Ramesh Agrawal - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Ramesh Agrawal

Tuberculosis Research and Treatment, 2012

HIV-related tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose and is associated with high morbidity and morta... more HIV-related tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Recently, the World Health Organization has endorsed the GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients from developing countries, but information about the use of Xpert for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is scarce. In this study, we compared the performance of light-emitting diode (LED) auramine fluorescent microscopy and the Xpert assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV infected patients in a district hospital of India. Although at higher cost, Xpert outperformed LED fluorescent microscopy in all type of specimens, especially in cerebrospinal fluid where the number of positive results was increased 11 times. Pleural fluid, ascitic fluid, pus, and stool specimens also yielded positive results with the Xpert assay. When collecting two additional early-morning sputum samples, the increase of the number of positive results with the Xpert assay was lower than previously reported for HIV infected patients. Rifampicin resistance was observed in 2.2% of the cases. The results of this study show that the Xpert assay can dramatically improve the rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis and other types of extrapulmonary tuberculosis of HIV infected patients.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2010

Context: AIP mutations (AIPmut) give rise to a pituitary adenoma predisposition that occurs in fa... more Context: AIP mutations (AIPmut) give rise to a pituitary adenoma predisposition that occurs in familial isolated pituitary adenomas and less often in sporadic cases. The clinical and therapeutic features of AIPmut-associated pituitary adenomas have not been studied comprehensively. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess clinical/therapeutic characteristics of AIPmut pituitary adenomas. Design: This study was an international, multicenter, retrospective case collection/database analysis. Setting: The study was conducted at 36 tertiary referral endocrine and clinical genetics departments. Patients: Patients included 96 patients with germline AIPmut and pituitary adenomas and 232 matched AIPmut-negative acromegaly controls. Results: The AIPmut population was predominantly young and male (63.5%); first symptoms occurred as children/adolescents in 50%. At diagnosis, most tumors were macroadenomas (93.3%); extension and invasion was common. Somatotropinomas comprised 78.1% of the cohort; there were also prolactinomas (n ϭ 13), nonsecreting adenomas (n ϭ 7), and a TSH-secreting adenoma. AIPmut somatotropinomas were larger (P ϭ 0.00026), with higher GH levels (P ϭ 0.00068), more frequent extension (P ϭ 0.018) and prolactin cosecretion (P ϭ 0.00023), and occurred 2 decades before controls (P Ͻ 0.000001). Gigantism was more common in the AIPmut group (P Ͻ 0.000001). AIPmut somatotropinoma patients underwent more surgical interventions (P ϭ 0.00069) and had lower decreases in GH (P ϭ 0.00037) and IGF-I (P ϭ 0.028) and less tumor shrinkage with somatostatin analogs (P Ͻ 0.00001) vs. controls. AIPmut prolactinomas occurred generally in young males and frequently required surgery or radiotherapy. Conclusions: AIPmut pituitary adenomas have clinical features that may negatively impact treatment efficacy. Predisposition for aggressive disease in young patients, often in a familial setting, suggests that earlier diagnosis of AIPmut pituitary adenomas may have clinical utility.

unisa.it

Summary The present study demonstrated that topical application of the Centella asiatica extract ... more Summary The present study demonstrated that topical application of the Centella asiatica extract at the dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight at the pre promotion phase showed a significant reduction in tumor incidence, tumor burden, tumor weight, tumor size, ...

Annual Research & Review in Biology, 2015

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author VS designed the study, wro... more This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author VS designed the study, wrote the protocol and interpreted the data. Author AK anchored the field study, gathered the initial data and performed preliminary data analysis. Authors VS, AK and RCA managed the literature searches and produced the initial draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2014

Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medici... more Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants are triterpenoid, saponin, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds. 1 In the traditional system of medicine, there are number of medicinal plants which are used in the treatment of liver disorders. Their extracts, fractions and active components exhibit marked hepatoprotective action, which has been related to their antioxidant properties. 2 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals contribute to cellular aging, possibly through the destabilization of membranes in cells. These free radicals may oxidize nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or DNA and can initiate degenerative disease. Free radicals and ROS are highly reactive molecules involved in many physiological processes and human ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra hydromethanolic root extract against carbon tetra chloride (CCl 4) induced oxidative-stress mediated hepatotoxicity in liver tissue of Swiss albino mice. Background: Medicinal plants play a vital role for the development of new drugs. Glycyrrhiza glabra is a widely used medicinal plant. It has many phyto-constituents and active components, which can be used for many diseases. Methods: For the antioxidant and hepatoprotective study, measurement of GSH, CAT, LPO bio-markers in Liver tissue of Swiss albino mice were taken. The animals were divided in six different groups each having 4 mice. The requisite dose of CCl 4 was dissolved in appropriate solvent (1.5ml/kg body wt) and administrated as single i.p. dose per mice after 6 hr of last treatment of extract to the animals in each group. Mice were received orally administration of extract up to 7 days. Positive Control group received single i.p. injection of 1.5ml/kg body wt CCl 4 in 0.9% saline. Results: The results suggest that, the crude extract of root of G. glabra at the doses of 300 and 600mg/kg body wt. expressed significant hepatoprotective potential against CCl 4 induced oxidative stress mediated hepatotoxicity in student 't' test (p<0.05) at dose dependent manner in the Liver tissue of Swiss albino mice. G. glabra root extract alone has not induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: Based on this study, It may be concluded that Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract possess hepatoprotective potential in Swiss albino mice.

Med One

Aloe vera L (A. barbadensis) is commonly used medicinal and cosmetic plant. In the present invest... more Aloe vera L (A. barbadensis) is commonly used medicinal and cosmetic plant. In the present investigations the anti necrotic and anticlastogenic activity of Aloe vera extract was studied using Skin Papilloma, Melanoma Bone marrow micronucleus and chromosomal assays in Swiss albino and C57 Bl mice. It has been observed that topical application of Aloe vera extract on the skin tumour induced by DMBA (7.12 Dimethyl Benz (a) nthracene) and croton oil have significantly reduced the tumour size, weight and histological changes as compared to control group. Antinecrotic activity was also observed in skin melanoma tumour induced by subcutaneous administration of B6 F10 cell lines in C57 Bl mice. It reduced the tumour volume and increases the significant survival of animals as compared to control group. In anticlastogenic activity, Aloe vera extract have significantly prevented chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus formations in dose dependent manner. Results suggest the antinecrotic and anticlastogenic potential of Aloe vera extract in the above test systems.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Although great advancements have 18 been m... more Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Although great advancements have 18 been made in the treatment and control of cancer progression, significant deficiencies and 19 room for improvement remain. A number of undesired side effects such as vomiting, hair 20 loss, immunosupression, free radical formation etc. occur during chemotherapy. Free radicals 21 are the cause of oxidative stress, which may causes injury to cells, gene mutation, and may 22 lead to cancer. Oxidative stress can also causes cancer, by the interaction with intracellular 23 signal transduction and transcription factors, directly or indirectly. An antioxidant is any 24 substance that delays, prevents or removes oxidative damage to a target molecule. This can 25 be achieved by the entrance of substances such as phytotherapeutic molecules, oxidation 26 inhibitors, vitamins, minerals, in the body from different natural sources. These compounds 27 neutralize the free radicals and prevent from excessive production of harmful elements in the 28 body. Phytotherapeutic molecules are the secondary metabolites which hold the promise to 29 design new drugs in drug development process for treatment of lot of diseases such as cancer.

To assess the median lethal dose and evaluate the anti-chemotherapeutic effects of hydro-methanol... more To assess the median lethal dose and evaluate the anti-chemotherapeutic effects of hydro-methanolic root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on the cyclophosphamide (CP) induced mutagenicity in bone marrow cells of Swiss albino mice. Methods: For the assessments of LD 50, hydro-methanolic root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra were intra-peritoneally administered at doses of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 mg/kg body weight. For the mutagenicity study, bone marrow micronucleus test was used and the single i.p. of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract given at the dose of 300, 450, and 600 mg/kg body weight, 24 hrs prior the administration of CP (at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight). Results: The present investigations revealed that, the median lethal dose/LD 50 was observed at the dose of 833.3 mg/kg body weight. The results suggest that, the doses of 450 and 600 mg/kg body weight expressed signifi cant preventive potential against CP induced Micronucleus formation in student 't' test at dose dependent manner in the bone marrow cells of Swiss albino mice. Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract alone has not induced micronucleus formation. Conclusion: Based on this study, it may be concluded that Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract possess anti-mutagenic behavior and this hydro-methanolic crude extract may be safe as per the LD 50 was observed.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of 95% ethanol extract of ba... more The present study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of 95% ethanol extract of bark of Terminalia arjuna. In the present investigations, the preventive effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract was evaluated against cyclophosphamide induced micronucleus formation and chromosomal aberration in the mouse bone marrow cells. The single ip administration of Terminalia arjuna bark extract at the dose of 120,180 and 240 mg/kg body weight, 24 hours prior the administration of cyclophosphamide(at the dose of 50 mg/kg) have significantly prevented the micronucleus formations and chromosomal aberration in dose dependent manner in bone marrow cells of mice as compared to cyclophosphamide group. However, Terminalia arjuna bark extract alone has not induced micronucleus formations and chromosomal aberration in bone marrow cells as compared to control group. Therefore seems to have a preventive potential against CP-induced micronucleus formation and chromosomal aberration in Swiss mouse bone marrow cells.

Gymnema is popularly known as gurmar or Madhunashini (destroyer of sugar), as chewing the leaves ... more Gymnema is popularly known as gurmar or Madhunashini (destroyer of sugar), as chewing the leaves causes a loss of sweet taste. Gymnema sylvestre leaves extract against 7, 12 -dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) induced papillomagenesis in Swiss albino mice was studied. The methanolic extract of Gymnema sylvestre was analyzed for chemopreventive activity. Chemopreventive activity was evaluated by two stage protocol consisting of initiation with a single topical application of a carcinogen (7, 12 -dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) followed by a promoter (croton oil) two times in a week were employed. A significant reduction in tumor incidence, tumor burden and cumulative number of papillomas was observed, along with a significant increase in average latent period in mice treated tropically with Gymnema sylvestre extract as compared to the control group treated with DMBA and croton oil. The antioxidant and antibacterial effect of Gymnema extract was also observed .The above studies reveal information about the prevention of cancer. Therefore, the present study is immensely important in future drug development programs for the cancer treatment.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The present study was carried out to ... more Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti model in mice. (DMBA) induced papillomagenesis in Swiss albino mice was studied. The methanolic extract of Lagnaria sciceraria protocol consisting of ini (a) anthracene (DMBA) followed by a promoter (croton oil) two times in a week were employed A significant reduction in tumor incidence, tumor burden and cumulat observed, along with a significant increase in average latent period in mice treated topically with Lagnaria sciceraria Phytochemical analysis of m presence of Alkaloids, triterponoids, flavonoids steroid, glycoside, tannin resin and saponin. However in methanolic extract of fruits of Lagnaria shows presence of all above compounds e The carbohydrate and protein were present in fruit extract which were absent in leaves sample. The above studies revealed information about the anticancer activity of

In the present study our aim was to evaluate Phytoconstituents and In vitro antioxidant potential... more In the present study our aim was to evaluate Phytoconstituents and In vitro antioxidant potential of hydromethanolic stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia Linn (Menispermaceae) using standard screening methods and De-oxyribose method respectively. Different degrees of effect were noticed in case of different methods of study. In phytochemical screening, Tinospora cordifolia showed presence of secondary metabolites: Saponin, tannin, alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides, phenol etc. The extract possessed potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity having IC 50 value 50.27 at 70µg/ml against the positive control standard Ascorbic acid having IC 50 value 51.56 at 60µg/ml. These findings demonstrated that Tinospora cordifolia possess free radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In conclusion the present study indicates that Tinospora cordifolia may be a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of hydromethanolic extracts of Aegle marmelos fr... more Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of hydromethanolic extracts of Aegle marmelos fruit, leaves and bark were investigated in this work. Phytochemical screening of the crude extracts revealed the presence of Alkaloids, glycosides, Terpenoids, Saponins, Tannis, Flavonoids, and Steroids. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using Fenton reaction: an in vitro assay and the extracts showed high hydroxyl radical scavenging property when compared with Ascorbic acid, which was used as reference standard. These findings demonstrated that Aegle marmelos extracts possess free radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity as well as antioxidant activity in vitro.

Background: Cancer is among the second fatal diseases, next to cardiovascular diseases. Surgery, ... more Background: Cancer is among the second fatal diseases, next to cardiovascular diseases. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy or a combination of these are used worldwide for the treatment of Cancer. But, all these therapeutic options results in various side effects, to overcome these side effects, medicinal plants and herbs have now been used for their pharmacological active contents to treat cancer. Aim: The present study was aimed at evaluating the Chemopreventive and Antioxidant effects of hydromathanolic Aegle marmelos bark extract against 7, 12-dimethylbenzeneanthracene (DMBA) induced Papilloma in Swiss albino mice. Material and Methods: Crude extraction protocol was employed for the preparation of Hydromethanolic Aegle marmelos bark extract and Tumor was induced by the application of single dose of DMBA on the dorsal, shaved surface of mice and promotion by croton oil started after 2 weeks and in the treatment group, A. marmelos bark extract (900 mg/kg b.wt.) was given one hour before each application of croton oil 2 times/week up to 16 weeks. After the completion of the assay, Reduced Glutathione (GSH) level was estimated in control, Carcinogen control and treatment group. Results: In this Skin Papilloma model, Significant reduction in tumor burden, tumor incidence and cumulative number of papillomas and a marked increase in average latent period of tumor appearance and Reduced Gluatathione concentration was observed in Aegle marmelos bark extract treated group as compared to animals treated with DMBA and croton oil (carcinogen control) group. Thus, the present study suggests that the Aegle marmelos bark extract has antitumor and antioxidant potential against Chemical induced skin papillomagenesis.

Aegle marmelos, plant known for its medicinal importance since ancient times and every part of th... more Aegle marmelos, plant known for its medicinal importance since ancient times and every part of the plant has been used for curing different diseases. In the present set of investigation, antimutagenic effect of Aegle marmelos bark (AMB) extract against Cyclophosphamide (CP) has been evaluated using in vivo Micronucleus (MN) and Chromosomal aberrations (CA) assay. Mice were categorized in to 6 different groups. Three groups were administered intraperitoneally (i.p) with different doses of AMB i.e. 450, 675 & 900 mg/kg body weight (b.w) 24 hours prior to CP treatement. The CP treated group, vehicle alone group and AMB control group were also included. AMB pretreatment resulted in a decreased frequency of MN and CA, whereas CP treated groups showed significant increase in DNA damage in the bone marrow as evidenced by an increase in the number of micronuclei and CA. AMB extract alone group could not induce any kind of gentoxicity. The protective effect of Aegle marmelos bark extract was found to be more protective at the test dose of 900 mg/kg b.w, indicating a dose dependent protective effect against CP induced gentoxicity. Thus, the present study revealed the antigenotoxic activity of AMB extract on micronuclei formation and chromosomal aberrations induced by CP. Please cite this article in press as Dr Nirmala Gupta et al. Protective Effect of Aegle Marmelos Bark Extract Against Cyclophosphamide Induced Genotoxicity in Mouse Bone Marrow Cellsx. Indo American Journal of Pharm Research.2015:5(04).

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Cassia fistula (CF), a member of Leguminosa... more Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Cassia fistula (CF), a member of Leguminosae family, is Native to India, Amazon and Sri Lanka, is widely used for its medicinal properties in Indian system of medicine for various ailment from the ancient time. The present investigation was undertaken to investigate the anticarcinogenic action of Cassia fistula L. extract on 2-stage skin carcinogenesis model in Swiss albino mice. The papilloma were produced on mice skin by DMBA and promoted by croton oil and one weeks later, promoted by repeated application of croton oil (1% in acetone/twice in a week) till the end of the experiment (16 weeks). After 16 weeks at the time of termination of the experiment estimation of GSH from the liver and blood tissue of the animals were also done by the method of Beutler et. al. (1963). the outcomes of the papilloma study and GSH estimation was correlated and it was found to be preventive for the formation as well as persistence of papilloma. 21 no. of papilloma were found in CF treated mice as compared to (35) untreated control mice. Our results suggest that Cassia fistula can be a cost effective future herbal alternative medicine for cancer treatment.

Tuberculosis Research and Treatment, 2012

HIV-related tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose and is associated with high morbidity and morta... more HIV-related tuberculosis is difficult to diagnose and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Recently, the World Health Organization has endorsed the GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients from developing countries, but information about the use of Xpert for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is scarce. In this study, we compared the performance of light-emitting diode (LED) auramine fluorescent microscopy and the Xpert assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV infected patients in a district hospital of India. Although at higher cost, Xpert outperformed LED fluorescent microscopy in all type of specimens, especially in cerebrospinal fluid where the number of positive results was increased 11 times. Pleural fluid, ascitic fluid, pus, and stool specimens also yielded positive results with the Xpert assay. When collecting two additional early-morning sputum samples, the increase of the number of positive results with the Xpert assay was lower than previously reported for HIV infected patients. Rifampicin resistance was observed in 2.2% of the cases. The results of this study show that the Xpert assay can dramatically improve the rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis and other types of extrapulmonary tuberculosis of HIV infected patients.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2010

Context: AIP mutations (AIPmut) give rise to a pituitary adenoma predisposition that occurs in fa... more Context: AIP mutations (AIPmut) give rise to a pituitary adenoma predisposition that occurs in familial isolated pituitary adenomas and less often in sporadic cases. The clinical and therapeutic features of AIPmut-associated pituitary adenomas have not been studied comprehensively. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess clinical/therapeutic characteristics of AIPmut pituitary adenomas. Design: This study was an international, multicenter, retrospective case collection/database analysis. Setting: The study was conducted at 36 tertiary referral endocrine and clinical genetics departments. Patients: Patients included 96 patients with germline AIPmut and pituitary adenomas and 232 matched AIPmut-negative acromegaly controls. Results: The AIPmut population was predominantly young and male (63.5%); first symptoms occurred as children/adolescents in 50%. At diagnosis, most tumors were macroadenomas (93.3%); extension and invasion was common. Somatotropinomas comprised 78.1% of the cohort; there were also prolactinomas (n ϭ 13), nonsecreting adenomas (n ϭ 7), and a TSH-secreting adenoma. AIPmut somatotropinomas were larger (P ϭ 0.00026), with higher GH levels (P ϭ 0.00068), more frequent extension (P ϭ 0.018) and prolactin cosecretion (P ϭ 0.00023), and occurred 2 decades before controls (P Ͻ 0.000001). Gigantism was more common in the AIPmut group (P Ͻ 0.000001). AIPmut somatotropinoma patients underwent more surgical interventions (P ϭ 0.00069) and had lower decreases in GH (P ϭ 0.00037) and IGF-I (P ϭ 0.028) and less tumor shrinkage with somatostatin analogs (P Ͻ 0.00001) vs. controls. AIPmut prolactinomas occurred generally in young males and frequently required surgery or radiotherapy. Conclusions: AIPmut pituitary adenomas have clinical features that may negatively impact treatment efficacy. Predisposition for aggressive disease in young patients, often in a familial setting, suggests that earlier diagnosis of AIPmut pituitary adenomas may have clinical utility.

unisa.it

Summary The present study demonstrated that topical application of the Centella asiatica extract ... more Summary The present study demonstrated that topical application of the Centella asiatica extract at the dose of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight at the pre promotion phase showed a significant reduction in tumor incidence, tumor burden, tumor weight, tumor size, ...

Annual Research & Review in Biology, 2015

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author VS designed the study, wro... more This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author VS designed the study, wrote the protocol and interpreted the data. Author AK anchored the field study, gathered the initial data and performed preliminary data analysis. Authors VS, AK and RCA managed the literature searches and produced the initial draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2014

Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medici... more Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and communities. The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human body. The most important of these bioactive constituents of plants are triterpenoid, saponin, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds. 1 In the traditional system of medicine, there are number of medicinal plants which are used in the treatment of liver disorders. Their extracts, fractions and active components exhibit marked hepatoprotective action, which has been related to their antioxidant properties. 2 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals contribute to cellular aging, possibly through the destabilization of membranes in cells. These free radicals may oxidize nucleic acids, proteins, lipids or DNA and can initiate degenerative disease. Free radicals and ROS are highly reactive molecules involved in many physiological processes and human ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra hydromethanolic root extract against carbon tetra chloride (CCl 4) induced oxidative-stress mediated hepatotoxicity in liver tissue of Swiss albino mice. Background: Medicinal plants play a vital role for the development of new drugs. Glycyrrhiza glabra is a widely used medicinal plant. It has many phyto-constituents and active components, which can be used for many diseases. Methods: For the antioxidant and hepatoprotective study, measurement of GSH, CAT, LPO bio-markers in Liver tissue of Swiss albino mice were taken. The animals were divided in six different groups each having 4 mice. The requisite dose of CCl 4 was dissolved in appropriate solvent (1.5ml/kg body wt) and administrated as single i.p. dose per mice after 6 hr of last treatment of extract to the animals in each group. Mice were received orally administration of extract up to 7 days. Positive Control group received single i.p. injection of 1.5ml/kg body wt CCl 4 in 0.9% saline. Results: The results suggest that, the crude extract of root of G. glabra at the doses of 300 and 600mg/kg body wt. expressed significant hepatoprotective potential against CCl 4 induced oxidative stress mediated hepatotoxicity in student 't' test (p<0.05) at dose dependent manner in the Liver tissue of Swiss albino mice. G. glabra root extract alone has not induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: Based on this study, It may be concluded that Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract possess hepatoprotective potential in Swiss albino mice.

Med One

Aloe vera L (A. barbadensis) is commonly used medicinal and cosmetic plant. In the present invest... more Aloe vera L (A. barbadensis) is commonly used medicinal and cosmetic plant. In the present investigations the anti necrotic and anticlastogenic activity of Aloe vera extract was studied using Skin Papilloma, Melanoma Bone marrow micronucleus and chromosomal assays in Swiss albino and C57 Bl mice. It has been observed that topical application of Aloe vera extract on the skin tumour induced by DMBA (7.12 Dimethyl Benz (a) nthracene) and croton oil have significantly reduced the tumour size, weight and histological changes as compared to control group. Antinecrotic activity was also observed in skin melanoma tumour induced by subcutaneous administration of B6 F10 cell lines in C57 Bl mice. It reduced the tumour volume and increases the significant survival of animals as compared to control group. In anticlastogenic activity, Aloe vera extract have significantly prevented chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus formations in dose dependent manner. Results suggest the antinecrotic and anticlastogenic potential of Aloe vera extract in the above test systems.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Although great advancements have 18 been m... more Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Although great advancements have 18 been made in the treatment and control of cancer progression, significant deficiencies and 19 room for improvement remain. A number of undesired side effects such as vomiting, hair 20 loss, immunosupression, free radical formation etc. occur during chemotherapy. Free radicals 21 are the cause of oxidative stress, which may causes injury to cells, gene mutation, and may 22 lead to cancer. Oxidative stress can also causes cancer, by the interaction with intracellular 23 signal transduction and transcription factors, directly or indirectly. An antioxidant is any 24 substance that delays, prevents or removes oxidative damage to a target molecule. This can 25 be achieved by the entrance of substances such as phytotherapeutic molecules, oxidation 26 inhibitors, vitamins, minerals, in the body from different natural sources. These compounds 27 neutralize the free radicals and prevent from excessive production of harmful elements in the 28 body. Phytotherapeutic molecules are the secondary metabolites which hold the promise to 29 design new drugs in drug development process for treatment of lot of diseases such as cancer.

To assess the median lethal dose and evaluate the anti-chemotherapeutic effects of hydro-methanol... more To assess the median lethal dose and evaluate the anti-chemotherapeutic effects of hydro-methanolic root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on the cyclophosphamide (CP) induced mutagenicity in bone marrow cells of Swiss albino mice. Methods: For the assessments of LD 50, hydro-methanolic root extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra were intra-peritoneally administered at doses of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 mg/kg body weight. For the mutagenicity study, bone marrow micronucleus test was used and the single i.p. of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract given at the dose of 300, 450, and 600 mg/kg body weight, 24 hrs prior the administration of CP (at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weight). Results: The present investigations revealed that, the median lethal dose/LD 50 was observed at the dose of 833.3 mg/kg body weight. The results suggest that, the doses of 450 and 600 mg/kg body weight expressed signifi cant preventive potential against CP induced Micronucleus formation in student 't' test at dose dependent manner in the bone marrow cells of Swiss albino mice. Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract alone has not induced micronucleus formation. Conclusion: Based on this study, it may be concluded that Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract possess anti-mutagenic behavior and this hydro-methanolic crude extract may be safe as per the LD 50 was observed.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of 95% ethanol extract of ba... more The present study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of 95% ethanol extract of bark of Terminalia arjuna. In the present investigations, the preventive effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract was evaluated against cyclophosphamide induced micronucleus formation and chromosomal aberration in the mouse bone marrow cells. The single ip administration of Terminalia arjuna bark extract at the dose of 120,180 and 240 mg/kg body weight, 24 hours prior the administration of cyclophosphamide(at the dose of 50 mg/kg) have significantly prevented the micronucleus formations and chromosomal aberration in dose dependent manner in bone marrow cells of mice as compared to cyclophosphamide group. However, Terminalia arjuna bark extract alone has not induced micronucleus formations and chromosomal aberration in bone marrow cells as compared to control group. Therefore seems to have a preventive potential against CP-induced micronucleus formation and chromosomal aberration in Swiss mouse bone marrow cells.

Gymnema is popularly known as gurmar or Madhunashini (destroyer of sugar), as chewing the leaves ... more Gymnema is popularly known as gurmar or Madhunashini (destroyer of sugar), as chewing the leaves causes a loss of sweet taste. Gymnema sylvestre leaves extract against 7, 12 -dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) induced papillomagenesis in Swiss albino mice was studied. The methanolic extract of Gymnema sylvestre was analyzed for chemopreventive activity. Chemopreventive activity was evaluated by two stage protocol consisting of initiation with a single topical application of a carcinogen (7, 12 -dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA) followed by a promoter (croton oil) two times in a week were employed. A significant reduction in tumor incidence, tumor burden and cumulative number of papillomas was observed, along with a significant increase in average latent period in mice treated tropically with Gymnema sylvestre extract as compared to the control group treated with DMBA and croton oil. The antioxidant and antibacterial effect of Gymnema extract was also observed .The above studies reveal information about the prevention of cancer. Therefore, the present study is immensely important in future drug development programs for the cancer treatment.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The present study was carried out to ... more Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti model in mice. (DMBA) induced papillomagenesis in Swiss albino mice was studied. The methanolic extract of Lagnaria sciceraria protocol consisting of ini (a) anthracene (DMBA) followed by a promoter (croton oil) two times in a week were employed A significant reduction in tumor incidence, tumor burden and cumulat observed, along with a significant increase in average latent period in mice treated topically with Lagnaria sciceraria Phytochemical analysis of m presence of Alkaloids, triterponoids, flavonoids steroid, glycoside, tannin resin and saponin. However in methanolic extract of fruits of Lagnaria shows presence of all above compounds e The carbohydrate and protein were present in fruit extract which were absent in leaves sample. The above studies revealed information about the anticancer activity of

In the present study our aim was to evaluate Phytoconstituents and In vitro antioxidant potential... more In the present study our aim was to evaluate Phytoconstituents and In vitro antioxidant potential of hydromethanolic stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia Linn (Menispermaceae) using standard screening methods and De-oxyribose method respectively. Different degrees of effect were noticed in case of different methods of study. In phytochemical screening, Tinospora cordifolia showed presence of secondary metabolites: Saponin, tannin, alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides, phenol etc. The extract possessed potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity having IC 50 value 50.27 at 70µg/ml against the positive control standard Ascorbic acid having IC 50 value 51.56 at 60µg/ml. These findings demonstrated that Tinospora cordifolia possess free radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. In conclusion the present study indicates that Tinospora cordifolia may be a potential source of natural antioxidant.

Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of hydromethanolic extracts of Aegle marmelos fr... more Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of hydromethanolic extracts of Aegle marmelos fruit, leaves and bark were investigated in this work. Phytochemical screening of the crude extracts revealed the presence of Alkaloids, glycosides, Terpenoids, Saponins, Tannis, Flavonoids, and Steroids. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using Fenton reaction: an in vitro assay and the extracts showed high hydroxyl radical scavenging property when compared with Ascorbic acid, which was used as reference standard. These findings demonstrated that Aegle marmelos extracts possess free radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity as well as antioxidant activity in vitro.

Background: Cancer is among the second fatal diseases, next to cardiovascular diseases. Surgery, ... more Background: Cancer is among the second fatal diseases, next to cardiovascular diseases. Surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy or a combination of these are used worldwide for the treatment of Cancer. But, all these therapeutic options results in various side effects, to overcome these side effects, medicinal plants and herbs have now been used for their pharmacological active contents to treat cancer. Aim: The present study was aimed at evaluating the Chemopreventive and Antioxidant effects of hydromathanolic Aegle marmelos bark extract against 7, 12-dimethylbenzeneanthracene (DMBA) induced Papilloma in Swiss albino mice. Material and Methods: Crude extraction protocol was employed for the preparation of Hydromethanolic Aegle marmelos bark extract and Tumor was induced by the application of single dose of DMBA on the dorsal, shaved surface of mice and promotion by croton oil started after 2 weeks and in the treatment group, A. marmelos bark extract (900 mg/kg b.wt.) was given one hour before each application of croton oil 2 times/week up to 16 weeks. After the completion of the assay, Reduced Glutathione (GSH) level was estimated in control, Carcinogen control and treatment group. Results: In this Skin Papilloma model, Significant reduction in tumor burden, tumor incidence and cumulative number of papillomas and a marked increase in average latent period of tumor appearance and Reduced Gluatathione concentration was observed in Aegle marmelos bark extract treated group as compared to animals treated with DMBA and croton oil (carcinogen control) group. Thus, the present study suggests that the Aegle marmelos bark extract has antitumor and antioxidant potential against Chemical induced skin papillomagenesis.

Aegle marmelos, plant known for its medicinal importance since ancient times and every part of th... more Aegle marmelos, plant known for its medicinal importance since ancient times and every part of the plant has been used for curing different diseases. In the present set of investigation, antimutagenic effect of Aegle marmelos bark (AMB) extract against Cyclophosphamide (CP) has been evaluated using in vivo Micronucleus (MN) and Chromosomal aberrations (CA) assay. Mice were categorized in to 6 different groups. Three groups were administered intraperitoneally (i.p) with different doses of AMB i.e. 450, 675 & 900 mg/kg body weight (b.w) 24 hours prior to CP treatement. The CP treated group, vehicle alone group and AMB control group were also included. AMB pretreatment resulted in a decreased frequency of MN and CA, whereas CP treated groups showed significant increase in DNA damage in the bone marrow as evidenced by an increase in the number of micronuclei and CA. AMB extract alone group could not induce any kind of gentoxicity. The protective effect of Aegle marmelos bark extract was found to be more protective at the test dose of 900 mg/kg b.w, indicating a dose dependent protective effect against CP induced gentoxicity. Thus, the present study revealed the antigenotoxic activity of AMB extract on micronuclei formation and chromosomal aberrations induced by CP. Please cite this article in press as Dr Nirmala Gupta et al. Protective Effect of Aegle Marmelos Bark Extract Against Cyclophosphamide Induced Genotoxicity in Mouse Bone Marrow Cellsx. Indo American Journal of Pharm Research.2015:5(04).

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Cassia fistula (CF), a member of Leguminosa... more Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Cassia fistula (CF), a member of Leguminosae family, is Native to India, Amazon and Sri Lanka, is widely used for its medicinal properties in Indian system of medicine for various ailment from the ancient time. The present investigation was undertaken to investigate the anticarcinogenic action of Cassia fistula L. extract on 2-stage skin carcinogenesis model in Swiss albino mice. The papilloma were produced on mice skin by DMBA and promoted by croton oil and one weeks later, promoted by repeated application of croton oil (1% in acetone/twice in a week) till the end of the experiment (16 weeks). After 16 weeks at the time of termination of the experiment estimation of GSH from the liver and blood tissue of the animals were also done by the method of Beutler et. al. (1963). the outcomes of the papilloma study and GSH estimation was correlated and it was found to be preventive for the formation as well as persistence of papilloma. 21 no. of papilloma were found in CF treated mice as compared to (35) untreated control mice. Our results suggest that Cassia fistula can be a cost effective future herbal alternative medicine for cancer treatment.