromatography and bioautography 63
Natural Product Communications, 2020
Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of the skin caused by a group of pathogenic fungi known as ... more Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of the skin caused by a group of pathogenic fungi known as dermatophytes. Therefore, we investigated those medicinal plants that were being used by local people and traditional healers to treat skin infections in the Mopani District, Limpopo Province. A survey was conducted through the use of a semistructured program to gather information on the common names, plant parts used, methods of preparation, and administration of the medicine. Findings of the survey revealed that over 30 plant species were used for the treatment of skin infections in the area. The most common local mode of medicinal preparation to treat skin was decoction (37%), followed by paste (21%), infusion (19%), poultice (9%), smoke (7%), maceration (5%), and steam (2%). Of the species, only 12 ( Ficus sur L., Peltophorum africanum Sond., Vangueria infausta Burch. subsp. infausta, Diospyros mespilliformis Hochst. ex. A. DC., Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata, Euclea divi...
International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2017
Various indigenous cultures in the Limpopo Province of South Africa are transitioning from a trad... more Various indigenous cultures in the Limpopo Province of South Africa are transitioning from a traditional lifestyle to a westernised one. This leads to a loss of cultural identity and knowledge. Consequently, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted to investigate the medicinal uses of indigenous plants in the Mogalakwena Local Municipality of the Waterberg District in Limpopo Province, South Africa, an area experiencing rapid transition to a western lifestyle. The study interviewed 30 traditional healers via a semi-structured questionnaire. Thirty five indigenous plant species were documented to be used in the treatment of 37 ailments. These species are distributed among 22 families, of which Asteraceae (5 species), Fabaceae (4 species) and Hyacinthaceae (3 species) are the most prominent. The remaining families are represented by either a single or two species. Bark and roots accounted for 50% of the material used, followed by leaves (12%) and tuber (8%), amongst other. Preparation of remedies was mainly through decoctions (40%), followed by infusions (33.3%), paste (8.3%), and fumes through burning (6.7%). The high percentage of bark and roots use is an area of concern. Furthermore this study found many instances of unsustainable harvesting techniques. These issues need immediate attention for the long term conservation of a number of threatened species identified in this study.
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2016
Background: Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) are plants that have migrated from one geographic... more Background: Invasive alien plant species (IAPs) are plants that have migrated from one geographical region to non-native region either intentional or unintentional.The general view of IAPs in environment is regarded as destructive to the ecosystem and they pose threat to native vegetation and species. However, some of these IAPs are utilized by local inhabitants as a substitute for scarce indigenous plants. The aim of the study is to conduct ethnobotanical survey on medicinal usage of invasive plant species in Waterberg District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Materials and methods: An ethnobotanical survey on invasive plant species was conducted to distinguish species used for the treatment of various ailments in the Waterberg, District in the area dominated by Bapedi traditional healers. About thirty Bapedi traditional healers (30) were randomly selected via the snowball method. A guided field work by traditional healers and a semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather info...
African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2016
Background: Medicinal plants are used by many ethnic groups as a source of medicine for the treat... more Background: Medicinal plants are used by many ethnic groups as a source of medicine for the treatment of various ailments in both humans and domestic animals. These plants produce secondary metabolites that have antimicrobial properties, thus screening of medicinal plants provide another alternative for producing chemical fungicides that are relatively non-toxic and cost-effective. Materials and methods: Leaf extracts of selected South African plant species (Bucida buceras, Breonadia salicina, Harpephyllum caffrum, Olinia ventosa, Vangueria infausta and Xylotheca kraussiana) were investigated for activity against selected phytopathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Colletotricum gloeosporioides, Penicillium janthinellum, P. expansum, Trichoderma harzianum and Fusarium oxysporum). These plant fungal pathogens causes major economic losses in fruit industry such as blue rot on nectaries and postharvest disease in citrus. Plant species were selected from 600 evalu...
Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f P Pr re et to or ri ia a DEDICATION This work is dedicated to... more Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f P Pr re et to or ri ia a DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my daughter Dunisani Maashaba Mahlo and my parents Wilson and Maria Mahlo for their support throughout my studies. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Supervisor Prof J. N Eloff for the advice, support and encouragement he gave me throughout my project. His office was always open to discuss my work, and his inputs and criticism were very helpful, especially during discussion of scientific papers. Thanks for your negative and positive comments, they have made me grow from strength to strength and realise that if I want to be a good scientist, I really need to work harder. Co-supervisor Dr LJ. McGaw, thanks for being a good listener and proof reading my thesis. There were time where things were falling apart and you gave me strength and make me understand the world of research.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 2017