Sasmita Mohanty - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Sasmita Mohanty
Environmental and Experimental Botany
Microbiology Resource Announcements, 2020
Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium ... more Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from a rice field in Konark, Odisha, India. Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing of Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2, which has a 5.038-Mb genome containing 4,867 predicted protein-coding sequences and 79 RNA genes.
The Plant Pathology Journal, 2022
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is a gram-negative, broad host range bacteria... more Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is a gram-negative, broad host range bacterial pathogen which causes soft rot disease in potatoes as well as other vegetables worldwide. While Pectobacterium infection relies on the production of major cell wall degrading enzymes, other virulence factors and the mechanism of genetic adaptation of this pathogen is not yet clear. In the present study, we have performed an in-depth genome-wide characterization of Pcc strain ICMP5702 isolated from potato and compared it with other pathogenic bacteria from the Pectobacterium genus to identify key virulent determinants. The draft genome of Pcc ICMP5702 contains 4,774,457 bp with a G + C content of 51.90% and 4,520 open reading frames. Genome annotation revealed prominent genes encoding key virulence factors such as plant cell wall degrading enzymes, flagella-based motility, phage proteins, cell membrane structures, and secretion systems. Whereas, a majority of determinants were conserved...
Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2017
Their instruction and accomplishments inspired me to challenge myself and persist. I am also grat... more Their instruction and accomplishments inspired me to challenge myself and persist. I am also grateful to the Boise State University Mathematics Department and Graduate College for the funding that supported this work. I have been immeasurably fortunate to have family members that love and support me. Special thanks goes to my mother, Jennifer. Her love has been the foundation upon which I have built my character. My friends have provided endless light and laughter throughout my life, which has been especially meaningful during my time in this program. Thank you to Kayla and Kara, whose friendships formed my childhood and continue to encourage me every day. I am also sincerely grateful to my fellow math graduate students. Our camaraderie allowed us to form a bond that I will always cherish. Finally, I thank my husband, Bodie. You made my dreams your own and then you helped make them a reality. You fill every day with joy and every journey with adventure. I cannot imagine walking this road with a better companion and friend.
Metabolomics, 2020
Objective: To explore patients with heart failure expectations and experiences of education in re... more Objective: To explore patients with heart failure expectations and experiences of education in relation to device implantation. Methods: In this longitudinal study, patients with heart failure at six Swedish and Icelandic hospitals answered instruments about their knowledge expectations, before the device implantation, and about the knowledge they had received at two weeks, six months and 12 months after the procedure. Predictors for fulfillment of knowledge expectations were assessed with linear mixed model analysis. Results: Patients (N=133, mean age 69.8 (±9.7) years, 80% men) had high knowledge expectations, which for 83% of them were unfulfilled. Predictors for fulfillment of knowledge expectations were access to knowledge from healthcare professionals (β 0.74, 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.10), educational level (β-0.30, 95% CI:-0.52 to-0.07) and knowledge expectations (β-1.03, 95% CI:-1.30 to-0.80). Healthcare professionals were the main information source (89%), 74% of patients received written information, and 19% had used the Internet. Conclusions: Patients receive less knowledge than they expect, and individual factors and communication with healthcare professionals are related to their experience. Face-to-face is the most common method of delivering education. Practice implications: Healthcare professionals should assess patients' expectations for information and consider implementing more diversity in their educational practices.
Chemosphere, 2020
Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous volatile organic compound present in a wide range of resources, i... more Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous volatile organic compound present in a wide range of resources, is a hazardous chemical and human carcinogen. Contamination of FA in food, especially perishable commodities like fish and meat, is a major source of exposure, although it is not recommended for use in food and food products owing to its carcinogenicity. Effects of oral feeding of FA have been studied by evaluating general health, haematology and clinical chemistry in rat. Recent studies have shown that FA exposure leads to detrimental cardiovascular effects. It regulates vascular tensions through nitric oxide-cGMP signalling pathway and ion channels in rats. Although FA is an established carcinogen, molecular studies on carcinogenic potential with dose dependency are meagre. In this context, the present study was undertaken to investigate the toxicogenomic and proteomic alterations in liver of rats fed FA through drinking water. By proteomic analysis, 621 proteins/protein-subunits showed differential abundance (proteome data available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010534), whereas 536 differentially-expressed-genes were identified by transcriptome analysis (data available via Sequence Read Archive with identifier SRR7974113). Gene ontology analysis showed that binding, catalysis, signal transduction were affected in formaldehyde-fed rats. Pathway analysis revealed that formaldehyde-exposure activated PI3K-AKT pathway that leads to inhibition of caspase activity thereby assisting cells to survive against apoptosis. Decreased abundance/down-regulation of ANGPT, eNOS, STAT3 proteins/transcripts and increased abundance of EDN1 indicated decrease in angiogenesis and vasodilatation that restricted hepatic cells from becoming tumorigenic; thus, indicating FA could be less toxic and non-tumorigenic at low concentrations.
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Schnittbildanatomie des Pankreas und seiner umgebenden Organe. Die Schnittführung verläuft, wie i... more Schnittbildanatomie des Pankreas und seiner umgebenden Organe. Die Schnittführung verläuft, wie in der Skizze rechts oben eingezeichnet, paraaxial zwischen BWK 10 und LWK 2 [Yamada T et al 95].
Protoplasma, 2017
The plastidic C4 Zea mays NADP-malate dehydrogenase (ZmNADP-MDH), responsible for catalysis of ox... more The plastidic C4 Zea mays NADP-malate dehydrogenase (ZmNADP-MDH), responsible for catalysis of oxaloacetate to malate, was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to assess its impact on photosynthesis and tolerance to salinity stress. Different transgenic lines were produced having ~3-6-fold higher MDH protein abundance and NADP-MDH enzyme activity than vector control. The overexpressors had similar chlorophyll, carotenoid, and protein content as that of vector control. Their photosynthetic electron transport rates, carbon assimilation rate, and consequently fresh weight and dry weight were almost similar. However, these overexpressors were tolerant to salt stress (150 mM NaCl). In saline environment, the Fv/Fm ratio, yield of photosystem II, chlorophyll, and protein content were higher in ZmNADP-MDH overexpressor than vector control. Under identical conditions, the generation of reactive oxygen species (H2O2) and production of malondialdehyde, a membrane lipid peroxidation product, were lower in overexpressors. In stress environment, the structural distortion of granal organization and swelling of thylakoids were less pronounced in ZmNADP-MDH overexpressing plants as compared to the vector control. Chloroplastic NADP-MDH in consort with cytosolic and mitochondrial NAD-MDH plays an important role in exporting reducing power (NADPH) and exchange of metabolites between different cellular compartments that maintain the redox homeostasis of the cell via malate valve present in chloroplast envelope membrane. The tolerance of NADP-MDH overexpressors to salt stress could be due to operation of an efficient malate valve that plays a major role in maintaining the cellular redox environment.
National Academy Science Letters, May 29, 2004
With complete genome sequences now available for several prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, bi... more With complete genome sequences now available for several prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, biological researchers are faced with the unprecedented scientific challenges of assigning molecular and cellular functions tothousands of newly predicted gene products and explaining how these products cooperate in complex physiological processes. The field of proteomics, study of all the expressed proteins of an organism, has emerged with the goals of developing and applying methods for the global analysis of protein expression and function. Proteins determine the biological phenotype of an organism and are the primary targets for most therapeutic agents. HUPO (Human Proteomic Organization), an international coordinating group has been launched in 2001. This is a loosely knit federation of proteome researchers. HUPO helps set priorities, coordinate research, set standards for handling and processing samples, and arrange for the use of common bioinformatics to ensure that researchers can directly compare their results. The present paper highlights the recent human proteomic initiatives taken up by HUPO and the boundless future of proteomics in better management of human health and disease.
BioMed research international, 2014
Changes in hsp gene expression profiles in murrel Channa striatus experimentally exposed to tempe... more Changes in hsp gene expression profiles in murrel Channa striatus experimentally exposed to temperature stress (36°C) for 4, 15, and 30 days were investigated; fish collected from aquaculture ponds and maintained in laboratory at the pond temperature (25 ± 1°C) served as control. Channa collected from a hot spring runoff (36°C) was included in the study to examine the hsp profiles beyond 30 days of exposure. Gene expression analyses of a battery of hsps in liver tissues were carried out by quantitative RT-PCR and protein expressions were analyzed by immunoblotting. hsps could be grouped into three clusters based on similarity in response to heat stress: hsp70, hsp78, and hsp60, whose transcript level continued to increase with duration of exposure; hsp90 and hsp110 that increased to a much higher level and then decreased; hsp27 and hsp47 that did not significantly vary as compared to control. The results suggest that Hsp70, Hsp78, and Hsp60 are involved in thermal acclimation and lo...
Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics, 2013
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided t... more License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Changes in hsp gene expression profiles in murrel Channa striatus experimentally exposed to temperature stress (36∘C) for 4, 15, and 30 days were investigated; fish collected from aquaculture ponds and maintained in laboratory at the pond temperature (25 ± 1∘C) served as control. Channa collected from a hot spring runoff (36∘C) was included in the study to examine the hsp profiles beyond 30 days of exposure. Gene expression analyses of a battery of hsps in liver tissues were carried out by quantitative RT-PCR and protein expressions were analyzed by immunoblotting. hsps could be grouped into three clusters based on similarity in response to heat stress: hsp70, hsp78, and hsp60, whose transcript level continued to increase with duration of exposure; hsp90 and hsp110 that increased to a much higher level and then decreased; hsp27 and hsp47 that did not s...
Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium ... more Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from a rice field in Konark, Odisha, India. Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing of Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2, which has a 5.038-Mb genome containing 4,867 predicted protein-coding sequences and 79 RNA genes. ABSTRACT Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from a rice field in Konark, Odisha, India. Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing of Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2, which has a 5.038-Mb genome containing 4,867 predicted protein-coding sequences and 79 RNA genes.
The ABO blood group system is the most well-known and medically important blood group system in t... more The ABO blood group system is the most well-known and medically important blood group system in transfusion medicine. Eliminating the risk for ABO-incompatible transfusion errors and providing enough of the right blood to the patients is an important need that can be achieved by creating a universal blood inventory of universal RBCs. Enzymatic removal of blood group ABO antigens to develop universal red blood cells (RBCs) was a pioneering vision originally proposed in 1980s. Although the feasibility of this approach was demonstrated in clinical trials for group B RBCs, a major obstacle in translating this technology to clinical practice was the lack of efficient glycosidase enzymes. In a major breakthrough, Henrik Clausen of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and his co-workers have identified the enzymes glycosidases from two species of bacteria that can do the job quickly and efficiently. These scientists screened 2,500 fungi and bacteria and identified two species, Elizabeth...
Microbiology Resource Announcements
Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium ... more Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from a rice field in Konark, Odisha, India. Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing of Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2, which has a 5.038-Mb genome containing 4,867 predicted protein-coding sequences and 79 RNA genes.
Environmental and Experimental Botany
Microbiology Resource Announcements, 2020
Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium ... more Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from a rice field in Konark, Odisha, India. Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing of Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2, which has a 5.038-Mb genome containing 4,867 predicted protein-coding sequences and 79 RNA genes.
The Plant Pathology Journal, 2022
Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is a gram-negative, broad host range bacteria... more Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc) is a gram-negative, broad host range bacterial pathogen which causes soft rot disease in potatoes as well as other vegetables worldwide. While Pectobacterium infection relies on the production of major cell wall degrading enzymes, other virulence factors and the mechanism of genetic adaptation of this pathogen is not yet clear. In the present study, we have performed an in-depth genome-wide characterization of Pcc strain ICMP5702 isolated from potato and compared it with other pathogenic bacteria from the Pectobacterium genus to identify key virulent determinants. The draft genome of Pcc ICMP5702 contains 4,774,457 bp with a G + C content of 51.90% and 4,520 open reading frames. Genome annotation revealed prominent genes encoding key virulence factors such as plant cell wall degrading enzymes, flagella-based motility, phage proteins, cell membrane structures, and secretion systems. Whereas, a majority of determinants were conserved...
Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2017
Their instruction and accomplishments inspired me to challenge myself and persist. I am also grat... more Their instruction and accomplishments inspired me to challenge myself and persist. I am also grateful to the Boise State University Mathematics Department and Graduate College for the funding that supported this work. I have been immeasurably fortunate to have family members that love and support me. Special thanks goes to my mother, Jennifer. Her love has been the foundation upon which I have built my character. My friends have provided endless light and laughter throughout my life, which has been especially meaningful during my time in this program. Thank you to Kayla and Kara, whose friendships formed my childhood and continue to encourage me every day. I am also sincerely grateful to my fellow math graduate students. Our camaraderie allowed us to form a bond that I will always cherish. Finally, I thank my husband, Bodie. You made my dreams your own and then you helped make them a reality. You fill every day with joy and every journey with adventure. I cannot imagine walking this road with a better companion and friend.
Metabolomics, 2020
Objective: To explore patients with heart failure expectations and experiences of education in re... more Objective: To explore patients with heart failure expectations and experiences of education in relation to device implantation. Methods: In this longitudinal study, patients with heart failure at six Swedish and Icelandic hospitals answered instruments about their knowledge expectations, before the device implantation, and about the knowledge they had received at two weeks, six months and 12 months after the procedure. Predictors for fulfillment of knowledge expectations were assessed with linear mixed model analysis. Results: Patients (N=133, mean age 69.8 (±9.7) years, 80% men) had high knowledge expectations, which for 83% of them were unfulfilled. Predictors for fulfillment of knowledge expectations were access to knowledge from healthcare professionals (β 0.74, 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.10), educational level (β-0.30, 95% CI:-0.52 to-0.07) and knowledge expectations (β-1.03, 95% CI:-1.30 to-0.80). Healthcare professionals were the main information source (89%), 74% of patients received written information, and 19% had used the Internet. Conclusions: Patients receive less knowledge than they expect, and individual factors and communication with healthcare professionals are related to their experience. Face-to-face is the most common method of delivering education. Practice implications: Healthcare professionals should assess patients' expectations for information and consider implementing more diversity in their educational practices.
Chemosphere, 2020
Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous volatile organic compound present in a wide range of resources, i... more Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous volatile organic compound present in a wide range of resources, is a hazardous chemical and human carcinogen. Contamination of FA in food, especially perishable commodities like fish and meat, is a major source of exposure, although it is not recommended for use in food and food products owing to its carcinogenicity. Effects of oral feeding of FA have been studied by evaluating general health, haematology and clinical chemistry in rat. Recent studies have shown that FA exposure leads to detrimental cardiovascular effects. It regulates vascular tensions through nitric oxide-cGMP signalling pathway and ion channels in rats. Although FA is an established carcinogen, molecular studies on carcinogenic potential with dose dependency are meagre. In this context, the present study was undertaken to investigate the toxicogenomic and proteomic alterations in liver of rats fed FA through drinking water. By proteomic analysis, 621 proteins/protein-subunits showed differential abundance (proteome data available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010534), whereas 536 differentially-expressed-genes were identified by transcriptome analysis (data available via Sequence Read Archive with identifier SRR7974113). Gene ontology analysis showed that binding, catalysis, signal transduction were affected in formaldehyde-fed rats. Pathway analysis revealed that formaldehyde-exposure activated PI3K-AKT pathway that leads to inhibition of caspase activity thereby assisting cells to survive against apoptosis. Decreased abundance/down-regulation of ANGPT, eNOS, STAT3 proteins/transcripts and increased abundance of EDN1 indicated decrease in angiogenesis and vasodilatation that restricted hepatic cells from becoming tumorigenic; thus, indicating FA could be less toxic and non-tumorigenic at low concentrations.
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Schnittbildanatomie des Pankreas und seiner umgebenden Organe. Die Schnittführung verläuft, wie i... more Schnittbildanatomie des Pankreas und seiner umgebenden Organe. Die Schnittführung verläuft, wie in der Skizze rechts oben eingezeichnet, paraaxial zwischen BWK 10 und LWK 2 [Yamada T et al 95].
Protoplasma, 2017
The plastidic C4 Zea mays NADP-malate dehydrogenase (ZmNADP-MDH), responsible for catalysis of ox... more The plastidic C4 Zea mays NADP-malate dehydrogenase (ZmNADP-MDH), responsible for catalysis of oxaloacetate to malate, was overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana to assess its impact on photosynthesis and tolerance to salinity stress. Different transgenic lines were produced having ~3-6-fold higher MDH protein abundance and NADP-MDH enzyme activity than vector control. The overexpressors had similar chlorophyll, carotenoid, and protein content as that of vector control. Their photosynthetic electron transport rates, carbon assimilation rate, and consequently fresh weight and dry weight were almost similar. However, these overexpressors were tolerant to salt stress (150 mM NaCl). In saline environment, the Fv/Fm ratio, yield of photosystem II, chlorophyll, and protein content were higher in ZmNADP-MDH overexpressor than vector control. Under identical conditions, the generation of reactive oxygen species (H2O2) and production of malondialdehyde, a membrane lipid peroxidation product, were lower in overexpressors. In stress environment, the structural distortion of granal organization and swelling of thylakoids were less pronounced in ZmNADP-MDH overexpressing plants as compared to the vector control. Chloroplastic NADP-MDH in consort with cytosolic and mitochondrial NAD-MDH plays an important role in exporting reducing power (NADPH) and exchange of metabolites between different cellular compartments that maintain the redox homeostasis of the cell via malate valve present in chloroplast envelope membrane. The tolerance of NADP-MDH overexpressors to salt stress could be due to operation of an efficient malate valve that plays a major role in maintaining the cellular redox environment.
National Academy Science Letters, May 29, 2004
With complete genome sequences now available for several prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, bi... more With complete genome sequences now available for several prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, biological researchers are faced with the unprecedented scientific challenges of assigning molecular and cellular functions tothousands of newly predicted gene products and explaining how these products cooperate in complex physiological processes. The field of proteomics, study of all the expressed proteins of an organism, has emerged with the goals of developing and applying methods for the global analysis of protein expression and function. Proteins determine the biological phenotype of an organism and are the primary targets for most therapeutic agents. HUPO (Human Proteomic Organization), an international coordinating group has been launched in 2001. This is a loosely knit federation of proteome researchers. HUPO helps set priorities, coordinate research, set standards for handling and processing samples, and arrange for the use of common bioinformatics to ensure that researchers can directly compare their results. The present paper highlights the recent human proteomic initiatives taken up by HUPO and the boundless future of proteomics in better management of human health and disease.
BioMed research international, 2014
Changes in hsp gene expression profiles in murrel Channa striatus experimentally exposed to tempe... more Changes in hsp gene expression profiles in murrel Channa striatus experimentally exposed to temperature stress (36°C) for 4, 15, and 30 days were investigated; fish collected from aquaculture ponds and maintained in laboratory at the pond temperature (25 ± 1°C) served as control. Channa collected from a hot spring runoff (36°C) was included in the study to examine the hsp profiles beyond 30 days of exposure. Gene expression analyses of a battery of hsps in liver tissues were carried out by quantitative RT-PCR and protein expressions were analyzed by immunoblotting. hsps could be grouped into three clusters based on similarity in response to heat stress: hsp70, hsp78, and hsp60, whose transcript level continued to increase with duration of exposure; hsp90 and hsp110 that increased to a much higher level and then decreased; hsp27 and hsp47 that did not significantly vary as compared to control. The results suggest that Hsp70, Hsp78, and Hsp60 are involved in thermal acclimation and lo...
Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics, 2013
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided t... more License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Changes in hsp gene expression profiles in murrel Channa striatus experimentally exposed to temperature stress (36∘C) for 4, 15, and 30 days were investigated; fish collected from aquaculture ponds and maintained in laboratory at the pond temperature (25 ± 1∘C) served as control. Channa collected from a hot spring runoff (36∘C) was included in the study to examine the hsp profiles beyond 30 days of exposure. Gene expression analyses of a battery of hsps in liver tissues were carried out by quantitative RT-PCR and protein expressions were analyzed by immunoblotting. hsps could be grouped into three clusters based on similarity in response to heat stress: hsp70, hsp78, and hsp60, whose transcript level continued to increase with duration of exposure; hsp90 and hsp110 that increased to a much higher level and then decreased; hsp27 and hsp47 that did not s...
Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium ... more Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from a rice field in Konark, Odisha, India. Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing of Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2, which has a 5.038-Mb genome containing 4,867 predicted protein-coding sequences and 79 RNA genes. ABSTRACT Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from a rice field in Konark, Odisha, India. Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing of Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2, which has a 5.038-Mb genome containing 4,867 predicted protein-coding sequences and 79 RNA genes.
The ABO blood group system is the most well-known and medically important blood group system in t... more The ABO blood group system is the most well-known and medically important blood group system in transfusion medicine. Eliminating the risk for ABO-incompatible transfusion errors and providing enough of the right blood to the patients is an important need that can be achieved by creating a universal blood inventory of universal RBCs. Enzymatic removal of blood group ABO antigens to develop universal red blood cells (RBCs) was a pioneering vision originally proposed in 1980s. Although the feasibility of this approach was demonstrated in clinical trials for group B RBCs, a major obstacle in translating this technology to clinical practice was the lack of efficient glycosidase enzymes. In a major breakthrough, Henrik Clausen of the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and his co-workers have identified the enzymes glycosidases from two species of bacteria that can do the job quickly and efficiently. These scientists screened 2,500 fungi and bacteria and identified two species, Elizabeth...
Microbiology Resource Announcements
Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium ... more Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2 is a potential salt-tolerant, plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from a rice field in Konark, Odisha, India. Here, we report the whole-genome sequencing of Klebsiella sp. strain KBG6.2, which has a 5.038-Mb genome containing 4,867 predicted protein-coding sequences and 79 RNA genes.