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Papers by Ana Quiñones

Research paper thumbnail of Non-Destructive Appraisal of Macro- and Micronutrients in Persimmon Leaves Using Vis/NIR Hyperspectral Imaging

Agriculture

Visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used for rapid and non-destru... more Visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used for rapid and non-destructive determination of macro- and micronutrient contents in persimmon leaves. Hyperspectral images of 687 leaves were acquired in the 500–980 nm range over 6 months, covering a complete vegetative cycle. The average reflectance spectrum of each leaf was extracted, and foliar ionomic analysis was used as a reference method to determine the actual concentration of the nutrients in the leaves. Analyses were performed via emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for macro- and micronutrients after microwave digestion and using the Kjeldahl method to quantify nitrogen. Partial least square regression (PLS-R) was used to predict the nutrient concentration based on spectral data from the leaf using actual values of each element as predictor variables. Several methods were used to pre-process the spectra, including Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing, standard normal variate (SNV) and first (1D) and second der...

Research paper thumbnail of Estimation of Macro and Micronutrients in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) cv. ‘Rojo Brillante’ Leaves through Vis-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy

Agronomy

The nutritional diagnosis of crops is carried out through costly elemental analyses of different ... more The nutritional diagnosis of crops is carried out through costly elemental analyses of different plant organs, particularly leaves, in the laboratory. However, visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy of unprocessed plant samples has a high potential as a faster, non-destructive, environmental-friendly alternative to elemental analyses. In this work, the potential of this technique to estimate the concentrations of macronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), and micronutrients such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and boron (B), in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) ‘Rojo Brillante’ leaves, has been investigated. Throughout the crop cycle variable rates of N and K were applied to obtain six nutritional status levels in persimmon trees in an experimental orchard. Then, leaves were systematically sampled throughout the cropping season from the different nutritional levels and spectral reflectance measurements were acquired in th...

Research paper thumbnail of DRIS Norms and Sufficiency Ranges for Persimmon ‘Rojo Brillante’ Grown under Mediterranean Conditions in Spain

Agronomy, May 25, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Rootstock on Citrus Fruit Quality: A Review

Food Reviews International, 2021

Citrus rootstocks are a relevant tree part that contributes to crops adapting to biotic and abiot... more Citrus rootstocks are a relevant tree part that contributes to crops adapting to biotic and abiotic conditions, it becoming a key factor to face the current era of climate change. Although the emphasis of most studies on rootstocks has been placed on the yield and optimization of the citrus fruit grown in different environments, other studies have paid attention to the effect of rootstock on fruit quality. Hence the quality of citrus fruit is becoming increasingly more relevant as consumers demand high internal and external qualities to eat citrus fruit fresh. To better understand how rootstock influences citrus fruit quality, the literature that focuses on physico-chemical parameters, nutritional compounds and physiological disorders has been revised. This review points out the influence that the external aspects surrounding plants has on fruit quality, such as the rootstock/scion interaction, the water uptake capacity of roots, the modification of the photosynthetic rate or availability of nutrients minerals.

Research paper thumbnail of Influencia del aporte de nitrógeno postcosecha y del uso de un inhibidor de la nitrificación DMPP

Influencia del aporte de nitrógeno postcosecha y del uso de un inhibidor de la nitrificación DMPP... more Influencia del aporte de nitrógeno postcosecha y del uso de un inhibidor de la nitrificación DMPP Se ha estudiado la absorción y reservas de nitrógeno en el cultivo de melocotonero temprano El objetivo general del ensayo 34 VIDA RURAL 1jsio 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Intra and Inter-specific Variability of Salt Tolerance Mechanisms in Diospyros Genus

Frontiers in Plant Science, 2020

Saline stress is one of most important problems that agriculture must face in the context of clim... more Saline stress is one of most important problems that agriculture must face in the context of climate change. In the Mediterranean basin, one of the regions most affected, persimmon production can be compromised by this effect, due to the limited availability of salt tolerant rootstocks. Seedlings coming from four populations from the Diospyros genus have been exposed to salt stress in order to identify salt tolerance genotypes within these populations. Morphological, physiological, and transcriptomic approaches have revealed different mechanisms of tolerance among the population studied. An HKT1like gene has been shown to have different root expression related to the salt tolerance phenotypes among and within populations. Additionally, we have observed differences in salt-responsive expression among PIP aquaporin genes. Genetic variability for salt tolerance can be generated in Diospyros species through crossings and used for overcome salt stress. Furthermore, differences in water use efficiency (WUE) have been obtained between and within populations. The information gathered at transcriptomic and physiological level demonstrated natural and heritable variability among Diospyros genus which is the key for salt-tolerant rootstock breeding programs.

Research paper thumbnail of La huella de carbono de las plantaciones de cítricos

Vida Rural, 2012

plantaciones de Nuestro país-y dentro de éste la Comunidad Valencianaconstituye una potencia citr... more plantaciones de Nuestro país-y dentro de éste la Comunidad Valencianaconstituye una potencia citrícola de primer orden, siendo responsable de más de la mitad

Research paper thumbnail of Abonado de los cítricos

Guía práctica de la …, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Fertilización Nitrogenada, Fosfórica Y Potásica De Los Cítricos: Cálculo De La Dosis De Fertilizantes De Cada Elemento Y Correciones Necesarias En Riego Por Goteo

Vida rural, 2006

Fertilización nitrogenada, fosfórica y potásica de los Cítricos: Cálculo de la dosis de fertiliza... more Fertilización nitrogenada, fosfórica y potásica de los Cítricos: Cálculo de la dosis de fertilizantes de cada elemento y correciones necesarias en riego por goteo. Ana Quiñones, Belén Martínez-Alcántara, Eduardo Primo-Millo, Francisco Legaz Vida rural 237, 44-48, 2006. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Nuevo Inductor Para Mejorar El Cuajado Del Fruto En árboles De Clementina De Nules

Phytoma …, 2009

Acceso de usuarios registrados. Acceso de usuarios registrados Usuario Contraseña. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Mejora de la fertilización nitrogenada mediante el uso de un inhibidor de la nitrificación

Vida rural, 2009

Acceso de usuarios registrados. Acceso de usuarios registrados Usuario Contraseña. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Estudio de la absorción y translocación de Ca y N en los cítricos. I. Uso de la técnica de dilución isotópica

Levante Agricola Revista Internacional De Citricos, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Comparación de la eficiencia de uso del nitrógeno en fertilización orgánica y mineral

Research paper thumbnail of Seasonal Changes in Nitrate Uptake Efficiency in Young Potted Citrus Trees

Journal of Agricultural Science, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate as a nitrification inhibitor in a Citrus -cultivated soil

Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2000

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the inhibitory action on nitrification of 3,4-dimeth... more The objectives of this work were to evaluate the inhibitory action on nitrification of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) added to ammonium sulphate nitrate [(NH 4) 2 SO 4 plus NH 4 NO 3 ; ASN] in a Citrus-cultivated soil, and to study its effect on N uptake. In a greenhouse experiment, 2 g N as ASN either with or without 0.015 g DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH 4 c-N) was applied 6 times at 20-day intervals to plants grown in 14-l pots filled with soil. Addition of DMPP to ASN resulted in higher levels of NH 4 c-N and lower levels of NO 3-N in the soil during the whole experimental period. The NO 3-N concentration in drainage water was lower in the ASN plus DMPP (ASNcDMPP)treated pots. Also, DMPP supplementation resulted in greater uptake of the fertilizer-N by citrus plants. In another experiment, 100 g N as ASN, either with or without 0.75 g DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH 4 c-N) was applied to 6-year-old citrus plants grown individually outdoors in containers. Concentrations of NH 4 c-N and NO 3-N at different soil depths and N distribution in the soil profile after consecutive flood irrigations were monitored. In the ASN-amended soil, nitrification was faster, whereas the addition of the inhibitor led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH 4 c-N and NO 3-N in soil for longer than when ASN was added alone. At the end of the experiment (120 days) 68.5% and 53.1% of the applied N was leached below 0.60 m in the ASN and ASNcDMPP treatments, respectively. Also, leaf N levels were higher in plants fertilized with ASNcDMPP. Collectively, these results indicate that the DMPP nitrification inhibitor improved N fertilizer efficiency and reduced NO 3 leaching losses by retaining the applied N in the ammoniacal form.

Research paper thumbnail of Struvite as a Sustainable Fertilizer in Mediterranean Soils

Agronomy

Recycled sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), such as struvite extracted from wastewater, ... more Recycled sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), such as struvite extracted from wastewater, have the potential to substitute conventional manufactured fertilizers and mitigate environmental problems such as water eutrophication or the depletion of non-renewable resources. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of struvite as a nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizer in the Spanish Mediterranean region. Two experiments were carried out using struvite recovered from sewage sludge and different representative soils from the area. Since knowing the rates at which their nutrients are released is key for efficient use, experiment I determined the struvite N-releasing rate for 16 weeks. Experiment II studied the effect of different struvite doses (50, 100, 200 kg P2O5 ha−1) on crop growth compared to superphosphate + ammonium nitrate. The results indicated N-releasing rates that fall in line with a slow-release fertilizer. More than 20% of applied struvite-N was unavailable for plant...

Research paper thumbnail of Valorización mediante compostaje de los restos vegetales en el Mercado de Abastos de Valencia (Mercavalència)

La actividad del mercado de abastos de una gran ciudad como Valencia, con más de 400.000 t de pro... more La actividad del mercado de abastos de una gran ciudad como Valencia, con más de 400.000 t de producto comercializado al año, genera grandes volúmenes de residuos, de los que alrededor de un 80% son de naturaleza orgánica. La gestión adecuada de dichos residuos es uno de los objetivos principales de la política ambiental de Mercavalència, pues supondría la reducción de los costes derivados de su eliminación y sobre todo la disminución de su impacto ambiental. Otra de las preocupaciones de la municipalidad de Valencia en cuanto a valorización de residuos, es la gestión de las más de 75.000 t de paja de arroz que se generan anualmente en los arrozales de la Albufera de Valencia. Tradicionalmente se procede a su quema, pero en la actualidad se están buscando alternativas de gestión que contribuyan a preservar este entorno natural de alto valor ecológico. Con el objetivo de implantar un sistema de economía circular que valorice la paja de arroz y los restos orgánicos generados en Mercav...

Research paper thumbnail of Hortganic. Uso eficiente de distintas fuentes de materia orgánica en agricultura mediterránea

Research paper thumbnail of Picado y oleocelosis por insolación en la variedad Safor

Research paper thumbnail of RESEARCH ARTICLE Physiological and Molecular Responses to Excess Boron in Citrus macrophyllaW

This work provides insight into several mechanisms involved in boron (B) regulation path-way in r... more This work provides insight into several mechanisms involved in boron (B) regulation path-way in response to high B conditions in Citrus. The study was carried out in Citrus macro-phyllaW. (Cm) seedlings cultured “in vitro ” in media with 50 or 400 μMH3BO3 (control, Ct, and B-excess, +B, plants, respectively). Growth parameters, B concentration, leaf chloro-phyll (Chl) concentration, the expression of the main putative genes involved in B transport and distribution, and leaf and root proline and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentrations, were assessed. Excess B led to high B concentration in +B plants (3.8- and 1.4-fold in leaves and roots, respectively) when compared with Ct ones. However, a minor effect was recorded in the plant (incipient visual symptoms, less than 27 % reduction in root growth and 26% decrease in Chl b concentration). B toxicity down-regulated by half the expression level of putative B transporter genes NIP5 and PIP1. CmBOR1 gene was not repressed in +B plants and B acc...

Research paper thumbnail of Non-Destructive Appraisal of Macro- and Micronutrients in Persimmon Leaves Using Vis/NIR Hyperspectral Imaging

Agriculture

Visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used for rapid and non-destru... more Visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used for rapid and non-destructive determination of macro- and micronutrient contents in persimmon leaves. Hyperspectral images of 687 leaves were acquired in the 500–980 nm range over 6 months, covering a complete vegetative cycle. The average reflectance spectrum of each leaf was extracted, and foliar ionomic analysis was used as a reference method to determine the actual concentration of the nutrients in the leaves. Analyses were performed via emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for macro- and micronutrients after microwave digestion and using the Kjeldahl method to quantify nitrogen. Partial least square regression (PLS-R) was used to predict the nutrient concentration based on spectral data from the leaf using actual values of each element as predictor variables. Several methods were used to pre-process the spectra, including Savitzky–Golay (SG) smoothing, standard normal variate (SNV) and first (1D) and second der...

Research paper thumbnail of Estimation of Macro and Micronutrients in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) cv. ‘Rojo Brillante’ Leaves through Vis-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy

Agronomy

The nutritional diagnosis of crops is carried out through costly elemental analyses of different ... more The nutritional diagnosis of crops is carried out through costly elemental analyses of different plant organs, particularly leaves, in the laboratory. However, visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy of unprocessed plant samples has a high potential as a faster, non-destructive, environmental-friendly alternative to elemental analyses. In this work, the potential of this technique to estimate the concentrations of macronutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), and micronutrients such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and boron (B), in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) ‘Rojo Brillante’ leaves, has been investigated. Throughout the crop cycle variable rates of N and K were applied to obtain six nutritional status levels in persimmon trees in an experimental orchard. Then, leaves were systematically sampled throughout the cropping season from the different nutritional levels and spectral reflectance measurements were acquired in th...

Research paper thumbnail of DRIS Norms and Sufficiency Ranges for Persimmon ‘Rojo Brillante’ Grown under Mediterranean Conditions in Spain

Agronomy, May 25, 2022

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Rootstock on Citrus Fruit Quality: A Review

Food Reviews International, 2021

Citrus rootstocks are a relevant tree part that contributes to crops adapting to biotic and abiot... more Citrus rootstocks are a relevant tree part that contributes to crops adapting to biotic and abiotic conditions, it becoming a key factor to face the current era of climate change. Although the emphasis of most studies on rootstocks has been placed on the yield and optimization of the citrus fruit grown in different environments, other studies have paid attention to the effect of rootstock on fruit quality. Hence the quality of citrus fruit is becoming increasingly more relevant as consumers demand high internal and external qualities to eat citrus fruit fresh. To better understand how rootstock influences citrus fruit quality, the literature that focuses on physico-chemical parameters, nutritional compounds and physiological disorders has been revised. This review points out the influence that the external aspects surrounding plants has on fruit quality, such as the rootstock/scion interaction, the water uptake capacity of roots, the modification of the photosynthetic rate or availability of nutrients minerals.

Research paper thumbnail of Influencia del aporte de nitrógeno postcosecha y del uso de un inhibidor de la nitrificación DMPP

Influencia del aporte de nitrógeno postcosecha y del uso de un inhibidor de la nitrificación DMPP... more Influencia del aporte de nitrógeno postcosecha y del uso de un inhibidor de la nitrificación DMPP Se ha estudiado la absorción y reservas de nitrógeno en el cultivo de melocotonero temprano El objetivo general del ensayo 34 VIDA RURAL 1jsio 2020

Research paper thumbnail of Intra and Inter-specific Variability of Salt Tolerance Mechanisms in Diospyros Genus

Frontiers in Plant Science, 2020

Saline stress is one of most important problems that agriculture must face in the context of clim... more Saline stress is one of most important problems that agriculture must face in the context of climate change. In the Mediterranean basin, one of the regions most affected, persimmon production can be compromised by this effect, due to the limited availability of salt tolerant rootstocks. Seedlings coming from four populations from the Diospyros genus have been exposed to salt stress in order to identify salt tolerance genotypes within these populations. Morphological, physiological, and transcriptomic approaches have revealed different mechanisms of tolerance among the population studied. An HKT1like gene has been shown to have different root expression related to the salt tolerance phenotypes among and within populations. Additionally, we have observed differences in salt-responsive expression among PIP aquaporin genes. Genetic variability for salt tolerance can be generated in Diospyros species through crossings and used for overcome salt stress. Furthermore, differences in water use efficiency (WUE) have been obtained between and within populations. The information gathered at transcriptomic and physiological level demonstrated natural and heritable variability among Diospyros genus which is the key for salt-tolerant rootstock breeding programs.

Research paper thumbnail of La huella de carbono de las plantaciones de cítricos

Vida Rural, 2012

plantaciones de Nuestro país-y dentro de éste la Comunidad Valencianaconstituye una potencia citr... more plantaciones de Nuestro país-y dentro de éste la Comunidad Valencianaconstituye una potencia citrícola de primer orden, siendo responsable de más de la mitad

Research paper thumbnail of Abonado de los cítricos

Guía práctica de la …, 2010

Research paper thumbnail of Fertilización Nitrogenada, Fosfórica Y Potásica De Los Cítricos: Cálculo De La Dosis De Fertilizantes De Cada Elemento Y Correciones Necesarias En Riego Por Goteo

Vida rural, 2006

Fertilización nitrogenada, fosfórica y potásica de los Cítricos: Cálculo de la dosis de fertiliza... more Fertilización nitrogenada, fosfórica y potásica de los Cítricos: Cálculo de la dosis de fertilizantes de cada elemento y correciones necesarias en riego por goteo. Ana Quiñones, Belén Martínez-Alcántara, Eduardo Primo-Millo, Francisco Legaz Vida rural 237, 44-48, 2006. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Nuevo Inductor Para Mejorar El Cuajado Del Fruto En árboles De Clementina De Nules

Phytoma …, 2009

Acceso de usuarios registrados. Acceso de usuarios registrados Usuario Contraseña. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Mejora de la fertilización nitrogenada mediante el uso de un inhibidor de la nitrificación

Vida rural, 2009

Acceso de usuarios registrados. Acceso de usuarios registrados Usuario Contraseña. ...

Research paper thumbnail of Estudio de la absorción y translocación de Ca y N en los cítricos. I. Uso de la técnica de dilución isotópica

Levante Agricola Revista Internacional De Citricos, 2013

Research paper thumbnail of Comparación de la eficiencia de uso del nitrógeno en fertilización orgánica y mineral

Research paper thumbnail of Seasonal Changes in Nitrate Uptake Efficiency in Young Potted Citrus Trees

Journal of Agricultural Science, 2012

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate as a nitrification inhibitor in a Citrus -cultivated soil

Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2000

The objectives of this work were to evaluate the inhibitory action on nitrification of 3,4-dimeth... more The objectives of this work were to evaluate the inhibitory action on nitrification of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) added to ammonium sulphate nitrate [(NH 4) 2 SO 4 plus NH 4 NO 3 ; ASN] in a Citrus-cultivated soil, and to study its effect on N uptake. In a greenhouse experiment, 2 g N as ASN either with or without 0.015 g DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH 4 c-N) was applied 6 times at 20-day intervals to plants grown in 14-l pots filled with soil. Addition of DMPP to ASN resulted in higher levels of NH 4 c-N and lower levels of NO 3-N in the soil during the whole experimental period. The NO 3-N concentration in drainage water was lower in the ASN plus DMPP (ASNcDMPP)treated pots. Also, DMPP supplementation resulted in greater uptake of the fertilizer-N by citrus plants. In another experiment, 100 g N as ASN, either with or without 0.75 g DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH 4 c-N) was applied to 6-year-old citrus plants grown individually outdoors in containers. Concentrations of NH 4 c-N and NO 3-N at different soil depths and N distribution in the soil profile after consecutive flood irrigations were monitored. In the ASN-amended soil, nitrification was faster, whereas the addition of the inhibitor led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH 4 c-N and NO 3-N in soil for longer than when ASN was added alone. At the end of the experiment (120 days) 68.5% and 53.1% of the applied N was leached below 0.60 m in the ASN and ASNcDMPP treatments, respectively. Also, leaf N levels were higher in plants fertilized with ASNcDMPP. Collectively, these results indicate that the DMPP nitrification inhibitor improved N fertilizer efficiency and reduced NO 3 leaching losses by retaining the applied N in the ammoniacal form.

Research paper thumbnail of Struvite as a Sustainable Fertilizer in Mediterranean Soils

Agronomy

Recycled sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), such as struvite extracted from wastewater, ... more Recycled sources of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), such as struvite extracted from wastewater, have the potential to substitute conventional manufactured fertilizers and mitigate environmental problems such as water eutrophication or the depletion of non-renewable resources. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of struvite as a nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizer in the Spanish Mediterranean region. Two experiments were carried out using struvite recovered from sewage sludge and different representative soils from the area. Since knowing the rates at which their nutrients are released is key for efficient use, experiment I determined the struvite N-releasing rate for 16 weeks. Experiment II studied the effect of different struvite doses (50, 100, 200 kg P2O5 ha−1) on crop growth compared to superphosphate + ammonium nitrate. The results indicated N-releasing rates that fall in line with a slow-release fertilizer. More than 20% of applied struvite-N was unavailable for plant...

Research paper thumbnail of Valorización mediante compostaje de los restos vegetales en el Mercado de Abastos de Valencia (Mercavalència)

La actividad del mercado de abastos de una gran ciudad como Valencia, con más de 400.000 t de pro... more La actividad del mercado de abastos de una gran ciudad como Valencia, con más de 400.000 t de producto comercializado al año, genera grandes volúmenes de residuos, de los que alrededor de un 80% son de naturaleza orgánica. La gestión adecuada de dichos residuos es uno de los objetivos principales de la política ambiental de Mercavalència, pues supondría la reducción de los costes derivados de su eliminación y sobre todo la disminución de su impacto ambiental. Otra de las preocupaciones de la municipalidad de Valencia en cuanto a valorización de residuos, es la gestión de las más de 75.000 t de paja de arroz que se generan anualmente en los arrozales de la Albufera de Valencia. Tradicionalmente se procede a su quema, pero en la actualidad se están buscando alternativas de gestión que contribuyan a preservar este entorno natural de alto valor ecológico. Con el objetivo de implantar un sistema de economía circular que valorice la paja de arroz y los restos orgánicos generados en Mercav...

Research paper thumbnail of Hortganic. Uso eficiente de distintas fuentes de materia orgánica en agricultura mediterránea

Research paper thumbnail of Picado y oleocelosis por insolación en la variedad Safor

Research paper thumbnail of RESEARCH ARTICLE Physiological and Molecular Responses to Excess Boron in Citrus macrophyllaW

This work provides insight into several mechanisms involved in boron (B) regulation path-way in r... more This work provides insight into several mechanisms involved in boron (B) regulation path-way in response to high B conditions in Citrus. The study was carried out in Citrus macro-phyllaW. (Cm) seedlings cultured “in vitro ” in media with 50 or 400 μMH3BO3 (control, Ct, and B-excess, +B, plants, respectively). Growth parameters, B concentration, leaf chloro-phyll (Chl) concentration, the expression of the main putative genes involved in B transport and distribution, and leaf and root proline and malonaldehyde (MDA) concentrations, were assessed. Excess B led to high B concentration in +B plants (3.8- and 1.4-fold in leaves and roots, respectively) when compared with Ct ones. However, a minor effect was recorded in the plant (incipient visual symptoms, less than 27 % reduction in root growth and 26% decrease in Chl b concentration). B toxicity down-regulated by half the expression level of putative B transporter genes NIP5 and PIP1. CmBOR1 gene was not repressed in +B plants and B acc...