Pankaj Gautam - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Pankaj Gautam
International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2020
Background: Paneer kheer is widely consumed in India to gain health benefits through its composit... more Background: Paneer kheer is widely consumed in India to gain health benefits through its compositional characteristics. Carrot is an easily available vegetable and is utilized for various dessert dishes. Therefore, the present study was conducted for the optimization of the process for the development of carrot supplemented paneer kheer. Methods: Four different levels of paneer and three different levels of carrot was used for the formulation of carrot supplemented paneer kheer. i.e., 100:0 (T0), 80:20g (T1), 60:40 (T2) and 40:60 (T3).Optimization was done based on results obtained from physic-chemical analysis and sensory evaluation. CRD was utilized for experimentation and the significance was shown according to the critical difference at the rate of 5%. Results: T1 (80:20) was selected as the optimized product after the analysis. The optimized product contained moisture (45.31%), protein (24.21%), ash (3.42%), pH (6.16) and titratable acidity (0.42%). Overall acceptability in terms of the sensory evaluation was found to be highest for T1 (8.5) then, for T0 (8.3) and T2 (6.61). T3 (5.14) was neither liked nor disliked due to the higher proportion of carrot paste. Conclusion: The composition of T1 was found to have a balanced proximate composition as well as acceptable sensory characteristics; which shows that paneer kheer could be enriched with nutrients of carrot and enhance the palate of the consumers.
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization
In this study total seventeen experiments, based on Box-Behnken design were carried out to analyz... more In this study total seventeen experiments, based on Box-Behnken design were carried out to analyze the impact of process parameter, i.e., microwave power (watt), time (min), oil concentration (%), and 15 days storage period on responses chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), IC50 and total color difference (TCD) of cumin, black pepper incorporated coriander paste. It was analyzed that all three process parameters significantly (p < 0.001, p < 0.01) affected the responses at a linear, quadratic, and interactive level. Optimized cumin, black pepper, and mustard oil incorporated coriander leaves paste were obtained at microwave power (300 watts), time (2 min), and oil concentration (1.5%), FTIR and GC–MS analysis were also done with optimized paste. The experimental values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, TPC, TFC, IC50, and TCD of optimized cumin, black pepper incorporated coriander paste was 7.76 mg/g, 3.5 mg/g, 20.87 mg GAE/g, 22.55 mg CE/g, 2.43, and 33.89 respectively. During 15 days storage period at refrigeration temperature, it was observed that values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, TPC, TFC, IC50, and TCD for the optimized coriander paste decreased significantly and found microbiologically safe.
Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a serious health problem at global level and it is acquiring... more Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a serious health problem at global level and it is acquiring alarming proportions in developing and developed countries recently. Multidrug resistant bacteria gain resistant genes by different mechanisms (Horizontal gene transfer) in developing resistance against a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Several mode of action to contain resistant pathogen has already been elucidated in numerous publications. Currently available methods of resistant pathogen diagnosis are not cost effective and require technical expertise which is largely unavailable to common masses. Appropriate method of identification and detection may lead to suitable course of treatment which in turn saves valuable resources and discomfort caused to patients. Present review explores the potential of selected proteins specifically present in MDR strain of Gramnegative bacteria to be exploited in diagnostic tools.
Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2021
Abstract Green oleaginous microalgae are good candidates for the integration of heavy metal biore... more Abstract Green oleaginous microalgae are good candidates for the integration of heavy metal bioremediation with the generation of biofuels. To be effective, this requires a comprehensive understanding and optimization of the metal concentration that generates maximum growth along with a high yield of lipids from microalgae cells. This work follows the aforementioned strategy and involves the use of oleaginous microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana for lead mitigation and biodiesel production. The short-term effects (IC50 value at 96 h of culture) and the long-term effects (pigments and biomass) of the exposure of lead (Pb) to the growth and biochemical compositions (pigments, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) of microalgae have been also determined. Chlorella sorokiniana has a high half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 value and higher metal bio-concentration factor (BCF) for Pb (II), which represents that this strain can be considered as a lead (Pb) hyperbioaccumulator. FTIR analysis revealed a reduction in proteins and carbohydrates under the influence of Pb while an increase in lipids has been recorded. The lipid profile based on 1H NMR and GC–MS has been followed for the quality analysis of the biodiesel produced that indicated altered lipid profiles under stress by Pb and elevated levels of SFA and MUFA.
Algal Research, 2021
Abstract The use of algae in biofuel production is more sustainable as compared to crop-based res... more Abstract The use of algae in biofuel production is more sustainable as compared to crop-based resources as it doesn't compromise food security, rainforests, or arable land. Furthermore, the utilization of molecular biology methods such as CRISPR/Cas9 with guided RNA for genetic modification in algae has opened up new avenues to meet the future energy demand. Recently, a progressive shift in the paradigm of algal growth from an open system (raceways) to a closed system (e.g.; PBRs) has been observed because the latter is more efficient in biofuel production as it provides optimized growth conditions. Several algal species have been genetically engineered and characterized for different parameters, especially their ability to grow in a closed system. Since the advent of the closed system viz. fermenters for industrial applications, several advancements have been made in its design and functions to optimize the growth of industrially used microbial strains and the yield of their bio-products. Genetically engineered algae have diverse growth condition requirements varying even at strain levels, consequently, an enormous amount of significant information or data is available on the optimization of algal growth conditions in PBRs. In conjunction with different computational biological approaches, the high throughput analysis of data becomes fast, enabling to predict the scale-up production process and capital cost and investment requirements. Systematic and planned, altogether applications of genetic engineering, PBRs, and computational approaches should not only help to make the production of fourth-generation biofuels more convenient but also pave the way of different interdisciplinary approaches to be used in algal biofuel production processes in near future.
Candida associated morbidity and mortality is reported to increase at an alarming rate worldwide ... more Candida associated morbidity and mortality is reported to increase at an alarming rate worldwide due to its lead role in hospital acquired infections (Nosocomial infections). Rising incidences on resistance in Candida species to existing antifungal drugs and the frequent occurrence of Candidosis have prompted the researchers to look for alternative therapeutics. Several plant extracts have been screened by various groups for anti-Candidal properties. These plants could provide cost effective and safer approach of treating Candidosis, justifying the basis for developing herbal drugs against the deadly pathogen. In this review we have compiled more than hundred studies demonstrating the ability of plant extracts to combat Candida pathogenesis, with a perspective of developing herbal anti-Candida drugs.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Objective: Overexpression of AcrAB-TolC protein complex is often associated with the virulence of... more Objective: Overexpression of AcrAB-TolC protein complex is often associated with the virulence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Development of an effective efflux pump inhibitors (EPI) can be a major strategy to enhance the effectivity of current antibiotics and to restrain the menace of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. Molecular docking based assessment of anticancer drugs as EPI with comparable docking scores of known putative EPI. Methods: Molecular docking of target proteins (AcrA, AcrB and TolC) of Escherichia coli was carried out with four putative and seven selected anticancer drugs using iGEMDOCK software separately. Results: All the four putative inhibitors (norepinephrine, reserpine, verapamil and trimethoprim) used in the present study binds to AcrA (−41.9 kcal/mol, −56.75 kcal/mol, −76.69 kcal/mol and −45.20 kcal/mol respectively), AcrB (−74.61 kcal/mol, −135.97 kcal/mol, −126.66 kcal/mol and −87.57kcal/mol respectively) and TolC (−78.49 kcal/mol, −90.22 kcal/mol, −...
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that regulates a diverse range of physiologi... more Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that regulates a diverse range of physiological processes in many tissues. NO is enzymatically synthesized from L-arginine by three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). It plays an important role in a large number of normal physiological (regulation of blood pressure, neurotransmission, wound repair and host defense mechanisms) as well as in patho-physiological (inflammation, infection, apoptosis, neoplastic diseases, liver cirrhosis, diabetes) processes. With an unpaired electron, NO is a strong pro-oxidant produced in conditions like sepsis. It also exerts its effect through other free radicals such as superoxide and hydroxyl ions and causes oxidative stress within the cell. Reactive nitrogen intermediates play a central role in cell death (apoptosis), which is mediated by the induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor. NO mediated apoptosis occurs in various cell types such as macrophages, lymphocytes, thymocytes, endothelial cells. At lower concentration (10 nM-1 µM) NO has been shown to have antiapoptotic effect, which is cyclic GMP dependent. One of the most beneficial functions of NO is its implication in host defense against intracellular pathogens (Salmonella and Leishmania). Its derivatives such as per-oxynitrite are strong bactericidal in nature. Involvement of NO in inflammatory responses has been shown not only in experimental models but also in human inflammatory diseases. The antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties make this molecule of great therapeutic significance.
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research
Pathogenic bacteria exert their harmful effects in host through a cascade of virulence factors: e... more Pathogenic bacteria exert their harmful effects in host through a cascade of virulence factors: exotoxins, endotoxin, invasions proteins and the like. Various toxins secreted by different bacteria not only subvert the host intracellular signaling pathways but also have unique affinity for specific host cells. Detailed information has been accumulated over the years regarding the purification, chemical characterization, enzymic action and architecture of various bacterial toxins. Toxins ability to bind to the specific target cells makes them good candidate for drug delivery and in cancer therapeutics. A number of immunotoxins; hybrid molecules of bacterial toxins and antibodies, have wide applications in cancer and are currently under clinical trial. Advances in genomics and proteomics have created a wealth of information related to the nucleotide and protein sequences of numerous toxins and different databases (DBETH, VFDB, BETAWRAP, RASTA) are available with elaborate information thereof. In present review we have provided a brief account of therapeutic aspect of bacterial toxins and an effort has been made to facilitate the reader's understanding as to how we can turn the vicious toxin into virtuous toxin for human benefits.
Members of family Elaeocarpaceae are known for its medicinal properties since long back in tradit... more Members of family Elaeocarpaceae are known for its medicinal properties since long back in traditional medicinal systems. Along with its medicinal usage it has also got spiritual importance due to its electromagnetic nature and mythological convictions. Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. is commonly known as Rudraksha in India. Phytochemical analysis has revealed the presence of many pharmaco-active constituents like tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates and acids in different extracts of plant parts. Several studies have been done to explore the pharmacological activities of different extracts of the members of Elaeocarpaceae family specially Rudraksha. In this review, we have tried to consolidate the available reports on the phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological properties of Elaeocarpus species.
International journal of current research and review, 2021
Nutritious grains such as millets, which are popular as candidates for diet diversification, have... more Nutritious grains such as millets, which are popular as candidates for diet diversification, have an inherent capability to thrive under adverse growth conditions of temperature. This review draws attention to the effect of cold temperature on macronutrients such as starch and amylose, in millets and related cereal grains. It focuses on the changes in starch biosynthesis mechanisms and the resulting influence on nutritional properties. It also describes how cold temperature is beneficial in increasing the concentration of amylose within starch granules that leads to health benefits for patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular ailments. Various studies on millets growing in hot semi-arid regions have been carried out, although, with a primary focus on their proximate composition and nutritional properties only. In this review, special attention has been drawn to the scarcely explored area of the effect of cold temperature on the growth of millets in cold semi-arid r...
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogeni c Candida species has led to explore new alte... more The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogeni c Candida species has led to explore new alternativ e therapies to combat its associated life threatening infection s. Synergistic anticandidal potentials of green tea (derived from Camellia sinensis) with antifungal agents is well k nown. Our study aims at predicting the novel inhibi tory targets of green tea (GT) phytocompounds and pretending the in ibitory mechanism involved in synergistic inhibiti on of GT with antifungals. The interaction of GT phytocompou nds and ergosterol synthesising proteins (ERG) of t he Candida species has been assessed by in silico study using iGEMDOCK software which revealed ERG 26, ERG 6, ERG 25, and ERG 8 proteins as novel drug targets of kaempfe ritrin, EGCG, ECG, chlorogenic acid respectively pr esent in GT.Supporting our investigation, in vitro studies h ave been done with GT leaves from different geograp hic l locations. Catechins were purified and identified b y HPLC and synergistic effect of s...
International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2020
Fungal infections are drawing attention because of the high mortality and morbidity rate associat... more Fungal infections are drawing attention because of the high mortality and morbidity rate associated with them. Candida, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, and Aspergillus are the main members of fungal genera responsible for life-threatening fungal infections all over the world. Candida exists as commensal opportunistic pathogens in the natural flora of human beings. Members of this genus have specialized virulence attributes which include adhesion, biofilm formation, yeast to hyphal transition, cell surface hydrophobicity, and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes. C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis are key species, mainly responsible for 95% of candidiasis worldwide. Azoles, amphotericin B, echinocandins and terbinafine are the main synthetic drugs against the pathogens. Rising resistance to antifungals demands the development of alternative drugs, especially of plant origin. In this review, we have included the selected plants having significant anti-Candida potential, based upon recent studies.
International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2020
The review involved the study of GDM and its possible causes during the pregnancy phase. It focus... more The review involved the study of GDM and its possible causes during the pregnancy phase. It focused on the link between overconsumption of potatoes (Solanum Tuberosum) and increased risk of GDM during pregnancy and effects of Glycaemic index. It also proposed the surveys and researches done on the same. The study thus briefly evaluated the entire concept of GDM in Women. The Nurses Health Study II performed some surveys to prove this linkage of potatoes and GDM risk with the help of some nurses in 1989. The survey involved only female nurses which were provided with some questionnaires comprising some basic data of their diets during their pregnancy times. A journal concerning the same survey was published in the British Medical Journal in 2016 describing the whole process and significance of this survey. A rapid increase in the glucose level observed in pregnant women who consumed more potatoes in their pre-pregnancy phase. Women with higher potato consumption were examined to have increased blood sugar levels than those with lesser potato consumptions. It can be inferred from this study that women should avoid consuming more potatoes in their pre-pregnancy period, else; they may develop Gestational Diabetes Mellitus during their pregnancy which can affect both the parent and the baby.
![Research paper thumbnail of {"__content__"=>" \\nimmunomodulatory potential ofWilld. in chicken lymphocytes.", "i"=>[{"__content__"=>"In vitro"}, {"__content__"=>"Artemisia indica"}]}](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/88176682/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Veterinary world, 2018
Evaluation of the in vitro immunomodulatory potential of Artemisia indica Willd. methanolic extra... more Evaluation of the in vitro immunomodulatory potential of Artemisia indica Willd. methanolic extract in chicken lymphocyte culture system through lymphocyte (B and T cells) proliferation assay, after standardizing the maximum non-cytotoxic dose (MNCD) in chicken lymphocytes. Fresh aerial parts of A. indica Willd. (family: Asteraceae) specimens were collected (altitude 1560 m), gotten authenticated, processed, dried, and Soxhlet extracted to yield methanolic extract (AME). Chicken splenocytes were isolated from spleens collected from healthy birds; lymphocytes were separated by density gradient centrifugation, percentage cell viability determined and final cell count adjusted to 10cells/ml in RPMI-1640 medium. MNCD of AME in chicken lymphocytes was determined through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye reduction assay. Immunomodulatory potential of AME was evaluated through lymphocytes proliferation or B and T cells blastogenesis assay in the presence of a...
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016
Objective: Anticancer drugs paclitaxel and vinblastine were tested for their potential as efflux ... more Objective: Anticancer drugs paclitaxel and vinblastine were tested for their potential as efflux pump inhibitors for Salmonella Typhi-based on in silico and in vitro studies. Methods: Three-dimensional protein models of AcrAB-TolC of Salmonella Typhi were generated by online server PHYRE-2. The quality of 3D structures was assessed by PROCHECK, SWISS MODEL. Docking analysis of anticancer drugs with AcrA, AcrB and TolC subunits were performed after refining the homology models with Modrefiner. Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) efflux pump activity was measured by ethidium bromide (EtBr) cartwheel and semi-automated fluorometry methods respectively. Fluorescence intensity in bacterial colonies was measured under different treatment conditions (with or without drugs) on Muller Hinton agar (MHA) plates containing EtBr in cartwheel assay. EtBr efflux assay was determined following the loading of bacteria with EtBr and fluorescence was recorded over fixed time period with the help of fluorescent spectrophotometer. The results obtained were compared with the control. Results: Efflux pump inhibitor (EPIs) activity of paclitaxel and vinblastine determined by EtBr cartwheel assay registered no activity whereas semiautomated fluorescent assay revealed marginal activity when compared to control. Conclusion: We report the conflicting result of in silico and in vitro studies in predicting the antimicrobial effect of mainstream anticancer drugs as efflux pump inhibitors for Salmonella Typhi.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, Jan 8, 2015
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro synergistic antibacterial effect of differe... more The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro synergistic antibacterial effect of different solvent extracts of green tea (GT) with ampicillin and interpreting the anti-proliferative activity of purified GT catechins. Methods: The methanolic, acetone, and aqueous extracts of GT leaves consumed in Assam (AT), Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Uttarakhand regions (IP and PN) of North India were used in the study. The synergistic antibacterial properties of GT with ampicillin were determined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa microbial type culture collection (MTCC) 4306, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 6908 and Escherichia coli MTCC 1698 using agar well diffusion assay. The purified catechins from different GT leaves were assessed for their anti-proliferative potential on C6 glioma cell lines using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: The aqueous extract of different GT alone showed no inhibition against all bacterial strains used, whereas methanolic and acetone extracts revealed significant antibacterial activity (p<0.05). Combination of methanolic extracts of AT with ampicillin showed highest synergistic inhibition of 39±1.414 mm and 36±0.070 mm against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa respectively with an increase of 290±0.070% and 260±0.070% inhibition with respect to their individual effect. MTT assay depicted higher growth inhibition of 95.75±0.862-89.47±0.14% on treated glial cells. However, a significant difference in the inhibitory concentration (IC 90) of the purified catechins from different GT leaves (p<0.05) was observed. Conclusion: GT leaves have potential anti-proliferative activity and synergistic antibacterial activity. Further in vivo and clinical studies are required to confirm its therapeutic efficacy.
Green tea in its purest and most unadulterated form has always influenced human health from gener... more Green tea in its purest and most unadulterated form has always influenced human health from generations and day by day scientific evidences throughout the world are making people aware of health benefits associated with this herbal drink. Though Green Tea is not officially recognized as a medical agent, it is one of the most researched plant-based remedies whose possible benefits include promotion of cardio-vascular health, cancer prevention, skin protection, and antioxidant activity, to fight high cholesterol levels, infection, impaired immune function, diarrhoea, fatigue and many more. Laboratory findings have revealed that notable health benefit of green tea is its powerful antioxidants potential which at the molecular level, helps prevent cellular damage from certain oxidation reactions in the body. The credit for their useful antioxidant property lies with their huge collection of chemical substances called polyphenols and catechins make the major contribution of them. Though c...
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY, 2013
The term 'Antiviral agents' has been defined in very broad terms as substances other than a virus... more The term 'Antiviral agents' has been defined in very broad terms as substances other than a virus or virus containing vaccine or specific antibody which can produce either a protective or therapeutic effect to the clear detectable advantage of the virus infected host. The herbal medicine has a long traditional use and the major advantage over other medicines is their wide therapeutic window with rare side effects. There are some disadvantages of synthetic drugs like narrow therapeutic window and more importantly the various adverse side effects which occur quite frequently. Due to these disadvantages and other limitations, there is an increasing trend in the field of research for discovering new and noble drugs based on various herbal formulations. This review attempts to address the importance of developing therapeutic herbal formulations from various medicinal plants using the knowledge based on traditional system of medicines, the Ayurveda. Although natural products have been used by civilization since ancient times, only in recent decades has there been growing research into alternative therapies and the therapeutics use of natural products, especially those derived from plants. Plants synthesize and preserve a variety of biochemical products, many of which are extractable and used for various scientific investigations. Therefore, medicinal plants proved to be a major resort for the treatment of diseases and sicknesses by traditional healers in many societies.
International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2020
Background: Paneer kheer is widely consumed in India to gain health benefits through its composit... more Background: Paneer kheer is widely consumed in India to gain health benefits through its compositional characteristics. Carrot is an easily available vegetable and is utilized for various dessert dishes. Therefore, the present study was conducted for the optimization of the process for the development of carrot supplemented paneer kheer. Methods: Four different levels of paneer and three different levels of carrot was used for the formulation of carrot supplemented paneer kheer. i.e., 100:0 (T0), 80:20g (T1), 60:40 (T2) and 40:60 (T3).Optimization was done based on results obtained from physic-chemical analysis and sensory evaluation. CRD was utilized for experimentation and the significance was shown according to the critical difference at the rate of 5%. Results: T1 (80:20) was selected as the optimized product after the analysis. The optimized product contained moisture (45.31%), protein (24.21%), ash (3.42%), pH (6.16) and titratable acidity (0.42%). Overall acceptability in terms of the sensory evaluation was found to be highest for T1 (8.5) then, for T0 (8.3) and T2 (6.61). T3 (5.14) was neither liked nor disliked due to the higher proportion of carrot paste. Conclusion: The composition of T1 was found to have a balanced proximate composition as well as acceptable sensory characteristics; which shows that paneer kheer could be enriched with nutrients of carrot and enhance the palate of the consumers.
Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization
In this study total seventeen experiments, based on Box-Behnken design were carried out to analyz... more In this study total seventeen experiments, based on Box-Behnken design were carried out to analyze the impact of process parameter, i.e., microwave power (watt), time (min), oil concentration (%), and 15 days storage period on responses chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), IC50 and total color difference (TCD) of cumin, black pepper incorporated coriander paste. It was analyzed that all three process parameters significantly (p < 0.001, p < 0.01) affected the responses at a linear, quadratic, and interactive level. Optimized cumin, black pepper, and mustard oil incorporated coriander leaves paste were obtained at microwave power (300 watts), time (2 min), and oil concentration (1.5%), FTIR and GC–MS analysis were also done with optimized paste. The experimental values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, TPC, TFC, IC50, and TCD of optimized cumin, black pepper incorporated coriander paste was 7.76 mg/g, 3.5 mg/g, 20.87 mg GAE/g, 22.55 mg CE/g, 2.43, and 33.89 respectively. During 15 days storage period at refrigeration temperature, it was observed that values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, TPC, TFC, IC50, and TCD for the optimized coriander paste decreased significantly and found microbiologically safe.
Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a serious health problem at global level and it is acquiring... more Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a serious health problem at global level and it is acquiring alarming proportions in developing and developed countries recently. Multidrug resistant bacteria gain resistant genes by different mechanisms (Horizontal gene transfer) in developing resistance against a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Several mode of action to contain resistant pathogen has already been elucidated in numerous publications. Currently available methods of resistant pathogen diagnosis are not cost effective and require technical expertise which is largely unavailable to common masses. Appropriate method of identification and detection may lead to suitable course of treatment which in turn saves valuable resources and discomfort caused to patients. Present review explores the potential of selected proteins specifically present in MDR strain of Gramnegative bacteria to be exploited in diagnostic tools.
Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2021
Abstract Green oleaginous microalgae are good candidates for the integration of heavy metal biore... more Abstract Green oleaginous microalgae are good candidates for the integration of heavy metal bioremediation with the generation of biofuels. To be effective, this requires a comprehensive understanding and optimization of the metal concentration that generates maximum growth along with a high yield of lipids from microalgae cells. This work follows the aforementioned strategy and involves the use of oleaginous microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana for lead mitigation and biodiesel production. The short-term effects (IC50 value at 96 h of culture) and the long-term effects (pigments and biomass) of the exposure of lead (Pb) to the growth and biochemical compositions (pigments, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) of microalgae have been also determined. Chlorella sorokiniana has a high half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 value and higher metal bio-concentration factor (BCF) for Pb (II), which represents that this strain can be considered as a lead (Pb) hyperbioaccumulator. FTIR analysis revealed a reduction in proteins and carbohydrates under the influence of Pb while an increase in lipids has been recorded. The lipid profile based on 1H NMR and GC–MS has been followed for the quality analysis of the biodiesel produced that indicated altered lipid profiles under stress by Pb and elevated levels of SFA and MUFA.
Algal Research, 2021
Abstract The use of algae in biofuel production is more sustainable as compared to crop-based res... more Abstract The use of algae in biofuel production is more sustainable as compared to crop-based resources as it doesn't compromise food security, rainforests, or arable land. Furthermore, the utilization of molecular biology methods such as CRISPR/Cas9 with guided RNA for genetic modification in algae has opened up new avenues to meet the future energy demand. Recently, a progressive shift in the paradigm of algal growth from an open system (raceways) to a closed system (e.g.; PBRs) has been observed because the latter is more efficient in biofuel production as it provides optimized growth conditions. Several algal species have been genetically engineered and characterized for different parameters, especially their ability to grow in a closed system. Since the advent of the closed system viz. fermenters for industrial applications, several advancements have been made in its design and functions to optimize the growth of industrially used microbial strains and the yield of their bio-products. Genetically engineered algae have diverse growth condition requirements varying even at strain levels, consequently, an enormous amount of significant information or data is available on the optimization of algal growth conditions in PBRs. In conjunction with different computational biological approaches, the high throughput analysis of data becomes fast, enabling to predict the scale-up production process and capital cost and investment requirements. Systematic and planned, altogether applications of genetic engineering, PBRs, and computational approaches should not only help to make the production of fourth-generation biofuels more convenient but also pave the way of different interdisciplinary approaches to be used in algal biofuel production processes in near future.
Candida associated morbidity and mortality is reported to increase at an alarming rate worldwide ... more Candida associated morbidity and mortality is reported to increase at an alarming rate worldwide due to its lead role in hospital acquired infections (Nosocomial infections). Rising incidences on resistance in Candida species to existing antifungal drugs and the frequent occurrence of Candidosis have prompted the researchers to look for alternative therapeutics. Several plant extracts have been screened by various groups for anti-Candidal properties. These plants could provide cost effective and safer approach of treating Candidosis, justifying the basis for developing herbal drugs against the deadly pathogen. In this review we have compiled more than hundred studies demonstrating the ability of plant extracts to combat Candida pathogenesis, with a perspective of developing herbal anti-Candida drugs.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research
Objective: Overexpression of AcrAB-TolC protein complex is often associated with the virulence of... more Objective: Overexpression of AcrAB-TolC protein complex is often associated with the virulence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Development of an effective efflux pump inhibitors (EPI) can be a major strategy to enhance the effectivity of current antibiotics and to restrain the menace of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. Molecular docking based assessment of anticancer drugs as EPI with comparable docking scores of known putative EPI. Methods: Molecular docking of target proteins (AcrA, AcrB and TolC) of Escherichia coli was carried out with four putative and seven selected anticancer drugs using iGEMDOCK software separately. Results: All the four putative inhibitors (norepinephrine, reserpine, verapamil and trimethoprim) used in the present study binds to AcrA (−41.9 kcal/mol, −56.75 kcal/mol, −76.69 kcal/mol and −45.20 kcal/mol respectively), AcrB (−74.61 kcal/mol, −135.97 kcal/mol, −126.66 kcal/mol and −87.57kcal/mol respectively) and TolC (−78.49 kcal/mol, −90.22 kcal/mol, −...
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that regulates a diverse range of physiologi... more Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that regulates a diverse range of physiological processes in many tissues. NO is enzymatically synthesized from L-arginine by three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). It plays an important role in a large number of normal physiological (regulation of blood pressure, neurotransmission, wound repair and host defense mechanisms) as well as in patho-physiological (inflammation, infection, apoptosis, neoplastic diseases, liver cirrhosis, diabetes) processes. With an unpaired electron, NO is a strong pro-oxidant produced in conditions like sepsis. It also exerts its effect through other free radicals such as superoxide and hydroxyl ions and causes oxidative stress within the cell. Reactive nitrogen intermediates play a central role in cell death (apoptosis), which is mediated by the induction of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor. NO mediated apoptosis occurs in various cell types such as macrophages, lymphocytes, thymocytes, endothelial cells. At lower concentration (10 nM-1 µM) NO has been shown to have antiapoptotic effect, which is cyclic GMP dependent. One of the most beneficial functions of NO is its implication in host defense against intracellular pathogens (Salmonella and Leishmania). Its derivatives such as per-oxynitrite are strong bactericidal in nature. Involvement of NO in inflammatory responses has been shown not only in experimental models but also in human inflammatory diseases. The antioxidant and antiapoptotic properties make this molecule of great therapeutic significance.
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research
Pathogenic bacteria exert their harmful effects in host through a cascade of virulence factors: e... more Pathogenic bacteria exert their harmful effects in host through a cascade of virulence factors: exotoxins, endotoxin, invasions proteins and the like. Various toxins secreted by different bacteria not only subvert the host intracellular signaling pathways but also have unique affinity for specific host cells. Detailed information has been accumulated over the years regarding the purification, chemical characterization, enzymic action and architecture of various bacterial toxins. Toxins ability to bind to the specific target cells makes them good candidate for drug delivery and in cancer therapeutics. A number of immunotoxins; hybrid molecules of bacterial toxins and antibodies, have wide applications in cancer and are currently under clinical trial. Advances in genomics and proteomics have created a wealth of information related to the nucleotide and protein sequences of numerous toxins and different databases (DBETH, VFDB, BETAWRAP, RASTA) are available with elaborate information thereof. In present review we have provided a brief account of therapeutic aspect of bacterial toxins and an effort has been made to facilitate the reader's understanding as to how we can turn the vicious toxin into virtuous toxin for human benefits.
Members of family Elaeocarpaceae are known for its medicinal properties since long back in tradit... more Members of family Elaeocarpaceae are known for its medicinal properties since long back in traditional medicinal systems. Along with its medicinal usage it has also got spiritual importance due to its electromagnetic nature and mythological convictions. Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb. is commonly known as Rudraksha in India. Phytochemical analysis has revealed the presence of many pharmaco-active constituents like tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates and acids in different extracts of plant parts. Several studies have been done to explore the pharmacological activities of different extracts of the members of Elaeocarpaceae family specially Rudraksha. In this review, we have tried to consolidate the available reports on the phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological properties of Elaeocarpus species.
International journal of current research and review, 2021
Nutritious grains such as millets, which are popular as candidates for diet diversification, have... more Nutritious grains such as millets, which are popular as candidates for diet diversification, have an inherent capability to thrive under adverse growth conditions of temperature. This review draws attention to the effect of cold temperature on macronutrients such as starch and amylose, in millets and related cereal grains. It focuses on the changes in starch biosynthesis mechanisms and the resulting influence on nutritional properties. It also describes how cold temperature is beneficial in increasing the concentration of amylose within starch granules that leads to health benefits for patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular ailments. Various studies on millets growing in hot semi-arid regions have been carried out, although, with a primary focus on their proximate composition and nutritional properties only. In this review, special attention has been drawn to the scarcely explored area of the effect of cold temperature on the growth of millets in cold semi-arid r...
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogeni c Candida species has led to explore new alte... more The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogeni c Candida species has led to explore new alternativ e therapies to combat its associated life threatening infection s. Synergistic anticandidal potentials of green tea (derived from Camellia sinensis) with antifungal agents is well k nown. Our study aims at predicting the novel inhibi tory targets of green tea (GT) phytocompounds and pretending the in ibitory mechanism involved in synergistic inhibiti on of GT with antifungals. The interaction of GT phytocompou nds and ergosterol synthesising proteins (ERG) of t he Candida species has been assessed by in silico study using iGEMDOCK software which revealed ERG 26, ERG 6, ERG 25, and ERG 8 proteins as novel drug targets of kaempfe ritrin, EGCG, ECG, chlorogenic acid respectively pr esent in GT.Supporting our investigation, in vitro studies h ave been done with GT leaves from different geograp hic l locations. Catechins were purified and identified b y HPLC and synergistic effect of s...
International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2020
Fungal infections are drawing attention because of the high mortality and morbidity rate associat... more Fungal infections are drawing attention because of the high mortality and morbidity rate associated with them. Candida, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis, and Aspergillus are the main members of fungal genera responsible for life-threatening fungal infections all over the world. Candida exists as commensal opportunistic pathogens in the natural flora of human beings. Members of this genus have specialized virulence attributes which include adhesion, biofilm formation, yeast to hyphal transition, cell surface hydrophobicity, and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes. C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis are key species, mainly responsible for 95% of candidiasis worldwide. Azoles, amphotericin B, echinocandins and terbinafine are the main synthetic drugs against the pathogens. Rising resistance to antifungals demands the development of alternative drugs, especially of plant origin. In this review, we have included the selected plants having significant anti-Candida potential, based upon recent studies.
International Journal of Current Research and Review, 2020
The review involved the study of GDM and its possible causes during the pregnancy phase. It focus... more The review involved the study of GDM and its possible causes during the pregnancy phase. It focused on the link between overconsumption of potatoes (Solanum Tuberosum) and increased risk of GDM during pregnancy and effects of Glycaemic index. It also proposed the surveys and researches done on the same. The study thus briefly evaluated the entire concept of GDM in Women. The Nurses Health Study II performed some surveys to prove this linkage of potatoes and GDM risk with the help of some nurses in 1989. The survey involved only female nurses which were provided with some questionnaires comprising some basic data of their diets during their pregnancy times. A journal concerning the same survey was published in the British Medical Journal in 2016 describing the whole process and significance of this survey. A rapid increase in the glucose level observed in pregnant women who consumed more potatoes in their pre-pregnancy phase. Women with higher potato consumption were examined to have increased blood sugar levels than those with lesser potato consumptions. It can be inferred from this study that women should avoid consuming more potatoes in their pre-pregnancy period, else; they may develop Gestational Diabetes Mellitus during their pregnancy which can affect both the parent and the baby.
Veterinary world, 2018
Evaluation of the in vitro immunomodulatory potential of Artemisia indica Willd. methanolic extra... more Evaluation of the in vitro immunomodulatory potential of Artemisia indica Willd. methanolic extract in chicken lymphocyte culture system through lymphocyte (B and T cells) proliferation assay, after standardizing the maximum non-cytotoxic dose (MNCD) in chicken lymphocytes. Fresh aerial parts of A. indica Willd. (family: Asteraceae) specimens were collected (altitude 1560 m), gotten authenticated, processed, dried, and Soxhlet extracted to yield methanolic extract (AME). Chicken splenocytes were isolated from spleens collected from healthy birds; lymphocytes were separated by density gradient centrifugation, percentage cell viability determined and final cell count adjusted to 10cells/ml in RPMI-1640 medium. MNCD of AME in chicken lymphocytes was determined through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye reduction assay. Immunomodulatory potential of AME was evaluated through lymphocytes proliferation or B and T cells blastogenesis assay in the presence of a...
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016
Objective: Anticancer drugs paclitaxel and vinblastine were tested for their potential as efflux ... more Objective: Anticancer drugs paclitaxel and vinblastine were tested for their potential as efflux pump inhibitors for Salmonella Typhi-based on in silico and in vitro studies. Methods: Three-dimensional protein models of AcrAB-TolC of Salmonella Typhi were generated by online server PHYRE-2. The quality of 3D structures was assessed by PROCHECK, SWISS MODEL. Docking analysis of anticancer drugs with AcrA, AcrB and TolC subunits were performed after refining the homology models with Modrefiner. Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) efflux pump activity was measured by ethidium bromide (EtBr) cartwheel and semi-automated fluorometry methods respectively. Fluorescence intensity in bacterial colonies was measured under different treatment conditions (with or without drugs) on Muller Hinton agar (MHA) plates containing EtBr in cartwheel assay. EtBr efflux assay was determined following the loading of bacteria with EtBr and fluorescence was recorded over fixed time period with the help of fluorescent spectrophotometer. The results obtained were compared with the control. Results: Efflux pump inhibitor (EPIs) activity of paclitaxel and vinblastine determined by EtBr cartwheel assay registered no activity whereas semiautomated fluorescent assay revealed marginal activity when compared to control. Conclusion: We report the conflicting result of in silico and in vitro studies in predicting the antimicrobial effect of mainstream anticancer drugs as efflux pump inhibitors for Salmonella Typhi.
Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, Jan 8, 2015
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro synergistic antibacterial effect of differe... more The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro synergistic antibacterial effect of different solvent extracts of green tea (GT) with ampicillin and interpreting the anti-proliferative activity of purified GT catechins. Methods: The methanolic, acetone, and aqueous extracts of GT leaves consumed in Assam (AT), Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Uttarakhand regions (IP and PN) of North India were used in the study. The synergistic antibacterial properties of GT with ampicillin were determined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa microbial type culture collection (MTCC) 4306, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 6908 and Escherichia coli MTCC 1698 using agar well diffusion assay. The purified catechins from different GT leaves were assessed for their anti-proliferative potential on C6 glioma cell lines using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results: The aqueous extract of different GT alone showed no inhibition against all bacterial strains used, whereas methanolic and acetone extracts revealed significant antibacterial activity (p<0.05). Combination of methanolic extracts of AT with ampicillin showed highest synergistic inhibition of 39±1.414 mm and 36±0.070 mm against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa respectively with an increase of 290±0.070% and 260±0.070% inhibition with respect to their individual effect. MTT assay depicted higher growth inhibition of 95.75±0.862-89.47±0.14% on treated glial cells. However, a significant difference in the inhibitory concentration (IC 90) of the purified catechins from different GT leaves (p<0.05) was observed. Conclusion: GT leaves have potential anti-proliferative activity and synergistic antibacterial activity. Further in vivo and clinical studies are required to confirm its therapeutic efficacy.
Green tea in its purest and most unadulterated form has always influenced human health from gener... more Green tea in its purest and most unadulterated form has always influenced human health from generations and day by day scientific evidences throughout the world are making people aware of health benefits associated with this herbal drink. Though Green Tea is not officially recognized as a medical agent, it is one of the most researched plant-based remedies whose possible benefits include promotion of cardio-vascular health, cancer prevention, skin protection, and antioxidant activity, to fight high cholesterol levels, infection, impaired immune function, diarrhoea, fatigue and many more. Laboratory findings have revealed that notable health benefit of green tea is its powerful antioxidants potential which at the molecular level, helps prevent cellular damage from certain oxidation reactions in the body. The credit for their useful antioxidant property lies with their huge collection of chemical substances called polyphenols and catechins make the major contribution of them. Though c...
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY, 2013
The term 'Antiviral agents' has been defined in very broad terms as substances other than a virus... more The term 'Antiviral agents' has been defined in very broad terms as substances other than a virus or virus containing vaccine or specific antibody which can produce either a protective or therapeutic effect to the clear detectable advantage of the virus infected host. The herbal medicine has a long traditional use and the major advantage over other medicines is their wide therapeutic window with rare side effects. There are some disadvantages of synthetic drugs like narrow therapeutic window and more importantly the various adverse side effects which occur quite frequently. Due to these disadvantages and other limitations, there is an increasing trend in the field of research for discovering new and noble drugs based on various herbal formulations. This review attempts to address the importance of developing therapeutic herbal formulations from various medicinal plants using the knowledge based on traditional system of medicines, the Ayurveda. Although natural products have been used by civilization since ancient times, only in recent decades has there been growing research into alternative therapies and the therapeutics use of natural products, especially those derived from plants. Plants synthesize and preserve a variety of biochemical products, many of which are extractable and used for various scientific investigations. Therefore, medicinal plants proved to be a major resort for the treatment of diseases and sicknesses by traditional healers in many societies.