Riham Ali - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Riham Ali

BMC Chemistry

A novel Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly (4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) hydrogel system is synthe... more A novel Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly (4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) hydrogel system is synthesized with different ratios, in the presence of cross-linker N, N,- methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA). The hydrogel is characterized via FTIR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The FTIR results showed a strong interaction between both CMC, P4VP and the loaded fertilizer. The water uptake of the hydrogel was evaluated by swelling tests under variations in pH, biodegradability was investigated in soil to simulate real-world conditions. To determine the best release behavior of urea and calcium nitrate from the hydrogel, fertilizers were loaded with different ratios onto the hydrogel during its formation. Fertilizers release was followed by Atomic absorption spectroscopy to study the release of calcium nitrate and urea. Release kinetic parameters were obtained based on different mathematical models as Zero order, F...

Characterization and synthesis for a novel schiff’s base of chitosan was investigated. Swell abil... more Characterization and synthesis for a novel schiff’s base of chitosan was investigated. Swell ability of schiff’s base of chitosan in different buffered solutions was shown to be higher than that of native chitosan in neutral and basic pH values. The antimicrobial activities of both chitosan and its schiff’s base towards E. coli, S. aureus, A. niger and Candida albicans were investigated and found to be stronger for chitosan schiff’s base. Chitosan-Crotonaldehyde Schiff’s Base (Ch-Cr-SB) coated AZ91E alloy has been synthesized chemically and its metal and dye uptake were investigated in comparison with parent chitosan. The electrochemical corrosion behavior has been also studied for Ch-Cr-SB in aerated 3 % NaCl solution containing different concentrations of schiff’s base, in the range from 0.03 to 0.075 mM, using different techniques. Results showed that corrosion rate decreases with increasing the polymer concentration or immersion time, however, it increases with increasing temper...

Polymer-plastics technology and engineering (Softcover ed.), Sep 9, 2010

A simple and inexpensive technique for preparation of membranes by chemically induced graft copol... more A simple and inexpensive technique for preparation of membranes by chemically induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto low-density polyethylene (PE) films using sodium bisulfite (SBS) initiator was developed. Several parameters affecting the grafting rate and yield, such as the concentration of aqueous monomer solutions (4-20%) and initiator (0.025-0.2 M/L), reaction temperature (50-70 C), and within reaction times ranging from 1 to 6 h were studied. The results show that grafted films with 20% up to 500% graft were obtained under the synthesis conditions mentioned. Some selective properties of the grafted films (membranes), such as

RSC Advances, 2022

This study aimed to show the efficacy of the one-pot green biosynthesis of nanocomposites as effe... more This study aimed to show the efficacy of the one-pot green biosynthesis of nanocomposites as effective antimicrobial agents based on a water-soluble biodegradable polysaccharide and silver nitrate (AgNO3).

Pigments and dyes are coloring substances, i.e., substances imparting a specific color to the sub... more Pigments and dyes are coloring substances, i.e., substances imparting a specific color to the substrate being colored (Carolin et al. 2015). Pigments and dyes are distinctly different types of colorants. A pigment is a finely divided solid which is essentially insoluble in its polymeric application medium. Pigments are incorporated by a dispersion process into the polymer, while it is in a liquid phase, and after the polymer solidifies, the dispersed pigment particles are retained physically within the solid polymer matrix. In contrast, a dye dissolves in the polymeric application medium and is usually retained as a result of an affinity between individual dye molecules and polymer molecules. Pigments are generally preferred to dyes for the coloration of plastics mainly because of their superior fastness properties, especially migration resistance (Maile et al. 2005). Pigments may be introduced into plastics by a variety of methods. Direct dry coloring, in which the pigment is incor...

Research and Reviews: Journal of Chemistry, 2017

In this study, maize starch-g-poly(N-vinylimidazole) was prepared and characterized by determinin... more In this study, maize starch-g-poly(N-vinylimidazole) was prepared and characterized by determining its degree of substitution and elucidating its structure by FTIR. Graft copolymerization of vinyl imidazole onto starch was carried out in aqueous solution using potassium persulfate (KPS)/ sodium bisulfite (NaBS) initiator. Evidences of grafting were obtained via FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction before and after grafting. The effects of initiator concentration, monomer concentration, reaction time and temperature on the graft copolymerization were studied by determining the grafting percentage (% G), grafting efficiency (% GE) and the amount of homopolymer formed (%H). The optimum grafting conditions were determined as follows: [(KPS)/ (NaBS)]=8 × 10-2 (mol.L-1), [M]=3.5 (mol.L-1), reaction temperature=55°C and reaction time=2 h. The efficacy of the graft copolymers to uptake metal ions from their aqueous solutions was also studied. Results showed that the graft copolymers adso...

Scientific Reviews and Chemical Communications, 2017

Maize starch-g-poly(itaconic acid) was prepared and characterized by determining its degree of su... more Maize starch-g-poly(itaconic acid) was prepared and characterized by determining its degree of substitution and elucidating its structure by FTIR. Graft copolymerization of itaconic acid onto starch was carried out in aqueous solution using potassium persulfate (KPS)/sodium bisulfite (NaBS) initiator. Evidences of grafting were obtained via FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction before and after grafting. The effects of initiator concentration, monomer concentration, reaction time and temperature on the graft copolymerization were studied by determining the grafting percentage (%G), grafting efficiency (%GE) and the amount of homopolymer formed (%H). The optimum grafting conditions were determined as follows: [(KPS)/ (NaBS)]=6 x 10 -2 (mol.L-1), [M]=1.1 (mol.L-1), reaction temperature=55°C and reaction time=3.75h. The efficacy of the graft copolymers to uptake metal ions from their aqueous solutions was also studied. Results showed that the graft copolymers adsorb more metal ions t...

Polymer Bulletin, 2021

Protein delivery journey through gastrointestinal (GI) tract faces many challenges due to its phy... more Protein delivery journey through gastrointestinal (GI) tract faces many challenges due to its physicochemical instabilities, fugitive half-life, and less absorption efficiency. Herein, the aim is the study of both the encapsulation and in-vitro-release of the bovine serum albumin (BSA) through pHs of GI tract within the green synthesized interpolyelectrolyte complex, which was prepared from biodegradable polymers as XG and TMC-based highly an efficient pH-sensitive protein carrier to solve the drawbacks of the protein delivery through GI tract. The structures of XG/TMC PEC and BSA-loaded PEC were elucidated using different analysis tools like FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. The BSA-loaded and released profiles were determined in pH 1.2 (gastric simulated pH) and pH 7.4 (intestine simulated pH) media. Best BSA-loaded results were obtained with the increase in XG concentration, BSA-loaded concentration, and encapsulation time. Moreover, in vitro BSA release results showed that the amount of BSA released in pH 7.4 was higher than that in pH 1.2 and also went up with the rise within the amount from 12 to 120 h to be 97.9% in pH 7.4 and 29.7% in pH 1.2 at 120 h. Moreover, according to SDS-PAGE technique, the BSA was released in intact form out of the PECs; thus, the encapsulation and released conditions did not affect the structural integrity of BSA structure. Finally, the cytotoxicity study of the prepared PEC showed safe and good biocompatibility properties against the traditional human melanocyte cell line.

Nano- and Microencapsulation - Techniques and Applications, 2021

Encapsulation, specifically microencapsulation is an old technology with increasing applications ... more Encapsulation, specifically microencapsulation is an old technology with increasing applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, environmental, food, and cosmetic spaces. In the past two decades, the advancements in the field of nanotechnology opened the door for applying the encapsulation technology at the nanoscale level. Nanoencapsulation is highly utilized in designing effective drug delivery systems (DDSs) due to the fact that delivery of the encapsulated therapeutic/diagnostic agents to various sites in the human body depends on the size of the nanoparticles. Compared to microencapsulation, nanoencapsulation has superior performance which can improve bioavailability, increase drug solubility, delay or control drug release and enhance active/passive targeting of bioactive agents to the sites of action. Encapsulation, either micro- or nanoencapsulation is employed for the conventional pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, biologics, or bioactive drugs from natural sources as wel...

Natural Polymers-Based Green Adsorbents for Water Treatment, 2021

Abstract Wastewater generates a severe environmental problem and represent a threat to water qual... more Abstract Wastewater generates a severe environmental problem and represent a threat to water quality when discharged into rivers or lakes leading to the destruction of the affected aquatic ecosystem. Recently, the utilization of natural additives that are biocompatible, biodegradable, renewable with low toxicity is used to retain different pollutants from wastewaters. Many researches highlight the biosorbent ability for the removal of pollutants from wastewaters like heavy metal ions, pesticides, and impurities or textile wastewater dyes. Chitin and chitosan are very interesting polysaccharides because of the presence of multiple reactive functional groups (─OH, ─NH─CO─, and ─NH2) on their chains. They can also be called environmental decontamination functional materials as they can effectively control the development and reproduction of lethal bacteria and also control toxic pollutants. Thus such contaminants must be effectively removed to satisfy tough environmental quality standards. They have different applications because of their advantages including availability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability in food, agriculture and material science. Recently, chitin and chitosan were chosen as adsorbents of heavy metal in wastewater treatment. The most objective of this chapter is to throw light on those adsorbents based on chitin and chitosan that are used in the purification of contaminated water.

Iranian Polymer Journal, 2020

Spherical polyacrylamide nanoparticles (PAM-NPs) were prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization... more Spherical polyacrylamide nanoparticles (PAM-NPs) were prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization technique. Polyacrylamide/functionalized-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PAM/f-MWCNTs) and polyacrylamide/TiO 2 (PAM/TiO 2) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization and solution mixing methods to investigate their efficiencies in removal of organic dyes. The super-hydrogel behavior of the prepared nanocomposites proved water absorbance of 3664% and 2996% for PAM/1% f-MWCNT and PAM/10% TiO 2 nanocomposites; respectively. A maximum photodegradation efficiency of 35% was achieved upon using PAM/10% TiO 2 nanocomposite for CR dye removal, while in case of MG dye it reached 76% after 240 min irradiation time. Dye removal efficiency increased as f-MWCNT loading increased and reached maximum values of 49% and 80% for CR and MG dyes, respectively, using PAM/1% f-MWCNT nanocomposite after 240 min irradiation time. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fitted the adsorption kinetics behavior which reached maximum rates of 0.0615 and 0.463 for CR and MG dyes, respectively, using PAM/1% f-MWCNT nanocomposite. However, in the case of PAM/10% TiO 2 nanocomposite it was found that adsorption reached maximum rates of 0.552 and 0.571 for CR and MG dyes, respectively. On the other hand, pseudo-first-order kinetic model best described the photodegradation behavior of the prepared nanocomposites with higher degradation rate of 0.0018 and 0.0075 for CR and MG dyes, respectively, using PAM/10% TiO 2 nanocomposite. In this work, the combination of PAM-NPs, prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization, TiO 2 NPs with photocatalytic activity and CNTs with high adsorption activity combined the photocatalytic and absorption activities of these nanoparticles in conjunction with reducing their amounts and diminishing the risk of fine catalyst dispersion in the treated water.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019

Lung cancer (LC) is the most-deadly type of cancer representing a major public health problem wor... more Lung cancer (LC) is the most-deadly type of cancer representing a major public health problem worldwide. Tuberculosis TB is another infectious disease influencing lungs that causes death especially in developing countries. The present study is the first to report antimycobacterial activity of TMC/Ag nanocomposite. It aims to solve the case of lung cancer and its most associative pathogen. The current study reports one pot green biosynthesis of silver nanocomposite in presence of biodegradable biopolymer (N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan chloride, TMC) as both reducing and stabilizing agent. The structure of TMC/Ag nanocomposite was characterized with different analysis tools including TEM, XRD and UVvis spectrophotometer techniques. TEM images showed that Ag nanoparticles were well distributed spheres and their diameter ranged from 11 to17.5 nm. While, XRD pattern of TMC/Ag nanocomposite showed diffraction peaks related to the crystalline nature of Ag nanoparticles. In addition, UV-vis spectrum revealed a broad absorption peak at 400 nm attributing to the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) of Ag. TMC/Ag nanocomposite exhibited a promising in vitro antimycobacterial activity with MIC of 1.95 lg/ mL. On the other hand, The antitumor activity results of nanocomposites against both lung carcinoma cells (A-549) and normal lung cells (WI 38) revealed that nanocomposite cytotoxicity against A-549 cells with IC 50 of 12.3 lg/mL, whereas the IC 50 value against normal WI 38 cells was 357.2 lg/mL.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019

As water is the most important source for survival for all individuals around the world, water po... more As water is the most important source for survival for all individuals around the world, water pollution via synthetic toxic dyes and microorganisms is considered as a serious worldwide environmental problem. The present work aimed to synthesize crosslinked grafted xanthan gum (XG) films with poly (N-vinyl imidazole), PVI, for both removing crystal violet (CV) dye and inhibiting Escherichia coli (E. coli) growth. XGgrafted-PVI were prepared using potassium persulfate as an initiator to give different percentage of graft yield and using N, N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent. The structure of grafted XG films was elucidated via various analysis tools including FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM and EDX. Results of CV adsorption studies showed that maximum CV removal was 99.7% (625 mgg-1) which was achieved at: 95% GY, 2.5% MBA, 40 mg of adsorbent into 50 mL of 500 mgL-1 CV dye solution, pH 7, temperature (30 o C) and adsorption time (7h). Also, results fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model. Moreover, pseudo-first order and intraparticle diffusion model participated in the mechanism of CV adsorption on grafted XG surface, in addition to its efficient recycling ability. Furthermore, antibacterial activities results of crosslinked grafted XG revealed their high inhibiting effect for E.coli growth.

Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2019

Aim of the present study is to investigate synthesis of novel hydrogel as a potential protein car... more Aim of the present study is to investigate synthesis of novel hydrogel as a potential protein carrier, intended for controlled release formulation. The hydrophilic bovine serum albumin (BSA) was chosen as a model protein to be encapsulated within xanthan gum (XG) / poly (N-vinyl imidazole (PVI) hydrogel. Both XG/PVI hydrogel and XG/PVI/BSA matrix structures were elucidated via different analysis tools such as FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM and EDX. Both BSA loading and release profiles were determined. Cytotoxicity of XG/PVI hydrogel was investigated against normal cell line (VERO cells). The obtained results revealed that % Drug (BSA) loading (% DL) and Encapsulation Efficiency (% EE) increased with increasing both gelation time and loaded BSA concentration, while %DL and %EE decreased with increasing the polymer concentration. The maximum value of %DL and %EE was 59.50% and 99.17%, respectively. Results of in-vitro BSA release in PBS showed that increase in the polymer (XG and PVI) concentrations led to increase in BSA release. Kinetic studies of the in-vitro release of BSA from XG/PVI/BSA matrix followed non-Fickian and case II transport mechanism. Moreover, Cytotoxicity results showed good biocompatibility of this novel hydrogel. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed that the structural integrity of BSA was not affected by the encapsulation or release conditions. Consequently, this novel hydrogel can be used as an efficient BSA carrier for protein delivery.

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018

International journal of biological macromolecules, Jan 13, 2018

The present study is imported to solve two critical problems we face in our daily life which are ... more The present study is imported to solve two critical problems we face in our daily life which are microbial pollution and colon cancer. One pot green synthesis of a water soluble polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) between cationic polysaccharide as N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) and anionic polymer as poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) in presence of silver nanoparticles to yield (TMC/PAA/Ag) nanocomposites with different Ag weight ratios. Structure of TMC, PAA and TMC/PAA (PEC) were proved via different analysis tools. TMC/PAA and its Ag nanocomposites are used as antimicrobial agents against different pathogenic bacteria and fungi to solve microbial pollution. TMC/PAA-Silver nanocomposites had the highest antimicrobial activity which increases with increasing Ag %. Cytotoxicity data confirmed also that TMC/PAA/Ag (3%) had the most cytotoxic effect (the less cell viability %) towards colon cancer. TMC/PAA (PEC) was formed through electrostatic interactions between N-quaternized (-N+R3) g...

Carbohydrate polymers, 2017

Xanthan gum (XG) is natural polysaccharides used in food industries as stabilizers and thickener ... more Xanthan gum (XG) is natural polysaccharides used in food industries as stabilizers and thickener agents. The problem is that some food products are found to be contaminated by pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphyloccus aureus (S. aureus) that reduce their shelf life. This research aims to synthesize biodegradable antibacterial XG-grafted-poly(N-vinyl imidazole) PVI and the effect of reaction parameters were studied on grafting yield (G), grafting efficiency (GE), total conversion (TC) and homopolymer (H) %. XG-g-PVI was characterized via various analysis tools. Thermal analysis showed that grafted XG was more thermally stable than unmodified XG and their stability increased with increasing PVI%. XG-g-PVI was acting as antibacterial agent against (E. coli and S. aureus) bacteria that cause food borne diseases. Their activity increases with increasing grafting yield%. Surface morphology showed change from irregular lobules shape in XG to smooth surface in ...

BMC Chemistry

A novel Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly (4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) hydrogel system is synthe... more A novel Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and poly (4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) hydrogel system is synthesized with different ratios, in the presence of cross-linker N, N,- methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA). The hydrogel is characterized via FTIR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The FTIR results showed a strong interaction between both CMC, P4VP and the loaded fertilizer. The water uptake of the hydrogel was evaluated by swelling tests under variations in pH, biodegradability was investigated in soil to simulate real-world conditions. To determine the best release behavior of urea and calcium nitrate from the hydrogel, fertilizers were loaded with different ratios onto the hydrogel during its formation. Fertilizers release was followed by Atomic absorption spectroscopy to study the release of calcium nitrate and urea. Release kinetic parameters were obtained based on different mathematical models as Zero order, F...

Characterization and synthesis for a novel schiff’s base of chitosan was investigated. Swell abil... more Characterization and synthesis for a novel schiff’s base of chitosan was investigated. Swell ability of schiff’s base of chitosan in different buffered solutions was shown to be higher than that of native chitosan in neutral and basic pH values. The antimicrobial activities of both chitosan and its schiff’s base towards E. coli, S. aureus, A. niger and Candida albicans were investigated and found to be stronger for chitosan schiff’s base. Chitosan-Crotonaldehyde Schiff’s Base (Ch-Cr-SB) coated AZ91E alloy has been synthesized chemically and its metal and dye uptake were investigated in comparison with parent chitosan. The electrochemical corrosion behavior has been also studied for Ch-Cr-SB in aerated 3 % NaCl solution containing different concentrations of schiff’s base, in the range from 0.03 to 0.075 mM, using different techniques. Results showed that corrosion rate decreases with increasing the polymer concentration or immersion time, however, it increases with increasing temper...

Polymer-plastics technology and engineering (Softcover ed.), Sep 9, 2010

A simple and inexpensive technique for preparation of membranes by chemically induced graft copol... more A simple and inexpensive technique for preparation of membranes by chemically induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto low-density polyethylene (PE) films using sodium bisulfite (SBS) initiator was developed. Several parameters affecting the grafting rate and yield, such as the concentration of aqueous monomer solutions (4-20%) and initiator (0.025-0.2 M/L), reaction temperature (50-70 C), and within reaction times ranging from 1 to 6 h were studied. The results show that grafted films with 20% up to 500% graft were obtained under the synthesis conditions mentioned. Some selective properties of the grafted films (membranes), such as

RSC Advances, 2022

This study aimed to show the efficacy of the one-pot green biosynthesis of nanocomposites as effe... more This study aimed to show the efficacy of the one-pot green biosynthesis of nanocomposites as effective antimicrobial agents based on a water-soluble biodegradable polysaccharide and silver nitrate (AgNO3).

Pigments and dyes are coloring substances, i.e., substances imparting a specific color to the sub... more Pigments and dyes are coloring substances, i.e., substances imparting a specific color to the substrate being colored (Carolin et al. 2015). Pigments and dyes are distinctly different types of colorants. A pigment is a finely divided solid which is essentially insoluble in its polymeric application medium. Pigments are incorporated by a dispersion process into the polymer, while it is in a liquid phase, and after the polymer solidifies, the dispersed pigment particles are retained physically within the solid polymer matrix. In contrast, a dye dissolves in the polymeric application medium and is usually retained as a result of an affinity between individual dye molecules and polymer molecules. Pigments are generally preferred to dyes for the coloration of plastics mainly because of their superior fastness properties, especially migration resistance (Maile et al. 2005). Pigments may be introduced into plastics by a variety of methods. Direct dry coloring, in which the pigment is incor...

Research and Reviews: Journal of Chemistry, 2017

In this study, maize starch-g-poly(N-vinylimidazole) was prepared and characterized by determinin... more In this study, maize starch-g-poly(N-vinylimidazole) was prepared and characterized by determining its degree of substitution and elucidating its structure by FTIR. Graft copolymerization of vinyl imidazole onto starch was carried out in aqueous solution using potassium persulfate (KPS)/ sodium bisulfite (NaBS) initiator. Evidences of grafting were obtained via FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction before and after grafting. The effects of initiator concentration, monomer concentration, reaction time and temperature on the graft copolymerization were studied by determining the grafting percentage (% G), grafting efficiency (% GE) and the amount of homopolymer formed (%H). The optimum grafting conditions were determined as follows: [(KPS)/ (NaBS)]=8 × 10-2 (mol.L-1), [M]=3.5 (mol.L-1), reaction temperature=55°C and reaction time=2 h. The efficacy of the graft copolymers to uptake metal ions from their aqueous solutions was also studied. Results showed that the graft copolymers adso...

Scientific Reviews and Chemical Communications, 2017

Maize starch-g-poly(itaconic acid) was prepared and characterized by determining its degree of su... more Maize starch-g-poly(itaconic acid) was prepared and characterized by determining its degree of substitution and elucidating its structure by FTIR. Graft copolymerization of itaconic acid onto starch was carried out in aqueous solution using potassium persulfate (KPS)/sodium bisulfite (NaBS) initiator. Evidences of grafting were obtained via FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction before and after grafting. The effects of initiator concentration, monomer concentration, reaction time and temperature on the graft copolymerization were studied by determining the grafting percentage (%G), grafting efficiency (%GE) and the amount of homopolymer formed (%H). The optimum grafting conditions were determined as follows: [(KPS)/ (NaBS)]=6 x 10 -2 (mol.L-1), [M]=1.1 (mol.L-1), reaction temperature=55°C and reaction time=3.75h. The efficacy of the graft copolymers to uptake metal ions from their aqueous solutions was also studied. Results showed that the graft copolymers adsorb more metal ions t...

Polymer Bulletin, 2021

Protein delivery journey through gastrointestinal (GI) tract faces many challenges due to its phy... more Protein delivery journey through gastrointestinal (GI) tract faces many challenges due to its physicochemical instabilities, fugitive half-life, and less absorption efficiency. Herein, the aim is the study of both the encapsulation and in-vitro-release of the bovine serum albumin (BSA) through pHs of GI tract within the green synthesized interpolyelectrolyte complex, which was prepared from biodegradable polymers as XG and TMC-based highly an efficient pH-sensitive protein carrier to solve the drawbacks of the protein delivery through GI tract. The structures of XG/TMC PEC and BSA-loaded PEC were elucidated using different analysis tools like FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. The BSA-loaded and released profiles were determined in pH 1.2 (gastric simulated pH) and pH 7.4 (intestine simulated pH) media. Best BSA-loaded results were obtained with the increase in XG concentration, BSA-loaded concentration, and encapsulation time. Moreover, in vitro BSA release results showed that the amount of BSA released in pH 7.4 was higher than that in pH 1.2 and also went up with the rise within the amount from 12 to 120 h to be 97.9% in pH 7.4 and 29.7% in pH 1.2 at 120 h. Moreover, according to SDS-PAGE technique, the BSA was released in intact form out of the PECs; thus, the encapsulation and released conditions did not affect the structural integrity of BSA structure. Finally, the cytotoxicity study of the prepared PEC showed safe and good biocompatibility properties against the traditional human melanocyte cell line.

Nano- and Microencapsulation - Techniques and Applications, 2021

Encapsulation, specifically microencapsulation is an old technology with increasing applications ... more Encapsulation, specifically microencapsulation is an old technology with increasing applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, environmental, food, and cosmetic spaces. In the past two decades, the advancements in the field of nanotechnology opened the door for applying the encapsulation technology at the nanoscale level. Nanoencapsulation is highly utilized in designing effective drug delivery systems (DDSs) due to the fact that delivery of the encapsulated therapeutic/diagnostic agents to various sites in the human body depends on the size of the nanoparticles. Compared to microencapsulation, nanoencapsulation has superior performance which can improve bioavailability, increase drug solubility, delay or control drug release and enhance active/passive targeting of bioactive agents to the sites of action. Encapsulation, either micro- or nanoencapsulation is employed for the conventional pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals, biologics, or bioactive drugs from natural sources as wel...

Natural Polymers-Based Green Adsorbents for Water Treatment, 2021

Abstract Wastewater generates a severe environmental problem and represent a threat to water qual... more Abstract Wastewater generates a severe environmental problem and represent a threat to water quality when discharged into rivers or lakes leading to the destruction of the affected aquatic ecosystem. Recently, the utilization of natural additives that are biocompatible, biodegradable, renewable with low toxicity is used to retain different pollutants from wastewaters. Many researches highlight the biosorbent ability for the removal of pollutants from wastewaters like heavy metal ions, pesticides, and impurities or textile wastewater dyes. Chitin and chitosan are very interesting polysaccharides because of the presence of multiple reactive functional groups (─OH, ─NH─CO─, and ─NH2) on their chains. They can also be called environmental decontamination functional materials as they can effectively control the development and reproduction of lethal bacteria and also control toxic pollutants. Thus such contaminants must be effectively removed to satisfy tough environmental quality standards. They have different applications because of their advantages including availability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability in food, agriculture and material science. Recently, chitin and chitosan were chosen as adsorbents of heavy metal in wastewater treatment. The most objective of this chapter is to throw light on those adsorbents based on chitin and chitosan that are used in the purification of contaminated water.

Iranian Polymer Journal, 2020

Spherical polyacrylamide nanoparticles (PAM-NPs) were prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization... more Spherical polyacrylamide nanoparticles (PAM-NPs) were prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization technique. Polyacrylamide/functionalized-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PAM/f-MWCNTs) and polyacrylamide/TiO 2 (PAM/TiO 2) nanocomposites were successfully prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization and solution mixing methods to investigate their efficiencies in removal of organic dyes. The super-hydrogel behavior of the prepared nanocomposites proved water absorbance of 3664% and 2996% for PAM/1% f-MWCNT and PAM/10% TiO 2 nanocomposites; respectively. A maximum photodegradation efficiency of 35% was achieved upon using PAM/10% TiO 2 nanocomposite for CR dye removal, while in case of MG dye it reached 76% after 240 min irradiation time. Dye removal efficiency increased as f-MWCNT loading increased and reached maximum values of 49% and 80% for CR and MG dyes, respectively, using PAM/1% f-MWCNT nanocomposite after 240 min irradiation time. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fitted the adsorption kinetics behavior which reached maximum rates of 0.0615 and 0.463 for CR and MG dyes, respectively, using PAM/1% f-MWCNT nanocomposite. However, in the case of PAM/10% TiO 2 nanocomposite it was found that adsorption reached maximum rates of 0.552 and 0.571 for CR and MG dyes, respectively. On the other hand, pseudo-first-order kinetic model best described the photodegradation behavior of the prepared nanocomposites with higher degradation rate of 0.0018 and 0.0075 for CR and MG dyes, respectively, using PAM/10% TiO 2 nanocomposite. In this work, the combination of PAM-NPs, prepared by inverse emulsion polymerization, TiO 2 NPs with photocatalytic activity and CNTs with high adsorption activity combined the photocatalytic and absorption activities of these nanoparticles in conjunction with reducing their amounts and diminishing the risk of fine catalyst dispersion in the treated water.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019

Lung cancer (LC) is the most-deadly type of cancer representing a major public health problem wor... more Lung cancer (LC) is the most-deadly type of cancer representing a major public health problem worldwide. Tuberculosis TB is another infectious disease influencing lungs that causes death especially in developing countries. The present study is the first to report antimycobacterial activity of TMC/Ag nanocomposite. It aims to solve the case of lung cancer and its most associative pathogen. The current study reports one pot green biosynthesis of silver nanocomposite in presence of biodegradable biopolymer (N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan chloride, TMC) as both reducing and stabilizing agent. The structure of TMC/Ag nanocomposite was characterized with different analysis tools including TEM, XRD and UVvis spectrophotometer techniques. TEM images showed that Ag nanoparticles were well distributed spheres and their diameter ranged from 11 to17.5 nm. While, XRD pattern of TMC/Ag nanocomposite showed diffraction peaks related to the crystalline nature of Ag nanoparticles. In addition, UV-vis spectrum revealed a broad absorption peak at 400 nm attributing to the surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) of Ag. TMC/Ag nanocomposite exhibited a promising in vitro antimycobacterial activity with MIC of 1.95 lg/ mL. On the other hand, The antitumor activity results of nanocomposites against both lung carcinoma cells (A-549) and normal lung cells (WI 38) revealed that nanocomposite cytotoxicity against A-549 cells with IC 50 of 12.3 lg/mL, whereas the IC 50 value against normal WI 38 cells was 357.2 lg/mL.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019

As water is the most important source for survival for all individuals around the world, water po... more As water is the most important source for survival for all individuals around the world, water pollution via synthetic toxic dyes and microorganisms is considered as a serious worldwide environmental problem. The present work aimed to synthesize crosslinked grafted xanthan gum (XG) films with poly (N-vinyl imidazole), PVI, for both removing crystal violet (CV) dye and inhibiting Escherichia coli (E. coli) growth. XGgrafted-PVI were prepared using potassium persulfate as an initiator to give different percentage of graft yield and using N, N′-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent. The structure of grafted XG films was elucidated via various analysis tools including FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM and EDX. Results of CV adsorption studies showed that maximum CV removal was 99.7% (625 mgg-1) which was achieved at: 95% GY, 2.5% MBA, 40 mg of adsorbent into 50 mL of 500 mgL-1 CV dye solution, pH 7, temperature (30 o C) and adsorption time (7h). Also, results fitted well with Langmuir isotherm model. Moreover, pseudo-first order and intraparticle diffusion model participated in the mechanism of CV adsorption on grafted XG surface, in addition to its efficient recycling ability. Furthermore, antibacterial activities results of crosslinked grafted XG revealed their high inhibiting effect for E.coli growth.

Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2019

Aim of the present study is to investigate synthesis of novel hydrogel as a potential protein car... more Aim of the present study is to investigate synthesis of novel hydrogel as a potential protein carrier, intended for controlled release formulation. The hydrophilic bovine serum albumin (BSA) was chosen as a model protein to be encapsulated within xanthan gum (XG) / poly (N-vinyl imidazole (PVI) hydrogel. Both XG/PVI hydrogel and XG/PVI/BSA matrix structures were elucidated via different analysis tools such as FTIR, XRD, FE-SEM and EDX. Both BSA loading and release profiles were determined. Cytotoxicity of XG/PVI hydrogel was investigated against normal cell line (VERO cells). The obtained results revealed that % Drug (BSA) loading (% DL) and Encapsulation Efficiency (% EE) increased with increasing both gelation time and loaded BSA concentration, while %DL and %EE decreased with increasing the polymer concentration. The maximum value of %DL and %EE was 59.50% and 99.17%, respectively. Results of in-vitro BSA release in PBS showed that increase in the polymer (XG and PVI) concentrations led to increase in BSA release. Kinetic studies of the in-vitro release of BSA from XG/PVI/BSA matrix followed non-Fickian and case II transport mechanism. Moreover, Cytotoxicity results showed good biocompatibility of this novel hydrogel. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed that the structural integrity of BSA was not affected by the encapsulation or release conditions. Consequently, this novel hydrogel can be used as an efficient BSA carrier for protein delivery.

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018

International journal of biological macromolecules, Jan 13, 2018

The present study is imported to solve two critical problems we face in our daily life which are ... more The present study is imported to solve two critical problems we face in our daily life which are microbial pollution and colon cancer. One pot green synthesis of a water soluble polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) between cationic polysaccharide as N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) and anionic polymer as poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) in presence of silver nanoparticles to yield (TMC/PAA/Ag) nanocomposites with different Ag weight ratios. Structure of TMC, PAA and TMC/PAA (PEC) were proved via different analysis tools. TMC/PAA and its Ag nanocomposites are used as antimicrobial agents against different pathogenic bacteria and fungi to solve microbial pollution. TMC/PAA-Silver nanocomposites had the highest antimicrobial activity which increases with increasing Ag %. Cytotoxicity data confirmed also that TMC/PAA/Ag (3%) had the most cytotoxic effect (the less cell viability %) towards colon cancer. TMC/PAA (PEC) was formed through electrostatic interactions between N-quaternized (-N+R3) g...

Carbohydrate polymers, 2017

Xanthan gum (XG) is natural polysaccharides used in food industries as stabilizers and thickener ... more Xanthan gum (XG) is natural polysaccharides used in food industries as stabilizers and thickener agents. The problem is that some food products are found to be contaminated by pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphyloccus aureus (S. aureus) that reduce their shelf life. This research aims to synthesize biodegradable antibacterial XG-grafted-poly(N-vinyl imidazole) PVI and the effect of reaction parameters were studied on grafting yield (G), grafting efficiency (GE), total conversion (TC) and homopolymer (H) %. XG-g-PVI was characterized via various analysis tools. Thermal analysis showed that grafted XG was more thermally stable than unmodified XG and their stability increased with increasing PVI%. XG-g-PVI was acting as antibacterial agent against (E. coli and S. aureus) bacteria that cause food borne diseases. Their activity increases with increasing grafting yield%. Surface morphology showed change from irregular lobules shape in XG to smooth surface in ...