Peter Terry - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Peter Terry

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Mood can be considered as a diffuse and global emotional state, with both valence and arousal cha... more Mood can be considered as a diffuse and global emotional state, with both valence and arousal characteristics, that is not directed towards a specific object. Investigation of moods in specific language and cultural contexts relies on the availability of appropriately validated measures. The current study involved the translation and validation of the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) from English into Lithuanian. The 24-item, 6-factor scale, referred to as the BRUMS-LTU, was administered to 746 participants who were fluent in Lithuanian (nmen = 199 (26.7%), nwomen = 547 (73.3%); age range = 17–78 years, M = 41.8 years, SD = 11.4 years). Confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit of the hypothesized measurement model to the data (CFI = 0.954, TLI = 0 .944, RMSEA = 0 .060 [CI 0.056, 0.064], SRMR = 0.070) and multi-sample analysis supported configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance across genders. Concurrent measures (i.e., Perceived Stress Scale, Big Five Personality T...

Sustainability, 2021

Mood responses are a well-established mental health indicator. Gauging mental health status over ... more Mood responses are a well-established mental health indicator. Gauging mental health status over time often involves periodic mood assessment using a standardized measure, a process referred to as mood profiling. Comparison of observed mood scores against relevant normative data is central to effective mood profiling. The primary purpose of our study was to improve existing norms for the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) using a large internet sample. The secondary purpose was to discuss how mood profiling can be used to promote sustainable mental health primarily among athletes but also with relevance to non-athletes. The BRUMS was completed via the In The Mood website by 15,692 participants. Significant differences between observed mean scores and existing normative data were evident for all six mood dimensions, prompting norm refinement. Specific group norms were generated to address sex differences in mood responses and differences by athlete/nonathlete status. The revised tables of nor...

In the area of mood profiling, six distinct profiles are reported in the literature, termed the i... more In the area of mood profiling, six distinct profiles are reported in the literature, termed the iceberg, inverse iceberg, inverse Everest, shark fin, surface, and submerged profiles. We investigated if the prevalence of the six mood profiles varied by sex, age, and education among a large heterogeneous sample. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was completed via the In The Mood website by 15,692 participants. A seeded k-means cluster analysis was used to confirm the six profiles, and discriminant function analysis was used to validate cluster classifications. Significant variations in the prevalence of mood profiles by sex, age, and education status were confirmed. For example, females more frequently reported negative mood profiles than males, and older and more highly educated participants had a higher prevalence of the iceberg profile than their younger and lesser educated counterparts. Findings suggest that refinement of the existing tables of normative data for the BRUMS should be c...

Psychological Bulletin, 2019

Regular physical activity has multifarious benefits for physical and mental health, and music has... more Regular physical activity has multifarious benefits for physical and mental health, and music has been found to exert positive effects on physical activity. Summative literature reviews and conceptual models have hypothesized potential benefits and salient mechanisms associated with music listening in exercise and sport contexts, although no large-scale objective summary of the literature has been conducted. A multilevel meta-analysis of 139 studies was used to quantify the effects of music listening in exercise and sport domains. In total, 600 effect sizes from four categories of potential benefits (i.e., psychological responses, physiological responses, psychophysical responses, and performance outcomes) were calculated based on 3,599 participants. Music was associated with significant beneficial effects on affective valence (g = 0.48, CI = 0.39, 0.56), physical performance (g = 0.31, CI = 0.25, 0.36), perceived exertion (g = 0.22, CI = 0.14, 0.30), and oxygen consumption (g = 0.15, CI = 0.02, 0.27). No significant benefit of music was found for heart rate (g = 0.07, CI =-0.03, 0.16). Performance effects were moderated by study domain (exercise > sport) and music tempo (fast > slow-to-medium). Overall, results supported the use of music listening across a range of physical activities to promote positive affective valence, enhance physical performance (i.e., ergogenic effect), reduce perceived exertion, and improve physiological efficiency.

International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2004

Abstract The current study tested Lane and Terry's (2000) proposal th... more Abstract The current study tested Lane and Terry's (2000) proposal that depressed mood moderates anger‐performance and tension‐performance relationships. One hundred and thirty‐six male sport students completed the 24‐item Brunel Mood Scale followed by a ...

Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1996

Male and female tennis players ( N = 100) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 abo... more Male and female tennis players ( N = 100) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 about 1 hr. before playing singles and doubles matches. Multivariate analysis of variance of anxiety and self-confidence responses by match result indicated that winners of singles matches bad significantly lower scores on Cognitive Anxiety and higher ones on Self-confidence than losers. Winners of doubles matches had significantly higher Self-confidence scores than losers. Discriminant function analysis indicated that 72% of results for singles matches and 70% of results for doubles matches could be correctly classified from responses to the precompetition measures. A comparison of anxiety responses by playing condition indicated that, irrespective of the match outcome, scores on Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety were higher and scores on Self-confidence were lower before playing singles than before playing doubles. The findings suggest that precompetition scores on measures of anxiety provide...

Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1995

The purpose of this study was to explore the situational antecedents of multidimensional state an... more The purpose of this study was to explore the situational antecedents of multidimensional state anxiety among competitors in the sport of duathlon (run/cycle/run). Subjects ( N = 122; Age: M = 28.3 yr., SD = 7.8 yr.) completed the Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2 1 hr. before competition. In addition, they completed a 21-item Prerace Questionnaire modified for duathlon on which scores were factor analysed. Six factors accounted for 73.5% of the variance, similar to those identified by Jones, et al. in 1990. Step-wise multiple regression indicated that race goals and perceived readiness were significant predictors of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence. Self-confidence was also predicted by attitude toward previous performance. This finding supports the proposal that these anxiety subcomponents share common antecedents but challenges the notion that cognitive and somatic anxiety also have unique antecedents.

Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1997

142 male Tae Kwon-do competitors completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 about 1 hr. ... more 142 male Tae Kwon-do competitors completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 about 1 hr. before competition. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the players who won reported lower cognitive and somatic anxiety and higher self-confidence than those who lost. Discriminant function analysis indicated that 89 (62.68%) participants could be correctly classified as winners or losers on the basis of their precompetition Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 scores. The findings concur with previous research in karate.

Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1995

The study explored predictive paths for antecedents of anxiety, state anxiety responses, and perf... more The study explored predictive paths for antecedents of anxiety, state anxiety responses, and performance. Male triathletes ( N = 175) completed a modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 which included the original intensity scale and a direction scale of Jones and Swain. They also completed a 23-item Prerace Questionnaire which measured antecedents of anxiety among triathletes. Factor analysis of intercorrelations for the Prerace Questionnaire identified six factors similar to those found in 1995 by the present authors. Path analysis to predict state anxiety from antecedents of anxiety indicated that rated intensity of anxiety was predicted by the perceived difficulty of race goals and by perceived readiness. Direction of anxiety was predicted by coach's influence, recent form, and perceived readiness. Path analysis to predict performance from state-anxiety scores and antecedents of anxiety indicated that recent form predicted performance directly without mediation of anx...

Journal of Sports Sciences, 2004

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Jun 1, 2005

The present study tested, both retrospectively and prospectively, exercise-induced mood changes a... more The present study tested, both retrospectively and prospectively, exercise-induced mood changes among regular exercisers. Specifically, it examined the extent to which preferred exercise modality promoted greater mood benefits. A group of 25 exercise participants (M = 35.5 yr., SD = 10.5 yr.) took part in the study. All participants had exercised at least three times a week (M = 3.5, SD = 2.3) during the previous year. Participants completed a 14-item Exercise Preference Questionnaire to provide retrospective evaluations of their most- and least-preferred type of exercise. For the prospective investigation, participants completed the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) 15 minutes before and immediately after their most- and least-preferred exercise sessions. One week separated completion of each exercise session. Retrospective assessment of exercise-induced mood changes showed strong support for enhanced mood following the preferred mode of exercise. Also, as hypothesized, prospective results...

Psychological measures have previously been shown to be predictive of sport performance across a ... more Psychological measures have previously been shown to be predictive of sport performance across a range of sports. The present study assessed the capacity of pre-competition mood and anxiety scores to predict tennis results. A sample of 92 social-competitive tennis players (49 men and 43 women, mean 39.7 years, range 19-62) completed the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and the revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) prior to weekly competitions, producing a dataset of 567 matches. Discriminant function analysis showed that the outcome of matches could be correctly classified with 60 % accuracy (p <.01). Consistent with theoretical predictions, low scores for confusion, depression, tension, anger, and cognitive anxiety, and high scores for self-confidence were significant predictors of winning performances. Using the two measures independently, the BRUMS provided 56.8 % correct classifications (p <.01) and the CSAI-2R provided 58.7 % (p <.01). Notably, a much higher...

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Sep 1, 2005

The present study investigated the influence of personality on exercise-induced mood changes. It ... more The present study investigated the influence of personality on exercise-induced mood changes. It was hypothesised that (a) exercise would be associated with significant mood enhancement across all personality types, (b) extroversion would be associated with positive mood and neuroticism with negative mood both pre- and post-exercise, and (c) personality measures would interact with exercise-induced mood changes. Participants were 90 female exercisers (M = 25.8 yr, SD = 9.0 yr) who completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) once and the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) before and after a 60-minute exercise session. Median splits were used to group participants into four personality types: stable introverts (n = 25), stable extroverts (n = 20), neurotic introverts (n = 26), and neurotic extroverts (n = 19). Repeated measures MANOVA showed significant mood enhancement following exercise across all personality types. Neuroticism was associated with negative mood scores pre- and post-exe...

Excessive training loads have been identified as a risk factor for injury among athletes, althoug... more Excessive training loads have been identified as a risk factor for injury among athletes, although psychological monitoring may help to ameliorate this risk. As part of an investigation of injury prevention, the present study assessed relationships between perceived stress and recovery, mood responses, and physical training load for 60 athletes (male = 31, female = 29) from basketball, golf, hockey, and rowing over a period of up to 16 weeks. Training duration and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded daily while the Brunel Mood Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ) were completed weekly. Training load was calculated as training duration x RPE. Collectively, psychological indices predicted 24.3 % of training load variance. Best predictors were RESTQ scores for physical complaints, success, social recovery, physical recovery, emotional exhaustion, and self-efficacy. Younger athletes reported more positive mood respon...

The well-established link between mood and sport performance highlights a need for athletes to de... more The well-established link between mood and sport performance highlights a need for athletes to develop mood regulation strategies. The present study investigated such strategies among 195 volunteer athletes. Participants completed the Regulation of Feelings Scale, a 37-item measure assessing frequency of use and perceived effectiveness of strategies to reduce feelings of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and increase feelings of vigour on the day of a competition. The most popular strategies were “engage in physical pre-competition activities”, “spend time alone”, “give myself a pep talk”, “talk to someone about my feelings”, and “use humour”. Frequency of use and perceived effectiveness of strategies varied according to the specific mood dimension athletes sought to regulate. Strategies did not differ by gender, type of sport, or level of competition, but the order in which strategies were presented to the athletes influenced their responses. Exploratory factor analys...

This study examines the effects of arousing and relaxing music during imagery intervention on the... more This study examines the effects of arousing and relaxing music during imagery intervention on the subsequent performance of power and fine-motor skill tasks. 20 competitive elite shooters and weightlifters were mix-matched into two groups of intervention: Unfamiliar relaxing music with imagery, and unfamiliar arousing music with imagery. A pre-test, intervention, post-test design was used with two simulation competitions of 10m air pistol shooting performance, and a standard event-Clean and Jerk-weightlifting performance. CSAI-2R (Cox, Martens, & Russell, 2003) was administered before pre-test and post-test weightlifting performance. Participants completed 12 sessions of imagery over four weeks before the post-test was conducted and their heart rate, galvanic skin response and peripheral temperature were measured during Sessions 1 and 12 of the training. Results from univariate analyses (ANOVA) showed that the differences across type of music used with imagery were significant on the gain-score for competition performance F(1,16)=12.27, p<.05, η 2 =.434, with a significantly larger increase in performance for relaxing music than arousing music. In addition, the self-confidence gain score was significant F(1,16)=10.09, p<.05, η 2 =.387. As for the weightlifters, univariate analyses (ANOVA) showed that the differences across types of music used with imagery were significant in the gain-scores for competition performance F(1,16) = 12.27, P < .05, η 2 = .434, with significantly larger increases in performance with relaxing music than arousing music. The selfconfidence gain score was also significant F(1,16) = 10.09, p <.05, η 2 =.387. The implications for the use of particular types of music with imagery will be discussed.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Mood can be considered as a diffuse and global emotional state, with both valence and arousal cha... more Mood can be considered as a diffuse and global emotional state, with both valence and arousal characteristics, that is not directed towards a specific object. Investigation of moods in specific language and cultural contexts relies on the availability of appropriately validated measures. The current study involved the translation and validation of the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) from English into Lithuanian. The 24-item, 6-factor scale, referred to as the BRUMS-LTU, was administered to 746 participants who were fluent in Lithuanian (nmen = 199 (26.7%), nwomen = 547 (73.3%); age range = 17–78 years, M = 41.8 years, SD = 11.4 years). Confirmatory factor analysis showed an adequate fit of the hypothesized measurement model to the data (CFI = 0.954, TLI = 0 .944, RMSEA = 0 .060 [CI 0.056, 0.064], SRMR = 0.070) and multi-sample analysis supported configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance across genders. Concurrent measures (i.e., Perceived Stress Scale, Big Five Personality T...

Sustainability, 2021

Mood responses are a well-established mental health indicator. Gauging mental health status over ... more Mood responses are a well-established mental health indicator. Gauging mental health status over time often involves periodic mood assessment using a standardized measure, a process referred to as mood profiling. Comparison of observed mood scores against relevant normative data is central to effective mood profiling. The primary purpose of our study was to improve existing norms for the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) using a large internet sample. The secondary purpose was to discuss how mood profiling can be used to promote sustainable mental health primarily among athletes but also with relevance to non-athletes. The BRUMS was completed via the In The Mood website by 15,692 participants. Significant differences between observed mean scores and existing normative data were evident for all six mood dimensions, prompting norm refinement. Specific group norms were generated to address sex differences in mood responses and differences by athlete/nonathlete status. The revised tables of nor...

In the area of mood profiling, six distinct profiles are reported in the literature, termed the i... more In the area of mood profiling, six distinct profiles are reported in the literature, termed the iceberg, inverse iceberg, inverse Everest, shark fin, surface, and submerged profiles. We investigated if the prevalence of the six mood profiles varied by sex, age, and education among a large heterogeneous sample. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was completed via the In The Mood website by 15,692 participants. A seeded k-means cluster analysis was used to confirm the six profiles, and discriminant function analysis was used to validate cluster classifications. Significant variations in the prevalence of mood profiles by sex, age, and education status were confirmed. For example, females more frequently reported negative mood profiles than males, and older and more highly educated participants had a higher prevalence of the iceberg profile than their younger and lesser educated counterparts. Findings suggest that refinement of the existing tables of normative data for the BRUMS should be c...

Psychological Bulletin, 2019

Regular physical activity has multifarious benefits for physical and mental health, and music has... more Regular physical activity has multifarious benefits for physical and mental health, and music has been found to exert positive effects on physical activity. Summative literature reviews and conceptual models have hypothesized potential benefits and salient mechanisms associated with music listening in exercise and sport contexts, although no large-scale objective summary of the literature has been conducted. A multilevel meta-analysis of 139 studies was used to quantify the effects of music listening in exercise and sport domains. In total, 600 effect sizes from four categories of potential benefits (i.e., psychological responses, physiological responses, psychophysical responses, and performance outcomes) were calculated based on 3,599 participants. Music was associated with significant beneficial effects on affective valence (g = 0.48, CI = 0.39, 0.56), physical performance (g = 0.31, CI = 0.25, 0.36), perceived exertion (g = 0.22, CI = 0.14, 0.30), and oxygen consumption (g = 0.15, CI = 0.02, 0.27). No significant benefit of music was found for heart rate (g = 0.07, CI =-0.03, 0.16). Performance effects were moderated by study domain (exercise > sport) and music tempo (fast > slow-to-medium). Overall, results supported the use of music listening across a range of physical activities to promote positive affective valence, enhance physical performance (i.e., ergogenic effect), reduce perceived exertion, and improve physiological efficiency.

International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2004

Abstract The current study tested Lane and Terry&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s (2000) proposal th... more Abstract The current study tested Lane and Terry&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s (2000) proposal that depressed mood moderates anger‐performance and tension‐performance relationships. One hundred and thirty‐six male sport students completed the 24‐item Brunel Mood Scale followed by a ...

Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1996

Male and female tennis players ( N = 100) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 abo... more Male and female tennis players ( N = 100) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 about 1 hr. before playing singles and doubles matches. Multivariate analysis of variance of anxiety and self-confidence responses by match result indicated that winners of singles matches bad significantly lower scores on Cognitive Anxiety and higher ones on Self-confidence than losers. Winners of doubles matches had significantly higher Self-confidence scores than losers. Discriminant function analysis indicated that 72% of results for singles matches and 70% of results for doubles matches could be correctly classified from responses to the precompetition measures. A comparison of anxiety responses by playing condition indicated that, irrespective of the match outcome, scores on Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety were higher and scores on Self-confidence were lower before playing singles than before playing doubles. The findings suggest that precompetition scores on measures of anxiety provide...

Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1995

The purpose of this study was to explore the situational antecedents of multidimensional state an... more The purpose of this study was to explore the situational antecedents of multidimensional state anxiety among competitors in the sport of duathlon (run/cycle/run). Subjects ( N = 122; Age: M = 28.3 yr., SD = 7.8 yr.) completed the Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2 1 hr. before competition. In addition, they completed a 21-item Prerace Questionnaire modified for duathlon on which scores were factor analysed. Six factors accounted for 73.5% of the variance, similar to those identified by Jones, et al. in 1990. Step-wise multiple regression indicated that race goals and perceived readiness were significant predictors of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence. Self-confidence was also predicted by attitude toward previous performance. This finding supports the proposal that these anxiety subcomponents share common antecedents but challenges the notion that cognitive and somatic anxiety also have unique antecedents.

Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1997

142 male Tae Kwon-do competitors completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 about 1 hr. ... more 142 male Tae Kwon-do competitors completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 about 1 hr. before competition. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the players who won reported lower cognitive and somatic anxiety and higher self-confidence than those who lost. Discriminant function analysis indicated that 89 (62.68%) participants could be correctly classified as winners or losers on the basis of their precompetition Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 scores. The findings concur with previous research in karate.

Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1995

The study explored predictive paths for antecedents of anxiety, state anxiety responses, and perf... more The study explored predictive paths for antecedents of anxiety, state anxiety responses, and performance. Male triathletes ( N = 175) completed a modified Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 which included the original intensity scale and a direction scale of Jones and Swain. They also completed a 23-item Prerace Questionnaire which measured antecedents of anxiety among triathletes. Factor analysis of intercorrelations for the Prerace Questionnaire identified six factors similar to those found in 1995 by the present authors. Path analysis to predict state anxiety from antecedents of anxiety indicated that rated intensity of anxiety was predicted by the perceived difficulty of race goals and by perceived readiness. Direction of anxiety was predicted by coach's influence, recent form, and perceived readiness. Path analysis to predict performance from state-anxiety scores and antecedents of anxiety indicated that recent form predicted performance directly without mediation of anx...

Journal of Sports Sciences, 2004

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Jun 1, 2005

The present study tested, both retrospectively and prospectively, exercise-induced mood changes a... more The present study tested, both retrospectively and prospectively, exercise-induced mood changes among regular exercisers. Specifically, it examined the extent to which preferred exercise modality promoted greater mood benefits. A group of 25 exercise participants (M = 35.5 yr., SD = 10.5 yr.) took part in the study. All participants had exercised at least three times a week (M = 3.5, SD = 2.3) during the previous year. Participants completed a 14-item Exercise Preference Questionnaire to provide retrospective evaluations of their most- and least-preferred type of exercise. For the prospective investigation, participants completed the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) 15 minutes before and immediately after their most- and least-preferred exercise sessions. One week separated completion of each exercise session. Retrospective assessment of exercise-induced mood changes showed strong support for enhanced mood following the preferred mode of exercise. Also, as hypothesized, prospective results...

Psychological measures have previously been shown to be predictive of sport performance across a ... more Psychological measures have previously been shown to be predictive of sport performance across a range of sports. The present study assessed the capacity of pre-competition mood and anxiety scores to predict tennis results. A sample of 92 social-competitive tennis players (49 men and 43 women, mean 39.7 years, range 19-62) completed the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and the revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) prior to weekly competitions, producing a dataset of 567 matches. Discriminant function analysis showed that the outcome of matches could be correctly classified with 60 % accuracy (p <.01). Consistent with theoretical predictions, low scores for confusion, depression, tension, anger, and cognitive anxiety, and high scores for self-confidence were significant predictors of winning performances. Using the two measures independently, the BRUMS provided 56.8 % correct classifications (p <.01) and the CSAI-2R provided 58.7 % (p <.01). Notably, a much higher...

Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Sep 1, 2005

The present study investigated the influence of personality on exercise-induced mood changes. It ... more The present study investigated the influence of personality on exercise-induced mood changes. It was hypothesised that (a) exercise would be associated with significant mood enhancement across all personality types, (b) extroversion would be associated with positive mood and neuroticism with negative mood both pre- and post-exercise, and (c) personality measures would interact with exercise-induced mood changes. Participants were 90 female exercisers (M = 25.8 yr, SD = 9.0 yr) who completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) once and the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) before and after a 60-minute exercise session. Median splits were used to group participants into four personality types: stable introverts (n = 25), stable extroverts (n = 20), neurotic introverts (n = 26), and neurotic extroverts (n = 19). Repeated measures MANOVA showed significant mood enhancement following exercise across all personality types. Neuroticism was associated with negative mood scores pre- and post-exe...

Excessive training loads have been identified as a risk factor for injury among athletes, althoug... more Excessive training loads have been identified as a risk factor for injury among athletes, although psychological monitoring may help to ameliorate this risk. As part of an investigation of injury prevention, the present study assessed relationships between perceived stress and recovery, mood responses, and physical training load for 60 athletes (male = 31, female = 29) from basketball, golf, hockey, and rowing over a period of up to 16 weeks. Training duration and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded daily while the Brunel Mood Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ) were completed weekly. Training load was calculated as training duration x RPE. Collectively, psychological indices predicted 24.3 % of training load variance. Best predictors were RESTQ scores for physical complaints, success, social recovery, physical recovery, emotional exhaustion, and self-efficacy. Younger athletes reported more positive mood respon...

The well-established link between mood and sport performance highlights a need for athletes to de... more The well-established link between mood and sport performance highlights a need for athletes to develop mood regulation strategies. The present study investigated such strategies among 195 volunteer athletes. Participants completed the Regulation of Feelings Scale, a 37-item measure assessing frequency of use and perceived effectiveness of strategies to reduce feelings of anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and increase feelings of vigour on the day of a competition. The most popular strategies were “engage in physical pre-competition activities”, “spend time alone”, “give myself a pep talk”, “talk to someone about my feelings”, and “use humour”. Frequency of use and perceived effectiveness of strategies varied according to the specific mood dimension athletes sought to regulate. Strategies did not differ by gender, type of sport, or level of competition, but the order in which strategies were presented to the athletes influenced their responses. Exploratory factor analys...

This study examines the effects of arousing and relaxing music during imagery intervention on the... more This study examines the effects of arousing and relaxing music during imagery intervention on the subsequent performance of power and fine-motor skill tasks. 20 competitive elite shooters and weightlifters were mix-matched into two groups of intervention: Unfamiliar relaxing music with imagery, and unfamiliar arousing music with imagery. A pre-test, intervention, post-test design was used with two simulation competitions of 10m air pistol shooting performance, and a standard event-Clean and Jerk-weightlifting performance. CSAI-2R (Cox, Martens, & Russell, 2003) was administered before pre-test and post-test weightlifting performance. Participants completed 12 sessions of imagery over four weeks before the post-test was conducted and their heart rate, galvanic skin response and peripheral temperature were measured during Sessions 1 and 12 of the training. Results from univariate analyses (ANOVA) showed that the differences across type of music used with imagery were significant on the gain-score for competition performance F(1,16)=12.27, p<.05, η 2 =.434, with a significantly larger increase in performance for relaxing music than arousing music. In addition, the self-confidence gain score was significant F(1,16)=10.09, p<.05, η 2 =.387. As for the weightlifters, univariate analyses (ANOVA) showed that the differences across types of music used with imagery were significant in the gain-scores for competition performance F(1,16) = 12.27, P < .05, η 2 = .434, with significantly larger increases in performance with relaxing music than arousing music. The selfconfidence gain score was also significant F(1,16) = 10.09, p <.05, η 2 =.387. The implications for the use of particular types of music with imagery will be discussed.