Musa Saheed - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Musa Saheed

Journal of Sciences (FJS), 2020

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of application of biosynthesized silver nanopa... more The study was conducted to investigate the effects of application of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the growth and yield performances of rice (Oryza sativa var. Nerica) under salinity conditions in a ferruginous ultisol. AgNPs were biosynthesized following standard procedure using leaves of Hibiscus
sabderiffa. Viable rice seeds were sown in soils that were previously moistened with salt solution in 3
concentrations (100, 250 and 400mM). The AgNPs (200ml) was sprayed in five concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% v/v) on the test plant for seven weeks. Morphometric parameters such as plant height, root number, leaf length and rice yield parameters were studied. Results showed that salinity significantly (p<0.05) impaired growth and yield parameters of rice at increasing salinity levels, leading to death rice plants exposed to 400mM
of salt solution. With the application of AgNPs, significant improvements in growth responses of the plants
exposed to salinity; especially at low salt stress and low AgNPs concentration. Plants in ferruginous soils
showed minimal increases in measured growth parameters (plant height, root number, leaf length and rice yield) compared to salt stressed plants. Number of roots was observed to be highly significant with the application of AgNPs; however, shelling percentage showed lowest response with the application of AgNPs. There was no significant difference in modal periods taken for complete foliar necrosis as well as complete foliar chlorosis. This paper suggests therefore that minimal application of AgNPs improved growth and yield
parameters of rice in minimal saline condition as well as under ferruginousity

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 2019

Contamination of soil by various heavy metals such as lead poses a serious environmental problem.... more Contamination of soil by various heavy metals such as lead poses a serious environmental problem. Lead (Pb) is one of the harmful and frequently encountered heavy metals that is uptake by plants. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) is one of the important factors influencing metal uptake and accumulation. Rate of this uptake causes a number of toxic symptoms in plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of changes in CEC on accumulation of lead by Eleusine indica. Seven soil CEC ratios were obtained by mixing clay (C) and humus (H) soils (C, 90C:10H, 75C:25H, 50C:50H, 25C:75H, 10C:90H, H) in two replicates. The soil was polluted with 675.2mg/kg of Pb and Eleusine plants were transplanted into the 5kg soil. Results showed that CEC of the soils influenced the accumulation of Pb in the root of test plant. Highest CEC (0.710 meq/L) was obtained in the H soil with highest Pb root uptake (29.5mg/kg), while the lowest CEC (0.210 meq/L) was obtained in C soil with low Pb root uptake (12.5mg/kg). The CEC was observed to increase with addition of H ratio. Significant reduction (P<0.05) in plant height, leaf length and leaf area were recorded in the C soils polluted with Pb. Furthermore, 5 additional tillers were observed in plants sown in Pb-polluted H soils. However, no additional tillers were obtained in the Pb-polluted C soils. This may suggest that Eleusine plant flourish more and accumulate higher Pb in H rich soils. This approach can be employed to improve remediation of Pb pollution.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Underutilized Legumes, 2019

As a result of African beliefs that dumpsite soils improve plant growth, many local farmers have ... more As a result of African beliefs that dumpsite soils improve plant growth, many local farmers have relied on growing crops on dumpsite soils. For this purpose, this study investigated the presence and level of heavy metals (HM) in Olusosun dumpsite soil and Vigna unguiculata grown on the dumpsite, with a particular reference to the relationship between the dumpsite soil HM content and the rate of bio-accumulation by plants and also, a comparison of the HM levels in the test plant with WHO and NAFDAC standard for HM in food and vegetable products. HM concentration was determined through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AA 6800, Shimadzu) and the seeds of V. unguiculata were obtained from Borno State Agricultural Development Program (BOSADP). The result obtained showed the presence of Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) in the dumpsite soil and also in the test plant. Zn was detected to have the highest concentration (12.25 Mg/Kg) while Ni was the lowest (6.1 Mg/Kg). A comparison between the level of HM obtained and the WHO/NAFDAC standard for HM in food and vegetables revealed Zn level in the test plant was within the standard (50-60 Mg/Kg). However, Pb, Cr and Ni were detected to be above the standard (2.0 Mg/Kg) and therefore may pose serious health risk if consumed. The transfer factor (Tf) revealed that plants grown on Olusosun dumpsite soils accumulated higher HM (1.30-9.20). Generally, the result shows that there was an increase in the level of HM in all the sample sites and test plants than the control. This research clearly indicated those consuming V. unguiculata grown on Olusosun dumpsite soil are at risk of Pb, Cr and Ni poisoning.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2019

This study was conducted to isolate and identify bacteria associated with spent diesel oil contam... more This study was conducted to isolate and identify bacteria associated with spent diesel oil contaminated site by collecting three replicates contaminated soil from the works department of Admiralty University of Nigeria, while the pristine soil was obtained from the biological garden. pH and temperature of all the samples were checked and the bacteria isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical techniques using the taxonomy scheme of Bergey's Manual of determinative bacteriology. The pH and temperature was highest (6.06 to 6.26) and (27 to 30 0 C) in the contaminated soil than the pristine soil (5.83) and (23 0 C). The mean microbial load count was highest (10.0x10 5 cfu/ml)in the diesel oil contaminated soils than the pristine uncontaminated soils (9.0x0x10 5 cfu/ml). However, there was no significant difference between the microbial loads in the soil samples. Eight bacteria species were obtained from the contaminated soil while six were obtained from the pristine soil. Klebsiella spp., Enterobacterae riginosa, Pseudomonas sp. and Escherichia coli showed highest growth in the contaminated soil and therefore may be considered as effective in the degradation of spent diesel oil hydrocarbons. It is likely that these bacteria when employed independently may be used to degrade hydrocarbons. Further research is necessary to assay for the degradative ability of the microorganisms.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

International Journal of Science and Research, 2018

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of bioremediated soil using Echhoniacrass... more The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of bioremediated soil using Echhoniacrassipes(water hyacinth) on the
germination parameters such as days to germination of Amarathushybridus(green amaranth) and the physico-chemical profile such as
total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) of the bioremediated soil with water hyacinth. 1kg of soil was polluted with 700ml of diesel oil in
perforated plastic containers size (64x21cm) and amended with E.crassipes (water hyacinth) at 50,100 and 150g concentrations for 90 days. About 5 seeds of A.hybriduswere sown on the bioremediated soil for 50 days. Positive (1kg of unpolluted soil) and negative (1kg of 700ml diesel oil polluted soil) controls were used.It was observed thatA. hybridus seeds in the positive control had the quickest day to
germination (7 days). An average of 12, 11, and 9 days to germination was observed in soil treated with E.crassipes at 50, 100 and 150 concentrations respectively. For the negative control, day to germination was late (20days). A significant difference was obtained in the
root length and plant height and percentage germination between the positive and negativecontrol. However, there was no significant
difference between the positive control and the soil treated with E. crassipes at the three concentrations. The study had shown that diesel contamination affected germination and growth of A. hybridusplant adversely. However, E.crassipescan be effectively used to reduce the
adverse effect of diesel polluted soil on A.hybridusand therefore serve as bioremeditor of diesel oil polluted soil.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018

This research was carried out in the biological garden of the University of Lagos, Akoka Lagos, N... more This research was carried out in the biological garden of the University of Lagos, Akoka Lagos, Nigeria. The aim of the research is to evaluate the response of Spinacia oleracea (spinach) to a liquid content (vermi tea) produced from the passage of non-chlorinated water, such as distilled water through a compost of epigeic earthworm species (vermicompost) and also physico-chemical analysis of the vermi tea using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). Significant results were observed in nutrients such as nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and organic carbon at three different concentrations of vermi tea (430, 730 and 940 g/L). The results significantly revealed a positive response of S. oleracea to the vermi tea through increase in number of leaves, plant height and leaf area at increasing concentration (430, 730 and 940 g/L). This vermi tea can be utilized for the effective production of S. oleracea and it is therefore recommended for growing other vegetable plants as well.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2019

Previous researches have shown the presence of heavy metals (HMs) such as lead (Pb) at different ... more Previous researches have shown the presence of heavy metals (HMs) such as lead (Pb) at different levels in Olusosun dumpsite, Lagos. This study aimed at finding out if the anatomical differences found in Luffa cyclindrical and Amaranthus viridis grown on the dumpsite is an indication of the HMs and also determine the distribution of HMs on the dumpsite. The results showed the HMs detected in the dumpsite soil at three spots were significantly higher than the control (p=0.5). The concentrations of HMs were in sequence for soils A: Pb>Zn=Cr>Fe>Cu>Ni. Spot B: Fe>Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu>Ni, spot C: Fe>Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu>Ni and Control: Pb>Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni. All the HMs detected at the three spots and control were below the World Health Organization (WHO) and Dutch pollutant standard level, except for (Zn) which was at the exact limit (50.000Mg/kg). The plants obtained from both the dumpsite and control sites didn't show marked visible morphological changes. However, anatomical changes in the leaves epidermis such as irregular shape of the epidermis, absence of trichomes and decrease in quality and stomata size were all witnessed in the dumpsite plant as against the control. Hence, it is likely that all detected differences in the epidermal structures of the test plant grown on dumpsite soil were caused by the high level of HMs present in the dumpsites and therefore suggested that, changes in epidermal structures of L. cyclindrical and A. viridis grown on Olusosun dumpsite soils is an indication of HMs such as Zn and Pb present.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2018

The scope of this study was to enumerate and identify microorganisms present in crude oil pollute... more The scope of this study was to enumerate and identify microorganisms present in crude oil polluted soil
before and after remediation with Eudrilus eugeniae using conventional method for enumeration and
molecular tools (ITS 1 and ITS 4 primers) for identification. A crude oil polluted soil from Khana Local
Government of Rivers State Nigeria and also soil from botanical garden of the University of Lagos were
used. These soil samples were measured in four different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%).
Each of these concentrations was experimental setup of addition of substrate alone, E. eugeniae and
substrate and E. eugeniae alone. These setups were made in triplicate amounting to a total of thirty six
experimental setups. Enumeration of microbial load was done before and after addition of each of the
content of the experimental setups using conventional method and then identification of microbes was
done using molecular tools. The result shows total heterotrophic fungi was 2.9 x 104 cfu/m/g, while the
total heterotrophic bacteria was 4.4 x 105 cfu/m/g before remediation. After remediation, total
heterotrophic fungi was 1.6 x 105 cfu/m/gwhile total heterotrophic bacteria was 5.0 x 104 cfu/m/g. This
shows that microorganisms were present in the soil before and after remediation. The increase in
number of microbes suggests a favorable condition for continuity of microbial life. Fungi such as
Trichoderma asperellum, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillum chrysogenum and another strain of Aspergillus
flavus were identified. The bacteria sequencing failed suspected to be due to primers used or error with
sequencing plates. In conclusion, the results of this study confirmed the presence of microorganisms in
crude oil polluted soils. The enumeration and identification of the bacteria and fungi in this experiment
will help to enhance in situ clean-up of crude oil polluted soil.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Teaching Documents by Musa Saheed

This paper introduces student to the biodiversity of Animal kingdom. It discuss the major and min... more This paper introduces student to the biodiversity of Animal kingdom. It discuss the major and minor characteristics of kingdom Animalia. It also offers a wide classification of members of the kingdom based on body shape, size, symmetry, habitat, feeding habit, reproduction, fertilization, development of embryo, layers of tissues, coelom, body temperature and nutrition. Furthermore, it discusses the various phylum, class, order, genus and species of kingdom Animalia. The paper will provide a background information to fresh Biology students and will also serve as a guide to lecturers.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Sciences (FJS), 2020

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of application of biosynthesized silver nanopa... more The study was conducted to investigate the effects of application of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the growth and yield performances of rice (Oryza sativa var. Nerica) under salinity conditions in a ferruginous ultisol. AgNPs were biosynthesized following standard procedure using leaves of Hibiscus
sabderiffa. Viable rice seeds were sown in soils that were previously moistened with salt solution in 3
concentrations (100, 250 and 400mM). The AgNPs (200ml) was sprayed in five concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% v/v) on the test plant for seven weeks. Morphometric parameters such as plant height, root number, leaf length and rice yield parameters were studied. Results showed that salinity significantly (p<0.05) impaired growth and yield parameters of rice at increasing salinity levels, leading to death rice plants exposed to 400mM
of salt solution. With the application of AgNPs, significant improvements in growth responses of the plants
exposed to salinity; especially at low salt stress and low AgNPs concentration. Plants in ferruginous soils
showed minimal increases in measured growth parameters (plant height, root number, leaf length and rice yield) compared to salt stressed plants. Number of roots was observed to be highly significant with the application of AgNPs; however, shelling percentage showed lowest response with the application of AgNPs. There was no significant difference in modal periods taken for complete foliar necrosis as well as complete foliar chlorosis. This paper suggests therefore that minimal application of AgNPs improved growth and yield
parameters of rice in minimal saline condition as well as under ferruginousity

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 2019

Contamination of soil by various heavy metals such as lead poses a serious environmental problem.... more Contamination of soil by various heavy metals such as lead poses a serious environmental problem. Lead (Pb) is one of the harmful and frequently encountered heavy metals that is uptake by plants. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) is one of the important factors influencing metal uptake and accumulation. Rate of this uptake causes a number of toxic symptoms in plants. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of changes in CEC on accumulation of lead by Eleusine indica. Seven soil CEC ratios were obtained by mixing clay (C) and humus (H) soils (C, 90C:10H, 75C:25H, 50C:50H, 25C:75H, 10C:90H, H) in two replicates. The soil was polluted with 675.2mg/kg of Pb and Eleusine plants were transplanted into the 5kg soil. Results showed that CEC of the soils influenced the accumulation of Pb in the root of test plant. Highest CEC (0.710 meq/L) was obtained in the H soil with highest Pb root uptake (29.5mg/kg), while the lowest CEC (0.210 meq/L) was obtained in C soil with low Pb root uptake (12.5mg/kg). The CEC was observed to increase with addition of H ratio. Significant reduction (P<0.05) in plant height, leaf length and leaf area were recorded in the C soils polluted with Pb. Furthermore, 5 additional tillers were observed in plants sown in Pb-polluted H soils. However, no additional tillers were obtained in the Pb-polluted C soils. This may suggest that Eleusine plant flourish more and accumulate higher Pb in H rich soils. This approach can be employed to improve remediation of Pb pollution.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Underutilized Legumes, 2019

As a result of African beliefs that dumpsite soils improve plant growth, many local farmers have ... more As a result of African beliefs that dumpsite soils improve plant growth, many local farmers have relied on growing crops on dumpsite soils. For this purpose, this study investigated the presence and level of heavy metals (HM) in Olusosun dumpsite soil and Vigna unguiculata grown on the dumpsite, with a particular reference to the relationship between the dumpsite soil HM content and the rate of bio-accumulation by plants and also, a comparison of the HM levels in the test plant with WHO and NAFDAC standard for HM in food and vegetable products. HM concentration was determined through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AA 6800, Shimadzu) and the seeds of V. unguiculata were obtained from Borno State Agricultural Development Program (BOSADP). The result obtained showed the presence of Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) in the dumpsite soil and also in the test plant. Zn was detected to have the highest concentration (12.25 Mg/Kg) while Ni was the lowest (6.1 Mg/Kg). A comparison between the level of HM obtained and the WHO/NAFDAC standard for HM in food and vegetables revealed Zn level in the test plant was within the standard (50-60 Mg/Kg). However, Pb, Cr and Ni were detected to be above the standard (2.0 Mg/Kg) and therefore may pose serious health risk if consumed. The transfer factor (Tf) revealed that plants grown on Olusosun dumpsite soils accumulated higher HM (1.30-9.20). Generally, the result shows that there was an increase in the level of HM in all the sample sites and test plants than the control. This research clearly indicated those consuming V. unguiculata grown on Olusosun dumpsite soil are at risk of Pb, Cr and Ni poisoning.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2019

This study was conducted to isolate and identify bacteria associated with spent diesel oil contam... more This study was conducted to isolate and identify bacteria associated with spent diesel oil contaminated site by collecting three replicates contaminated soil from the works department of Admiralty University of Nigeria, while the pristine soil was obtained from the biological garden. pH and temperature of all the samples were checked and the bacteria isolates were identified by morphological and biochemical techniques using the taxonomy scheme of Bergey's Manual of determinative bacteriology. The pH and temperature was highest (6.06 to 6.26) and (27 to 30 0 C) in the contaminated soil than the pristine soil (5.83) and (23 0 C). The mean microbial load count was highest (10.0x10 5 cfu/ml)in the diesel oil contaminated soils than the pristine uncontaminated soils (9.0x0x10 5 cfu/ml). However, there was no significant difference between the microbial loads in the soil samples. Eight bacteria species were obtained from the contaminated soil while six were obtained from the pristine soil. Klebsiella spp., Enterobacterae riginosa, Pseudomonas sp. and Escherichia coli showed highest growth in the contaminated soil and therefore may be considered as effective in the degradation of spent diesel oil hydrocarbons. It is likely that these bacteria when employed independently may be used to degrade hydrocarbons. Further research is necessary to assay for the degradative ability of the microorganisms.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

International Journal of Science and Research, 2018

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of bioremediated soil using Echhoniacrass... more The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of bioremediated soil using Echhoniacrassipes(water hyacinth) on the
germination parameters such as days to germination of Amarathushybridus(green amaranth) and the physico-chemical profile such as
total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) of the bioremediated soil with water hyacinth. 1kg of soil was polluted with 700ml of diesel oil in
perforated plastic containers size (64x21cm) and amended with E.crassipes (water hyacinth) at 50,100 and 150g concentrations for 90 days. About 5 seeds of A.hybriduswere sown on the bioremediated soil for 50 days. Positive (1kg of unpolluted soil) and negative (1kg of 700ml diesel oil polluted soil) controls were used.It was observed thatA. hybridus seeds in the positive control had the quickest day to
germination (7 days). An average of 12, 11, and 9 days to germination was observed in soil treated with E.crassipes at 50, 100 and 150 concentrations respectively. For the negative control, day to germination was late (20days). A significant difference was obtained in the
root length and plant height and percentage germination between the positive and negativecontrol. However, there was no significant
difference between the positive control and the soil treated with E. crassipes at the three concentrations. The study had shown that diesel contamination affected germination and growth of A. hybridusplant adversely. However, E.crassipescan be effectively used to reduce the
adverse effect of diesel polluted soil on A.hybridusand therefore serve as bioremeditor of diesel oil polluted soil.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018

This research was carried out in the biological garden of the University of Lagos, Akoka Lagos, N... more This research was carried out in the biological garden of the University of Lagos, Akoka Lagos, Nigeria. The aim of the research is to evaluate the response of Spinacia oleracea (spinach) to a liquid content (vermi tea) produced from the passage of non-chlorinated water, such as distilled water through a compost of epigeic earthworm species (vermicompost) and also physico-chemical analysis of the vermi tea using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). Significant results were observed in nutrients such as nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) and organic carbon at three different concentrations of vermi tea (430, 730 and 940 g/L). The results significantly revealed a positive response of S. oleracea to the vermi tea through increase in number of leaves, plant height and leaf area at increasing concentration (430, 730 and 940 g/L). This vermi tea can be utilized for the effective production of S. oleracea and it is therefore recommended for growing other vegetable plants as well.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2019

Previous researches have shown the presence of heavy metals (HMs) such as lead (Pb) at different ... more Previous researches have shown the presence of heavy metals (HMs) such as lead (Pb) at different levels in Olusosun dumpsite, Lagos. This study aimed at finding out if the anatomical differences found in Luffa cyclindrical and Amaranthus viridis grown on the dumpsite is an indication of the HMs and also determine the distribution of HMs on the dumpsite. The results showed the HMs detected in the dumpsite soil at three spots were significantly higher than the control (p=0.5). The concentrations of HMs were in sequence for soils A: Pb>Zn=Cr>Fe>Cu>Ni. Spot B: Fe>Cr>Pb>Zn>Cu>Ni, spot C: Fe>Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu>Ni and Control: Pb>Fe>Zn>Cu>Ni. All the HMs detected at the three spots and control were below the World Health Organization (WHO) and Dutch pollutant standard level, except for (Zn) which was at the exact limit (50.000Mg/kg). The plants obtained from both the dumpsite and control sites didn't show marked visible morphological changes. However, anatomical changes in the leaves epidermis such as irregular shape of the epidermis, absence of trichomes and decrease in quality and stomata size were all witnessed in the dumpsite plant as against the control. Hence, it is likely that all detected differences in the epidermal structures of the test plant grown on dumpsite soil were caused by the high level of HMs present in the dumpsites and therefore suggested that, changes in epidermal structures of L. cyclindrical and A. viridis grown on Olusosun dumpsite soils is an indication of HMs such as Zn and Pb present.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2018

The scope of this study was to enumerate and identify microorganisms present in crude oil pollute... more The scope of this study was to enumerate and identify microorganisms present in crude oil polluted soil
before and after remediation with Eudrilus eugeniae using conventional method for enumeration and
molecular tools (ITS 1 and ITS 4 primers) for identification. A crude oil polluted soil from Khana Local
Government of Rivers State Nigeria and also soil from botanical garden of the University of Lagos were
used. These soil samples were measured in four different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%).
Each of these concentrations was experimental setup of addition of substrate alone, E. eugeniae and
substrate and E. eugeniae alone. These setups were made in triplicate amounting to a total of thirty six
experimental setups. Enumeration of microbial load was done before and after addition of each of the
content of the experimental setups using conventional method and then identification of microbes was
done using molecular tools. The result shows total heterotrophic fungi was 2.9 x 104 cfu/m/g, while the
total heterotrophic bacteria was 4.4 x 105 cfu/m/g before remediation. After remediation, total
heterotrophic fungi was 1.6 x 105 cfu/m/gwhile total heterotrophic bacteria was 5.0 x 104 cfu/m/g. This
shows that microorganisms were present in the soil before and after remediation. The increase in
number of microbes suggests a favorable condition for continuity of microbial life. Fungi such as
Trichoderma asperellum, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillum chrysogenum and another strain of Aspergillus
flavus were identified. The bacteria sequencing failed suspected to be due to primers used or error with
sequencing plates. In conclusion, the results of this study confirmed the presence of microorganisms in
crude oil polluted soils. The enumeration and identification of the bacteria and fungi in this experiment
will help to enhance in situ clean-up of crude oil polluted soil.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

This paper introduces student to the biodiversity of Animal kingdom. It discuss the major and min... more This paper introduces student to the biodiversity of Animal kingdom. It discuss the major and minor characteristics of kingdom Animalia. It also offers a wide classification of members of the kingdom based on body shape, size, symmetry, habitat, feeding habit, reproduction, fertilization, development of embryo, layers of tissues, coelom, body temperature and nutrition. Furthermore, it discusses the various phylum, class, order, genus and species of kingdom Animalia. The paper will provide a background information to fresh Biology students and will also serve as a guide to lecturers.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact