The Explorer Islamabad - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Issue 1 by The Explorer Islamabad

ICT (information communication technology) users are defined as users of Web-based technological ... more ICT (information communication technology) users are defined as users of Web-based technological tools. The purpose of this study was to explore the difference in confidence level of ICT users and non-users of university students and the hurdles they face to adopt the ICT. The study was conducted at PMAS Arid Agriculture University of Rawalpindi with the help of purposive sampling by selecting a sample size of 74 respondents. The study used a mix of quantitative and qualitative tools of data collection and analyses. Binary logistic regression and percentile analyses showed that there is a cause and effect relationship between time duration which was spent on ICT for educational purpose and the confidence level of ICT users is low while the results showed that ICT users were more confident than non-users.

The women today are portrayed as a commercial commodity by the mass media. The impact of ICT is w... more The women today are portrayed as a commercial commodity by the mass media. The impact of ICT is wide spread. This research paper is an attempt to explore the role of ICT (Information and communication technology) mainly electronic and print media on public. The aim of the study was to study the attitude of public towards the woman who are working on media industry. The locale of the study was (Rawalpindi). The nature of the study was qualitative while the data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire from a sample of 68 respondents. Percentile analysis revealed that media seriously effects the social status and marital life as portrayal of females as a commodity and sexual object has fairly amplified in the last few years which has led has fairly decreased the level of acceptance of females in this field as moral and respectable individuals.

The society of Hunza has always depicted a romantic picture to the researchers who had been inter... more The society of Hunza has always depicted a romantic picture to the researchers who had been interested in exploring diverse nature of human culture. Amidst extreme climate, harsh geographic conditions and extreme poverty the populations of Hunza developed elaborate patterns for subsistence in order to ensure survival in a deadly precarious milieu. In such socio-economic and ecological conditions the people developed a shared labor mechanism by men, women and children that defined their due role and status in the society. The current research is a diachronic qualitative analysis of indigenous concepts regarding female role and authority in the society of Hunza. It is an ethnographic study conducted among burusho (people speaking Burushaski) in Aliabad, Hunza. It explores the pivotal role of females locally termed as ruli.

Education is basic indicator to sweep the evils from the society and give better sense of living ... more Education is basic indicator to sweep the evils from the society and give better sense of living standard along with better future planning. The education is hallmark to social development and ultimately the progress of nation and country. The domestic violence is prevalent around the globe and the situation of Pakistani women are Vis a Vis to the developing countries of the world. The violence against women has its roots in the traditional system of society and especially the patriarchal system has made it more ideological for men and women are subjugated in all spheres of life. This study focused the violence against women which can be reduced by the prevalence of education in rural and urban setting whereas malfunctioning is seen at great expense. To explore the nexus of education and domestic violence on women the study was conducted in urban and rural area of Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The sample size was taken 600 household equally from rural and urban areas. The non-probability, convenient, sampling technique was used. The research concluded that education is very necessary to sway the evils from society mainly the domestic violence can be eradicated by adopting the education and hence the awareness can be raised among the marginalized sections of the society acutely.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of television on young women. The stu... more The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of television on young women. The study hence recorded the respondent’s level of viewing, preferred channels and programs, favorite watching time and restrictions on viewing. The locale of the study was Shamsabad, Rawalpindi. The nature of the study was qualitative while a semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 70 respondents selected through convenient sampling. The Chi-Square analyses revealed that with the advancement and spread of multiple communication channels, television stands as the most influential type of media that has played a significant role as a source of information regarding latest fashion trends and also religious information thus effecting the women’s life style and the cultural practices in our society.

: ICT based social networking includes communication and interaction through social networking si... more : ICT based social networking includes communication and interaction through social networking sites (SNSs) and cellular phones. SNSs and cellular phones have become the most common source of communication among youth. The paper highlights the effects of ICT based social networking on social life of youth. The research was conducted in two colleges of F-7, Islamabad by selecting a sample of one hundred and ten students through purposive sampling technique using both qualitative and quantitative tools. Cross tabulation and percentile analysis revealed that 62.7 percent of the youth were daily users of ICT, addicted to major social sites like Facebook 73 percent, Skype 14 percent and Linkdn or twitter 13 percent. The excessive use of SNSs was found to be directly associated with decreased face-to-face interaction as 72 percent of the respondents agreed that remaining online all the time effected their social, communication interactional skills within and outside family.

Unemployment is one of the dilemmas that have entangled the Pakistani society. Its negative impac... more Unemployment is one of the dilemmas that have entangled the Pakistani society. Its negative impact on the economic development of a country is undeniable. It hinders the economic growth by squandering the abilities of youth. The research aims to identify the social and psychological effects of unemployment on the youth. It also examines the response of their families towards them and the consequent problems being faced by the unemployed youth. The area of the research was Faisal Colony in Rawalpindi, from where a sample of one hundred and five was selected by using purposive sampling technique. The research sheds light on diverse repercussions of unemployment on the individual and family level such as skill deterioration, reduced self-esteem, confidence and disturbance in familial life.

Issue 2 by The Explorer Islamabad

: Information communication technology (ICT) gadgets are the bridge between different social proc... more : Information communication technology (ICT) gadgets are the bridge between different social processes which transform the situations and conditions and strengthen the process of Globalization. In the era of globalization transformations and changes can be seen in the family institution which is one of main domain of societal structure. The usage of information communication technologies has become endemic, which has altered the familial interactional patterns .The study was conducted to explore whether the use of Information communication technology gadgets affect the interaction among family members in their relevant social roles. The research was exploratory in nature in which 112 respondents were selected from Rawalpindi city by using a semi structured questionnaire. The study concluded that the usage of ICT gadgets affect the interaction and relationship among parents, children and spouses due to which they cannot perform their responsibilities according to their prescribed social roles. The decreased interaction among family members has weakened family and marriage institutions due to swiftly prevalent usage of ICT.

Social exclusion refers to the marginalized or disadvantaged fringe of the society. The paper foc... more Social exclusion refers to the marginalized or disadvantaged fringe of the society. The paper focuses on those who have been socially excluded due to non-use of Information Communication Technology or due to non-adoption of ICT gadgets. They lie in the category of laggards. With the spread of knowledge and information, their number has decreased. The scope of the study was to determine whether Information Communication Technologies (ICT) play a significant role in the life of individuals to keep pace with the world or not. The data was collected from hundred respondents through a questionnaire from a public sector university over the duration of one month. The findings reveal various barriers that lead to non-adoption; including weak socio-economic conditions, laggard peer group, low education, religious pressure groups, and cultural norms that lead to the inevitable consequence of lagging behind and social exclusion.

Shrines of Sufi Saints remain a significant aspect of the religious and social structure of Pakis... more Shrines of Sufi Saints remain a significant aspect of the religious and social structure of Pakistan. They are fundamentally functional in creating social participation, provision of entertainment in the form of devotional music and songs (qawali), educating people, distribution of food, sweets, money etc. The purpose behind the present study was to explore the notion of Mannat and its existing types and practices in different religions and sects of the existing society. To uncover the associated belief systems of people visiting Shrines. Moreover, to understand the underlying casual factors compelling people to make Mannat. The study’s sampling frame was Shrine of Hazrat Bari Imam in village Noor Pur Shahan of Capital Territory Islamabad, from which a sample of 80 respondents was purposively selected. The study used a blend of both qualitative and quantitative tools. The results showed.

TV industry is the major source of entertainment which is being regulated by the advertisement in... more TV industry is the major source of entertainment which is being regulated by the advertisement industry. The research was conducted to study the role of women in commercial industry. The study was focused on the commercialized representation of women. For this purpose the data was collected from students of Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi by using semi-structured questionnaire. The study is both qualitative and quantitative in nature. 72 respondents were interviewed through an interview guide over a period of two month. The results were analyzed by co-relating the data through SPSS. The study showed that women are being used for marketing product and that appearance of women show the advancement of the commercial ads.

: The world of development and technology has completely redefined the leisure and pastimes of to... more : The world of development and technology has completely redefined the leisure and pastimes of today’s man. The use of ICT on one hand influences leisure and pastimes of a person, on the other hand, changed pastimes effect the use of ICT. ICT a vast field is inclusive of social media. The paper explores the effects of ICT (Information and communication technology) on leisure and pastimes of people; both young and old and how use of ICT changes the perception and views regarding pastimes. The locale of the study was Universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The data was collected using the semi structured questionnaire from 80 respondents. The nature of the study was qualitative. The study revealed that the ICT use majorly texting and calls were the major pastimes of the youth, the majority spent at least 1-5 hours on calls that strongly affected the health. The ICT use majorly included social networking that weakened the familial bonds.

The current study is a qualitative analysis of the role of livestock in rural livelihood and its ... more The current study is a qualitative analysis of the role of livestock in rural livelihood and its contribution to the local economy. The study was conducted in village Pindsultani in district Attock. The data was collected from one hundred thirty seven households (137) whose livelihood depends on livestock. Purposive sampling technique was used to draw the required sample. Different data collection methods included interviews, case study method, participant observation, key informant method and socio-economic census. This study helped to know how livestock contributes to the local economy in the form of financial as well as social capital.

ICT has revolutionized the mode of data transfer and storage in the modern world and has simultan... more ICT has revolutionized the mode of data transfer and storage in the modern world and has simultaneously given rise to many evils. The paper is an attempt to reveal the ways through which people misuse ICT. The study, qualitative in nature, focuses on the difference between gender sensitization and sexual sensitization and the affect of ICT on early adolescence in young males and females. The data was gathered from 68 respondents of collectively from Post Graduate College for Women, and PMAS-AAUR University with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. The Chi-Square analyses affirm the associational relation between misuse of ICT for overt entertainment; use of ICT for sexually explicit material and increased sexual sensitization among youngsters. Hence, ICT misuse which has increased dramatically over the past few years negatively affects the adolescents. Moreover the results reveal that since access to internet has been made easy, indoor activities and pastimes are preferred which are often unsupervised and mostly social inappropriate.

Issue 3 by The Explorer Islamabad

Information Communication Technology (ICT) is an umbrella term that includes communication device... more Information Communication Technology (ICT) is an umbrella term that includes communication devices (television, cellular phones, computer etc) or applications and the services associated with these devices. In current era of globalization ICT performs significant role in our daily life as it helps us in communication, education, business and entertainment. This paper focuses on the misuse of this technology by the people. The study was conducted by using qualitative research tools. The data of research was collected from a sample of 75 respondents from two public sector Universities of Rawalpindi. Data was analyzed using cross tabulation which indicated that the maledicting behavior of people towards this technology is getting more dominant then the fruitful adaptation.

Tourism is generally demarcated as a journey that is made by both local people and foreign touris... more Tourism is generally demarcated as a journey that is made by both local people and foreign tourists for recreational, business and other purposes. The economy is the status of a region in terms of its consumption of production and supply of money. The objectives of present study were to explore the economic impacts of local tourism in Kallar Kahar, to present a regional perspective of tourism development and to examine government’s role in projecting economic benefits of local tourism in the region. The study was exploratory in nature and data was collected qualitatively from a sample of 75 respondents, from whom demographic information was taken through socio- economic census survey forms and qualitative information was obtained through an interview guide, over a period of six months. The study concluded that local tourism of Kallar Kahar had negative economic impacts on both area and indigenous community as well.

Extremism is actions considered to be far outside the mainstream attitudes of people which violat... more Extremism is actions considered to be far outside the mainstream attitudes of people which violate common moral standards. Extremism can take many forms, including political, ethnic and religious. Throughout history people have practiced violence in the name of religion. To find out the part played by clerics in promoting religious extremism through information communication technology, data was collected from a sample of 50 respondents selected by convenient sampling using a semi-structured questionnaire. The locale was Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad. The research was conducted over a period of one month. The findings of the study revealed that clerics provoking sectarianism and extremism are directly associated. Religious extremism supported by clerics was also significantly associated with obstacles being created in the way of women’s education. Thus over all, the religious clerics have been found to be the major root cause of terrorism.

The current qualitative inquiry employed phenomenological approach to enter into the lived realit... more The current qualitative inquiry employed phenomenological approach to enter into the lived realities of Ahmadi students undergoing organized persecution at a medical college in Pakistan. The study aimed to gather a deeper understanding into the phenomenon of persecution arising out of a situated event that led to rustication of 22 Ahmadi students from their college on basis of ‘religious preaching’. Data was collected primarily through in-depth interviews conducted with 10 Ahmadi students. The purpose was also to link these experiences to generate a broader phenomenon of ‘persecution' and 'experience of being subjected to persecution'. The study gave rise to a range of themes describing the process of religious persecution as experienced by the students. It revealed that persecution led to a transformation within the personalities of the students, disorientation with self and others, loneliness and alienation amongst peers and friends, fear for life and insecurity expressed through dreams, and deformed their identities in a number of ways.

Pakistani media is highly influenced by foreign media due to which our cultural institutions are ... more Pakistani media is highly influenced by foreign media due to which our cultural institutions are being adversely affected. The study was conducted to find out how electronic media especially dramas presented by the cable TV channels are invading our cultural institutions. The data was collected in six weeks by selecting a sample of 50 respondents through convenience sampling, from whom extensive data was collected through a blend of qualitative and quantitative tools. The paper suggested that electronic media has dynamically played a pivotal role in spreading cultural values which are contrasting with our norms. The pace of change has relatively speeded due to invaded media.

: The cultural values, norms and behavior among students which are threatened by the misuse of IC... more : The cultural values, norms and behavior among students which are threatened by the misuse of ICT. The data was collected from seventy two respondents through standardized questionnaire from a public sector University in Rawalpindi over a span of one month. The scope of study was to explore the effects of ICT and its role in deterioration of cultural values, norms and behavior among student. It can be concluded from the results of current research that TVCs (TV channels) weaken our moral, cultural and social values which leads toward deterioration of the moralities in the society.

The paper deals with the role of government in improving agricultural economy. The aim of paper i... more The paper deals with the role of government in improving agricultural economy. The aim of paper is to emphasize government measures to reduce prices of agricultural goods in improvements of production and develop awareness programs for the farmers. These types of facilities will be helpful in increasing the yield and fulfilling the country’s need as well as these crops may also be exported to the other countries to earn foreign exchange which will increase the national income of Pakistan. The locale of the study was Saigolabad, Chakwal. The objective of the study was to examine the government role in improving the agricultural economy. Both qualitative and quantitative research design was employed. Snow ball sampling was applied on the sample size 100. Data was collected by using different anthropological techniques. Quantitative collected data was analyzed through SPSS and the percentages and frequencies were tabulated along the discussion. The qualitative collected data described thematically.

The present study was conducted in Muzaffarabad. It focused the forms of domestic violence preval... more The present study was conducted in Muzaffarabad. It focused the forms of domestic violence prevalent in the society along with the levels and causes which have enduring impacts on the lives of women in the area. Objectives: The objectives of study were to determine causes, levels and forma of domestic violence and comparison of violence against women in urban and rural area of Muzaffarabad. Method: Both paradigms, quantitative and qualitative, were merged to conduct the study. The sample size was taken 600 equally 300 from urban and rural area. The respondents were enumerated through a well structured quantitative questionnaire and interview schedule through convenience sampling technique. The data was analyzed through SPSS 16.00 version. Results: The causes of domestic violence were found as alcoholism, drug addiction, unemployment, financial matters and psychological issues. Two main forms of domestic violence were found physical and psychological. Physical violence found 7.1% in rural area and 8.7% in urban area among the 300 respondents each along psychological violence in rural area was found 99.6% and in urban area it was found 100%. The overall ratio of physical violence found 15.8% while psychological violence 99.8% recorded. It signifies that domestic violence is more prevalent in urban setting rather than rural.

The present study is an attempt to assess the scope of revival of Jirga or Panchayat, an importan... more The present study is an attempt to assess the scope of revival of Jirga or Panchayat, an important part of Informal Justice System, in the Pakistan. The data was gathered, using a structured questionnaire and interviews, from the sampling frame Law College, and Bahria university of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, respectively. A sample of 51 respondents was selected purposely. Majority of them were affiliated with legal studies i.e. law degree. It was observed that the government is fairly active in trying to revitalize the informal justice system in rural areas of Pakistan. According to the findings mediation has been found to significantly and positively affect justice provision as the government justice system is time consuming and requires a lot of money. Moreover, it was revealed that rape cases have increased in the last few decades as the grass root level; informal panchayat system has visibly collapsed.

Ageing is a global phenomenon with all its impacts and consequences as observed most of the devel... more Ageing is a global phenomenon with all its impacts and consequences as observed most of the developed countries along with developing countries. In Pakistan the issue of ageing is not given more importance as it required securing the future of our elder’s population. This study was focused to explore the perception of Older Persons (OPs) about old age. Structure questionnaire was implemented to collect the data of 384 OPs of Rawalpindi city. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS. Data shows the participation of 70% male OPs and 30% belongs to female OPs of respective area. Most of the study respondents were having the age between age group 60-65 as recorded 53.9%. Among 384 respondents, 267 OPs perceived old age as illness & disease, 194 OPs were reported the name of stress & depression. Predominantly, 243 elders considered old age as full of social isolation & ignorance. Increased dependency, less social participation, and poor mental & physical health was also reported by study respondents. Study concludes that if we want to bring a happy and active ending then we must consider the efforts that promote the positive and productive perceptions and stereotypes among OPs of our society, and also to gain benefit from their valuable experiences.

The research was designed to study the relationship between the traditional religious gatherings ... more The research was designed to study the relationship between the traditional religious gatherings and information and communication technologies. The study was conducted in the Malakwal city, Punjab by using the mixture of both quantitative and qualitative techniques. A sample of 390 households was drawn from the systematic random sampling. The data gathered from the survey and participant observation showed that most of the participants believe in the eroding bite of the traditional religious gatherings due to excessive use of both mobile and computers.

Teenagers spending more time on cell phones, internet and playing video games rather than with th... more Teenagers spending more time on cell phones, internet and playing video games rather than with their parents is a common sight now days. Although technology is helpful to cope with the world’s stream of progress and development but at the same time it is weakening the roots of the most core unit of the society. By spending much time on technology children are unable to spend quality time with their families hence they succeed to mingle with the world around them but fail to connect with the world inside their houses. The following study reveals this relationship objectively. The data was collected through a sample of 100 respondents through stratified sampling from the locale, Dina, Jhelum. The results revealed that technology is negatively affecting the parent child relationship.

This study is a qualitative analysis of women’s contribution to the household economy. This parti... more This study is a qualitative analysis of women’s contribution to the household economy. This particular study was conducted in the village of Karimabad in district Hunza, Gilgit Baltistan. Data was collected from 100 respondents by using simple random sampling technique. The study utilized various data collection methods including interviews, case studies, participant observation, and key informant method. Women in the village were observed to be working as teachers, nurses, carpenters and some engaged in agriculture. The shift from agriculture to employment sector has brought quiet a lot of changes in their daily life. The study reveals that the women of the area in relevance to the last decade have relatively taken more part as a working force in the domestic economy. 38 percent of the women working in various professions including vocational, technical, teaching and clerical earned between 10,000- 20,000. The data showed that even though woman have started working yet they are not being paid equally as men.

: Information Communication Technology has exceptional effects on our lives. It has made our live... more : Information Communication Technology has exceptional effects on our lives. It has made our lives effortless and easy. The research focused on the institution of family under the influence of Information Communication Technology. The study aimed at studying the respondents’ attitudes toward ICT gadgets and its effects on family ties. The locale of the study was PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. The nature of the study was qualitative and data was collected through semi structured questionnaires from a sample of 70 respondents through convenient sampling. The results demonstrate that the variables identified were significantly correlated. ICT has absolutely affected the life of people in a way by playing an important role in bringing the people closer through cell phone and social media.

The study focused to explore whether infertility affects the life of a woman psychologically or n... more The study focused to explore whether infertility affects the life of a woman psychologically or not. In our cultural contexts it is considered a great deficiency in the lives of a couple. In our society, getting impregnated soon after the marriage is considered normative. Failing to produce offspring in a couple of years, starts building social pressure which stresses her psychologically. The research was conducted in Waulah and Dulmial village in Tehsil Choa Saidan Shah Chakwal. The study was conducted using interview guides as a qualitative tool from a sample of 64 infertile women having both primary and secondary infertility over a period of 3 weeks. The study concluded that these women not only bear the social consequences but also their mental health is badly affected. Inability to conceive marks a huge disaster for her upcoming life. The chief burden of reproductive inability lies with the woman who is victimized as the sole cause of deficiency.

Katas Raj Mandir is a Hindu temple located in Choa Saidan Shah, Chakwal. Most of the Hindu pilgri... more Katas Raj Mandir is a Hindu temple located in Choa Saidan Shah, Chakwal. Most of the Hindu pilgrims visit this temple to worship and pay pilgrimage. The research paper is an attempt to study the historical significance of the temple and its current stature in Hinduism. The study aimed to inquire why people visit this ancient temple. The nature of the study was qualitative while the data was collected using two key informants and in-depth interview from Hindu visitors and local people who live near katas raj mandir.

Gender and language is a subject matter to sociolinguists, linguists and now also growing in anth... more Gender and language is a subject matter to sociolinguists, linguists and now also growing in anthropology. The formal and informal use of words, phrases and sentences can be traced down to the structure, division of labor and delegation of power to different gender in the society. The present paper however focuses on the Begamati Zuban which is a voice of sub-culture, and its study have revealed a great deal about the way Muslim women lived, thought, felt and believed in Delhi and elsewhere in nineteenth century. Though Urdu both in spoken and written forms were considered flowery and polite, later contested as a colonial tool and national language of Pakistan. The Urdu language at that time was found in different dialects from Delhi, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Amroha and other cities. However the segregation in roles and responsibilities defined a completely new set of vocabulary away from the formal, decent and rhythmic Urdu in the purdha observing society of Delhi. The graphic, earthy and colorful tone of Begamati Zuban was due to women’s mostly conversation with women of different age groups and around the household activities, and observance of purdah both at father’s and husband’s place. The current paper has touched upon how this Begamati Zuban appeared in the heart of Indo-Muslim cultural history. It is interesting that the Begamati Zuban is withering away and has been changed due to the emergence of new material culture and abrupt socio-political wave collided in sub-continent. The partition of India and Pakistan along with migration have changed this sub-culture, however the begamati zuban is still a very much part of our darling literature, drama and movies and most above of all the mode of communication between old women and young girls.

Industrialization with the advent of newly developed machineries played an important role in the ... more Industrialization with the advent of newly developed machineries played an important role in the progress of countries worldwide. Building infrastructure and construction is the basis of industrial development. The study hypothesized that adoption of new technology uplifts the socio-economic condition of masonry artisans. The type of questionnaire was semi structured and was designed as a qualitative tool of research. The data was collected from a sample of 53 artisans selected through snow ball sampling from the study locale i.e. Tehsil Chakwal. The data was collected within 15 days, with the help of the key informants who served as the first point of reference. The data was initially qualitative which was quantified for the application of statistical analysis. The variables were than correlated to explore the findings. Statistical analysis of correlation proved the hypothesis that new technologies, education and training have uplifted socio-economic condition of the artisans and also that joint family system serves as a better option as compared to a nuclear setup especially in case of difficult times

Caste or biradari system is integral to the basic social structure of the society in Pakistan. In... more Caste or biradari system is integral to the basic social structure of the society in Pakistan. Intra-caste conflicts arise due to various reasons and social-cultural factors social factors. Thus, the objective of the study is to unravel the various dimensions and determinants of intra- caste conflicts. Moreover, the purpose of the study was to unravel the role played by women in conflict creation. The locale of the study was Saigalabad village in Chakwal, from where a sample of 110 sampling units was selected through purposive sampling. The study reveals that land, unfair division of property, intra-caste marriages, dowry, watta- satta and polygamy were found to be significantly effective in creating intra-caste conflicts. Moreover it was observed that certain intra-caste conflicts were flared by women leading to different type of disputes among biradaries.

The population of children in Pakistan is over 70 million. The environment in which the majority ... more The population of children in Pakistan is over 70 million. The environment in which the majority of these children grow up is fraught with numerous challenges and access to basic rights such as health care, education, protection from abuse, neglect and exploitation, are all compromised along with orphanage. The current security and economic crises in the country have worsened the situation. There is a palpable rolling back of gains made in the past and newer challenges are emerging. Orphan children are becoming the victims of militancy. Either through recruitment as suicide bombers, through indoctrination at unregulated and rogue madrassas, through displacement from conflict zones, or through a complete breakdown of the health and education system in militancy riddled areas. The present research was conducted in Sweet homes Pakistan, Islamabad in order to evaluate the socialization of children. The children in Sweet homes Pakistan were found satisfied in case of provision of health and education facilities while they were socialized in a better way with regard to their future. They were provided all the required facilities adequately and overwhelmingly.

Caste plays an imperative role in this part of the world- the south Asia. People cannot change th... more Caste plays an imperative role in this part of the world- the south Asia. People cannot change their occupational castes on their will, and the status remains attached to them for many generations to come. The research was an attempt to study the traditional Nais .This occupational group is extremely hardworking and provides multifaceted services to the community, ranging from cooking and dish washing to circumcision and minor surgeries. The data was collected using snowball sampling technique, while the sampling frame included exclusively Nais and their families. The study was conducted over a period of one month. The data was then analyzed through percentile analysis. The locale of the study was under union council Dhudial district Chakwal. A sample of 60 respondents was gathered from the locale where each sampling unit stands for a single “Nai household”. Though they are a part of a discriminated caste, are still proud of their professional services which they offering to their community. The data reveals a mere tinge of caste mobility among a few families who were motivated by status mobility to which an occupation is a major hindrance.

The present research is a qualitative analysis of the role of prevalent communication technologie... more The present research is a qualitative analysis of the role of prevalent communication technologies in provoking and propagating religious extremism. ICT is a dynamic and extremely powerful source of information on public communication system. The emergence and widespread adoption of ICT has significantly influenced the lifestyles of religious people as well. It is affecting the religious practices and ethics in the form of hate speech, spread of misconceptions regarding religious notions, extremist views and brain washing through media. The study was conducted in Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, and a sample of 60 respondents was drawn. The data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews. The results showed that ICT is used as a tool for provoking religious extremism and conflicting views are channelized through it as it is used as a major channel for learning religious knowledge and information.

Practice of early marriages among women is a chronic social problem in the rural areas of Pakista... more Practice of early marriages among women is a chronic social problem in the rural areas of Pakistan and is most prevalent among pakhtoons. Centuries old customs and traditions are stimulating factors for this practice due to which firm beliefs and practices are legitimized by the community. The study sheds light on the socio-economic gains of this practice perceived by the people of the community, simultaneously highlighting the devastating effects of early marriage on young females. The study was conducted in Waisa, Nartopa, Bangi villages in tehsil Hazro, Attock among the pakhtoon families residing there. A sample of 128 households was drawn using purposive and snowball sampling technique in order to get a qualitative and in-depth understanding of the issue. Various qualitative research techniques such as in-depth interviews, open ended questionnaires and participant observation were used. The analysis of the data revealed that the practice of early marriage of female is deeply rooted in the traditional social structure which leads to physiological and psychological problems among females

The domestic violence has been predominant in the world and especially in Pakistan it is convergi... more The domestic violence has been predominant in the world and especially in Pakistan it is converging. In the patriarchal society, the domestic violence accumulated while the conditions of Pakistani women have been same as of their counterparts. The research is about the comparative study of physical violence on women in the rural and urban area of Muzaffarabad (Azad Jammu & Kashmir). Method: A sample size of 600 was taken, 300 each from rural and urban area on house hold level by using non-probability, convenient sampling technique. Married women of age 15-61 and above were interviewed through a well-structured quantitative questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: SPSS version 13.00 was used for the analysis of data and Chi-Square test was applied to check the association between the variables. Results: The violence was found as follows: Slapping of partner (16.3% in urban area and 9.4% in rural area). Kick the partner: (urban area 6.7% & 5% in rural area). Throwing objects at partner: (3% in urban area and 2.4% in rural area. Grabbing hairs: (urban area 7.7% and rural area 5%). Literacy rate of women: (79.3% in urban area and 54% in rural area). Literacy rate of husband: (69.3% in rural area and 89.3% in urban area). The education of in-laws: (51.3% in rural area & 85% in urban area). The higher ratio was found in group (having 1-2 children) 29.3% for rural area and in group (3-4) for urban area 41.7%. Conclusion: The Physical violence was found more rampant in urban areas rather than rural areas of Muzaffarabad while educated people were found less violent towards their spouses as compared to those people having less educational level.

This study mainly explored the role and status of the elderly in rural Bangladesh. It is based on... more This study mainly explored the role and status of the elderly in rural Bangladesh. It is based on empirical findings from the four villages of Gopalnagar union of Dhunat upazila of Bogra district. Mixed approach has been given priority in this study. Survey, observation, case study and life history methods and focus group discussion technique have also been used in this study. Data have been collected from both primary and secondary sources. Simple random sampling procedure followed in this study. This study has found the declined role and status of the elderly in the family and the society as well. The study may give some necessary directions for both academic and policy related benefits by drawing attention to the government as well as the policy makers to take the elderly problem seriously and form a policy framework to the welfare of them with a view to making old age better.

Violence and show of power is a typical feature of rural life in province of Punjab, Pakistan. Th... more Violence and show of power is a typical feature of rural life in province of Punjab, Pakistan. The Power elites in the Extremities among the factions based on caste factor in rural areas are wide spread in the villages. The purpose of the paper is to see the major developmental projects in village for agricultural development and the cultural response. In order to better understand role of power structure in manipulation of the developmental work, the inevitable existence of influential Deraydars, the evolution of all major power groups in the village are also discussed. This paper also discusses the political set up of the village to see how the political set up of village revolves around the pressure groups of village. How these pressure groups are formed, why these pressure groups try to manipulate benefits using their influence, political links, relationships, etc. The paper is based on an empirical research conducted in a Village ‘Sacha Soda’ located in Sheikhupura district of the Punjab province.

The current paper is also based on a research conducted in a Punjabi village of Pakistan. The mai... more The current paper is also based on a research conducted in a Punjabi village of Pakistan. The main thrust of research was to study indigenous knowledge system and its traditional wisdom attached with the traditional medicine which is called alternative medicine now a days. The study brings forth the worth of traditional medicine, its utilities and consumption practiced by the local and indigenous populations. Moreover, the paper throws light on perception of inhabitants regarding their preferences of seeking a particular treatment pattern and local sensing about health and treatment systems. In a nut shell, the papers highlights why local people have evolved a preference pattern of their own in which they consult either western medicine or their local medicine. The paper also discusses details about domestically held treatments for few major ailments.

Global warming and climate change have gained a lot of attention in recent times, since these phe... more Global warming and climate change have gained a lot of attention in recent times, since these phenomena lead to socio-economic instability in modern society. Mankind is now well aware of the harmful effects caused by environmental emissions. As a result, research into techniques for reducing environmental emissions is of utmost importance. This paper has discussed a methodology which can be utilized to fight this battle against climate change. More specifically, using the Pakistan Integrated Energy Model (Pak-IEM), forecasts for carbon emissions are performed out to the year 2040. A base case with no carbon tax on the energy system is used as a reference for comparison of final results. In the other two cases, the impact of enforcing a carbon tax policy on the energy sector of Pakistan is explored. The energy sector is among the primary culprits responsible for the harmful carbon emissions, and this paper shows whether a carbon tax policy would help in reducing carbon emissions in Pakistan. The results reveal that a carbon tax policy does in fact help in reducing emissions, more specifically, a reduction of 17 MtCO2 was seen as compared to a base case with no carbon tax policy.

Handicrafts are getting tremendously popular in the global market. Many developing countries are ... more Handicrafts are getting tremendously popular in the global market. Many developing countries are exporting handicrafts to the developed world, creating a new source of revenue and employment. Sillanwali in Pakistan is famous for its handicrafts and has always fascinated people with keen interest in handicrafts and traditional furniture. Sillanwali is known throughout Pakistan and at international level for its wooden handicrafts with colorful geometric patterns and oriental designs. The current research is a qualitative analysis of occupation of carpentry which involves the knowledge, skills, techniques and tools adopted by handicraft makers. Utilization of these handicrafts is not only for practical purposes but also decorative. It is an attempt to explore a renowned wood work being done in the district for over decades. The data was collected through participant observation and in depth; interviews of 45 workers and owners of Sillanwali handicraft main market. The results indicate that the artisans involved with the occupation have majorly chosen the field on need rather than interest basis. The profession skill and techniques are passed on to the next generation; thus lack of access to global economy, knowledge regarding profitability of new trends and designs severely hinders the industries growth.

In developing countries poultry rearing has been practiced for many years. The study focused on r... more In developing countries poultry rearing has been practiced for many years. The study focused on revealing the level of empowerment of rural women and food assurance through poultry farming especially chicken. Data was collected from one hundred and one respondents through semi structured interview form Chakwal city. The research was conducted over a period of six weeks. The data was entered and then analyzed by correlating it through SPSS. Scope of the study was to observe the effects of poultry rearing on the life of rural women and the way it has contributed to her empowerment and food security at household level. It was observed that poultry rearing at household level has not much enhanced the overall household income yet plays role in contributing to sustain household economy. Besides being healthy and nutritious source of food, it somehow contributes in securing dietary needs especially of the young ones. It has made the women self-employed, more confident, socially empowered and more valued not only in their families but also in their community.

Suicide is a rapidly growing social and psychological problem around the world especially in deve... more Suicide is a rapidly growing social and psychological problem around the world especially in developing countries. Various studies show that the ratio of suicide in young females is high especially in Muslim countries. The current study was conducted in district Ghizer in Gilgit-Baltistan where an unexpected rise in suicide rate has been reported during recent years. The findings of the research are based on a close and careful study of the registered cases of female suicides in the district. In order to have a meticulous analysis of these cases the data was collected through formal and informal interviews and key informant method. The purpose of the research was to study suicide as a consequence of social and cultural issues beyond the conventional approach to look at it as a psychological illness.

by working both inside and outside their homes. The study was conducted in the village of Karimab... more by working both inside and outside their homes. The study was conducted in the village of Karimabad in district Hunza, Gilgit Baltistan. Data was collected from 100 respondents with the help of simple random sampling technique, after building a sampling frame of working women in the area with the help of key informants. The study utilized various data collection methods like socio economic census forms, case studies, participant observation, and key informant method. The study shows a significant yet unrecognized role of women in the economy, where they work both inside and outside their homes. Mostly the women working inside their homes engaged in agriculture, handicraft and vocational work, while women working outside the premises of their homes were involved in various educational, Community Based Organizations, NGOs and Public Organizations. Tabulated data shows that 63% were attached with miscellaneous professions categorized as others occupations like teachers, professors, clerks, lower division clerks, shopkeepers and restaurant owners. While, 25% worked in different Community Based Organizations, NGOs and Public Organizations and 12% were attached with agriculture, poultry farming, handicrafts and sewing clothes.

Retirement is the time in a person’s life when he is no longer employed. The retirement age varie... more Retirement is the time in a person’s life when he is no longer employed. The retirement age varies and generally lies between 55 to 60 years. This study was conducted to explore the lifestyles of retired people as well as their pastimes. The data was collected through snowball sampling technique from district Chakwal under Union Council Dhudial with the help of semi structured questionnaire by drawing a sample of 103 respondents from different professions from four villages of Union Council Dhudial. The findings suggested that most of retired people were having a lot of health problems and liked to stay home all the time with their families. They had limited social life after retirement and spent most the time with their children and grandchildren. Another factor affecting their psychological health was found to be economic crises. The

Nepal is facing serious problems of political instability and may get into civil war again if the... more Nepal is facing serious problems of political instability and may get into civil war again if the chronic political issues remain unresolved. The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between political instability and socio-economic structure and existing political economy. It also aims to highlight that democracy without equality and fair distribution of resources cannot flourish and sustain. Paper gives historical background of political instability and lack of democratic consensus, and draws its relationship with the existing centralized political economy, inequality and unfair distribution of resources in Nepal. The research depends on the secondary data and journal articles, books, reports; newspapers are consulted and researched in this regard. The data indicates that the conflict and political instability in Nepal is due to the equality and centralized political economy. If Nepal does not have considerable and radical changes in socio-economic structures the conflict and political instability is likely to persist.

Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. The inability to conceive and reproduce... more Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring. The inability to conceive and reproduce is termed as infertility. There are various factors leading to infertility like age, disease or the structure of the reproductive system. Infertility is a serious issue that is treated as a taboo thus has various social-psychological consequences. The data was collected from a sample of 40 respondent selected by snowball sampling using a semi-structured questionnaire from Rawalpindi city. The research was conducted over period of two month. The findings of the study revealed that infertile people face many difficulties when it comes to marital life. The family and society overall treated the infertile as a taboo; revolting and repellent excluding them from all social and cultural activities including decision making at familial level and participation in any cultural festivals. The exclusion thus made the infertile face serious psychological issues like depression, anxiety, guilt and dissatisfaction.

Parental support is considered to be one of the strongest factors in student academic success as ... more Parental support is considered to be one of the strongest factors in student academic success as
demonstrated by the literature of sociology of education. This study examines the impacts of parental support on
academic performance of students in Islamabad. Supportive parents keep check and balance on their children and
provide a guiding mechanism for their academic matters. Child’s academic performance assisted through regular
monitoring, consistent meetings with child and check directly all the matters of school and class improves the
academic performance. This study was conducted under a quantitative research design with a sample size of 60
respondents was limited to different schools of Islamabad. Simple random sampling technique was employed for
the data collection. Field data was coded in SPSS and Chi Square test was applied to check the association between
two: Parental support and Academic performance of students. Results of the present research highlighted that
there is a significant association among parental support and student’s academic progress. Students showed
higher academic performance whose parents were more supportive and involved in academic activities as
compared to those whose parents were less supportive

Pakistan’s agricultural sector has been contributing to the economy of the country at large. Henc... more Pakistan’s agricultural sector has been contributing to the economy of the country at large. Hence the
sector has been considered as the back bone of to the country. This paper reviews technology’s role in the
agriculture production in Murid, Chakwal. Since it is assumed that advanced technological use have replaced the
traditional agricultural techniques, the study is an attempt to have a qualitative analysis of the said hypothesis.
Non-probability stratified sampling technique has been used to conduct the research on a sample size of 200
farmers. Key informants helped establish rapport at the field; later interview guide was used to conduct in-depth
interviews. The qualitative data collected is discussed after cross tabulation analysis. The findings suggests that
early adopters prove to be more advantageous as compare to the followers and laggards since they have learnt the
efficient use of technology by evolving strategies based on the indigenous needs.

Now a day’s good governance is a burning issue of the modern world. Good governance helps maintai... more Now a day’s good governance is a burning issue of the modern world. Good governance helps maintain social
equality as well as economic growth. The paper is presents the effect of good governance on inflation. Good Governance is
divided into three basic dimensions; Economic Governance, Political Governance and Institutional Governance while each
dimension is further divided into two dimension. The data used in this paper is time series data, “world governance
indicators” presented by Kaufmann et al., which is Upper bound of 90% confidence interval for governance, in percentile
rank terms. By using methodology of Engle Granger it is found that every dimension of basic dimension has short run as
well as long run relationship with inflation.

In a progressive society the variation of TV channel is very important for us. We learn most of t... more In a progressive society the variation of TV channel is very important for us. We learn most of the things like,
culture, tradition, norms, and way of living, lifestyles from these channels. Different channels have different impact on
the minds of the people of a society. In the said research comparative analysis of Pakistan Television and Geo
Entertainment has been made. From both of these channels which one takes leads to entertain the public in a more
defined and demanding way. The significant focus was to judge the level of entertainment provided by both the
channels and how much those are successful to raise social issues and viewer’s perception about TV programs of PTV
and Geo Entertainment channels. The Nature of the study was qualitative and quantitative. It was conducted at
Satellite town block “A” Rawalpindi and sector “F-7/4” Islamabad. An interview schedule was designed and the sample
of one hundred and twenty people was collected through systematic random sampling technique. Then data was
analyzed through spss (version 14.0). According to findings, most people like the PTV home because it is still trying to
show the original picture of Pakistani society whereas the Geo entertainment is liked by people of Islamabad as it gives
the information about the new fashion around the Pakistan. The findings of the study may benefit the T.V
administrations to reschedule their transmission according to viewer’s aspiration.

Pakistan one of the South Asian countries where the trend of late marriages is on an increase af... more Pakistan one of the South Asian countries where the trend of late marriages is on an increase affects the
fertility rate visibly. Late marriage and infertility has an imperative relationship which going to be one of the most
dominant phenomena in our current societal settings. The aim of the study is to explore the causes of late marriages
and its effects on fertility. The study was conducted in the vicinity of Rawalpindi. The sample size was70 respondents
selected by using convenient sampling technique. The data was collected by questionnaire tool. The study revealed that
education of women, caste system, phobia of idealistic life and economic empowerment are the major causes of late
marriages. The study also showed that 65.7% respondents agreed with the fact that late marriages do affect the
fertility, due to which complications arise in conceiving a baby or miscarriages and sometimes leads to infertility in
spouses. The males and females both are responsible for infertility in this regard

The process of understanding and handling the architectural heritage in order to carefully deliv... more The process of understanding and handling the architectural heritage in order to carefully deliver it to
future generations is preservation. Pakistan has prodigious historical significance with various historical sites. The
greatest way to honor the history is to preserve and maintain the historical buildings and the archeological sites.
The locale of the study was Choa Saidan Shah, Chakwal. The nature of the study was qualitative. A sample size of
19 was selected, while the data was collected through key informants and in-depth interviews from the selected
sampling units. The study shows that even though Pakistan has a great cultural heritage yet the shortcomings
related to preservation hinder the tourism economy greatly.

The present study aims to have an anthropological research on women who work as police officers i... more The present study aims to have an anthropological research on women who work as police officers
in Islamabad. These female officers face several social, personal, and psychological problems due to numerous
reasons, including insufficient transportation and infrastructure facilities. Furthermore, they are less in number
and new recruitment has also been stopped. Discriminatory behavior by low and high profile officers is also
witnessed among them. Such discriminations are visible in facilities, control over transportation, and
insufficient power in self-governing. These all factors are restrictions towards better performance as compared
to their counterpart. Beside these the women police are incompetent to meet the challenges due to lack of
physical and military training i.e. usage of weapons. In addition the women as police officers are incapable of
taking independent decisions in time due to their dependency on male seniors. This research was conducted in
Islamabad. In the territory of the Islamabad only one police station is operational. This police station is situated
in the sector G-7 Sitara Market. Qualitative anthropological techniques were used to collect empirical data.

Job satisfaction is an affable emotional state of an employee which results from his/her job expe... more Job satisfaction is an affable emotional state of an employee which results from his/her job experiences.
Satisfied employees create a more positive working environment for organizations. The major objectives of the
study were to explore different factors like salary, promotion, management support, availability of the resources
and working conditions effecting job satisfaction of Punjab police personnel. The research was quantitative in
nature and it has focused the job satisfaction level of Punjab police employees in district Sargodha. A wellstructured
questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection. The study’s sampling frame was Punjab police
department of district Sargodha. Multistage sampling was used as research technique and a sample of 150
respondents were selected. The findings of this research indicate that the employees were satisfied with their jobs,
because they were getting handsome salary packages, fair chances of promotion and all the resources required for
their job. It was also concluded that employees were not satisfied with their high-ups.

Anger is a common and natural emotion; it is the strong feeling of unhappiness and irritation. St... more Anger is a common and natural emotion; it is the strong feeling of unhappiness and irritation. Study
focused on all the reason which makes the person angry and the management of the anger. The locale of the study
was Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, while the data was collected with the sample size of 40, by using
convenience sampling. The conclusion of the study is that anger is the natural phenomenon its create sometime
many physical and psychological tensions and sometime due to anger one can unintentionally do things that
he/she don’t want to do.

Professions adopted by the individuals in a society are marked by a normative pattern, especially... more Professions adopted by the individuals in a society are marked by a normative pattern, especially when it
comes to women. The paper focused on women associated with the profession of policing specifically female
constables who play a significant role in protecting the human rights of minorities especially women and making the
department unquestionable by gender mainstreaming. To maintain law and order by holding transparent investigations
when it comes to cases related to women is only attainable by inclusion of women in the department. The study
focused on addressing the issues faced by lady constables since the very department is male dominated. The study also
examined the status of lady constables in our cultural setup. Chakwal Police Line was selected as the locale for
gathering data from 48 female constables through a saturated survey. The research design revolved around the
qualitative and quantitative models. The quantitative data collected was analyzed through SPSS while the qualitative
data was analyzed under anthropological light. Our society has stereotypically approved of a set of professions suitable
for women; those who step out of that set circle are often treated as a taboo and discouraged. The study reveals that
women constables face various issues in adoption of this profession and the perception of people held for them are
discouraging.

A dowry is an exchange of property in the form of money, land, vehicle, house or gold between the... more A dowry is an exchange of property in the form of money, land, vehicle, house or gold between the bride’s
family and groom. It is one of the leading forms of marital violence, spreading like fire within our cultural web. The
research was conducted to determine the influence of dowry system on rate of marriage, examine the society’s point of
view about dowry system and also to explore the immersion of education in the dowry system. The study was
conducted in Gulzar-e-Quaid Rawalpindi. Data of 80 respondents was collected by using purposive sampling with the
help of in depth interviews and case studies. Chi-square analysis suggests that dowry system creates an imbalance
between the status of women who are giving dowry and who are devoid of it. The economic exchange particularly
defines and is proportional to the extent of control, respect and power she will have in the new house. Lack of dowry
often becomes the cause of conflict in the family and still is a decisive factor when it comes to a woman’s marriage. The
adaptation and prevalence of this system dates back to the pre-partition time and has nothing to do with our religion.

The supernatural is extraordinary or it is something associated with the forces that cannot be a... more The supernatural is extraordinary or it is something associated with the forces that cannot be apprehended
or cannot be proven by science. Supernaturalism includes existence of ghosts and any other power that is invisible to
human eye. The paper explores the perception of magic and evil eye that are prevalent in our society. Further it focuses
on how gender, education and socioeconomic status are associated with the keeping the existence of supernatural
beliefs alive. This study was conducted qualitatively by collecting a sample of 70 respondents randomly from
Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The results showed that, gender, socio economic status and level of education were
important factors defining the prevalence of superstitious beliefs. People belonging to lower socio-economic class and
less educated respondents were found to be more superstitious.

In a short time cell phone got its fame among the younger generations. In Asia, Pakistan is on 5... more In a short time cell phone got its fame among the younger generations. In Asia, Pakistan is on 5th rank in
mobile phone users. All the phone organizations in Pakistan are putting forth appealing late night call bundles that are
extremely mainstream maybe for the reason that they are simple on the pocket. The aim of present study to find out
the socio-economic effects of long late night calls packages on youth in District Faisalabad. Information was gathered by
utilizing Multistage inspecting strategy. Factual Package for Social Sciences were utilized for information investigation. A
large number of the respondents i.e. 68.3 percent used mobile phone to keep in contact with their friends and family.
Long call night packages had many negative effect on youth i.e. Poor sleeping habit (35.0%), less time for education
(25.8%) and Motivate risky sexual behavior (20.8%). It is proposed that all telecom administrators to boycott
throughout the night call bundle administrations with quick impact.

: Divorce or separation characterizes an unstable marriage. Our society which previously demonstr... more : Divorce or separation characterizes an unstable marriage. Our society which previously demonstrated strong
familial institution has now become visibly weak showing an increase in the divorce rates. The rise in divorces cannot be
and should not be, attributed to a single factor but rather be seen as a multifaceted issue. The research type was
qualitative which used structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews for data collection. The study was conducted
in Amar Pura, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, to identify the major variables associated with marital discord. The results
strengthen the hypothesis that divorce does not occur for a single reason and that frequently there are number of
factors like infidelity, mental harassment, lack of compatibility as well as economic and social issues.

The present study was conducted in the district of D.G Khan. The main goal was to attain all the ... more The present study was conducted in the district of D.G Khan. The main goal was to attain all the information
of consequences of obese women and to uncover the effects of obesity on social relationships of women. A Sample of
two hundreds obese women was picked up through purpose sampling technique. It was concluded that 59.5 percent of
the respondents said that obesity affects on their social relationships to great extent, 31.0 percent of the respondents
said that obesity affects on their social relationships to some extent and 9.5 percent of the respondents said that
obesity does not affects on their social relationships at all. Moreover results reflect that 57.5 percent of the
respondents have 1-4 friends and 3.0 percent of the respondents have Above 20 friends.

The overweight and weight are the fifth driving danger for worldwide deaths. Unfriendly health r... more The overweight and weight are the fifth driving danger for worldwide deaths. Unfriendly health results are
connected with overweight and obesity. 33% of grown-ups in Pakistan are overweight or large, and the sexual
orientation hole in abundance weight is enlarging, with a bigger number of ladies putting on weight than men. An
evaluation proposes that 26 percent of ladies and 19 percent of men in Pakistan are fat or obese. The reason of this
research was to explore behavior and approach of obese women towards their household work. The sample of 200
obese women was selected by purposive sampling from women living in Dera Ghazi Khan City. These respondents were
interviewed by semi- structured interview schedule. The researcher found that majority of obese women was not
interested in household work. They were not able to serve their family members. Obesity makes them dull that they
were only willing to do household work if there is no one else to do the particular work and therefore they had high
rate of obesity.

The research was conducted in Bahria town, Rawalpindi Pakistan. Qualitative anthropological resea... more The research was conducted in Bahria town, Rawalpindi Pakistan. Qualitative anthropological research
techniques were used to collect empirical data presented in the paper. The main purpose of this research was to
highlight and discuss the problems of senior citizens in the context of social issues. This attempt has been made to
explore the senior citizen anticipation from the government about their welfare. Modernization has affected the lives
of the older people immensely, leading to various issues. These issues include social isolation, social mobility,
feminization of aging, dependency, and authoritative problems, etc.. Hence, the research concluded that although
there were many issues which made the life of senior citizens problematic, they still lived a satisfied life as they were
economically independent. The major pastimes included; time spent with their children and grandchildren, parks and
mosques as places of socialization and religion which played an essential role in the lives of senior citizens.

First-class governance is concerned with every institution of the society and above all with the ... more First-class governance is concerned with every institution of the society and above all with the educational
institution. The foundation of learning has always been deserted at various levels by the relevant authorities. Pakistan
inherited the structure of education from British but soon after the creation of Pakistan, political infantile behavior and
power struggle among politicians affected the educational structure leading to serious neglect and hindrance in
educational development. Pakistan lagged behind in national expansion and growth due to frail educational structure.
Unfortunately, it took decades to formulate the educational strategy and more than half of the century to put into
practice its spirit but still waited for ideal function of educational course of action. In this research to explore the
problem of educational system of Pakistan especially public sector education is facing numerous problems of academic
and administration, governance, which are affecting student’s performances openly. Content analysis was used to
conduct this study. The school-level organization, the organizational structure of a school involves teaching staff,
administrators and other staffs who operate at the district level. Nevertheless the school management committee
should give preference to those stake holders who are neighboring to the school for the betterment of the school.

Food is a crucial contributor to the physical wellbeing and is a major source of pleasure or stre... more Food is a crucial contributor to the physical wellbeing and is a major source of pleasure or stress. Taste has
never been governed solely by nutritional value and this physical universal has been modified into culturally
particularistic way. The research was aimed at studying the cultural perceptions of healthy food and its maladaptation
leading to malnutrition. The research finds whether the diet of common people is balanced and according to the bodily
needs or not. The perception of healthy food is generally based on cultural facts. The present study has been conducted
in Banni Rawalpindi city, Pakistan. The data presented in the paper was collected by using a mix of both quantitative
and qualitative research tools from a sample of 70 respondents selected by convenient sampling technique. The
analysis shows that the consumers want culturally defined “tasty” food while health is a factor not under consideration
when opting for a meal.

: The objective of the study is to analyze the factors that affect investment behavior in Pakista... more : The objective of the study is to analyze the factors that affect investment behavior in Pakistan over the time
period 1980-2011. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) is used to check the stationary level of the variables in the model.
The ARDL (Auto regressive distributed lay model) is applied to check the existence of a long-run relationship between
variables. The study employs Error correction model to find the short run adjustments for the investment behavior in
Pakistan. The results show that domestic and foreign savings, gross domestic product are found to have significant
positive effect on investment. However interest rate and inflation rate have strong negative effect on investment
behavior in Pakistan

: In Pakistan, litigation procedure delays usually. There are countless factors responsible for d... more : In Pakistan, litigation procedure delays usually. There are countless factors responsible for delaying and
prolonging the legal process undergoing in the court. The study is an effort to identify the multiple reasons which cause
delay in litigation. The data was collected using different quantitative and qualitative research tools and techniques. A
sample size of 79 respondents was drawn using purposive sampling which included different stakeholders such is
plaintiffs, defendants, lawyers, readers, stenos and clerks. This research is particularly focused on the District bar
association Attock. The study found out that neglect of officials, unprofessional attitude of lawyers, corruption, heavy
backlog of pending cases are a few factors which hamper the access of masses to swift justice provision in the society.
As a result the due role of judiciary is weakened and becomes ineffective.

Every human being is entitled to the right of life, liberty and security by birth. In the context... more Every human being is entitled to the right of life, liberty and security by birth. In the context of human
trafficking, the rights of a person are dishonored and violated. The crime of human trafficking is generally underreported,
inadequately recorded and inefficiently legislated. Trafficked women and children are mostly used for
pornography and for sex working. The data was gathered from 42 lawyers collectively from the High Court Islamabad,
and Zillah Kachri, Rawalpindi with the help of in-depth interviews. Trafficking can be controlled if government and
media play an active role in the rehabilitation of victims of this social crime. Further awareness among people regarding
human trafficking through different awareness programs and campaigns must be done.

Small scale poultry industry faces many hurdles. The study investigates the hurdles or constraint... more Small scale poultry industry faces many hurdles. The study investigates the hurdles or constraints which are
faced by the small scale poultry industry which hinders its growth. Data was collected using purposive sampling
technique from the 50 respondents. To collect valid data a semi structured questionnaire was developed through which
data was collected. It was revealed that for the development of the poultry industry it is necessary that the government
should take responsibility and facilitate them for the effective growth of the industry. In Pakistan there is lack of
training institutions, lack of proper infra structure, lack of skilled labor, difficulties to access the veterinary services,
improper communication, lack of government support and inadequate research that hurdle the small scale poultry
industry.

Socialization is turned into the meanings of cultural transmission in an anthropological context.... more Socialization is turned into the meanings of cultural transmission in an anthropological context. The
general observation of the troubles in socialization process of disabled children necessitated this study, which
aimed to delve into the socialization process of disabled children in a school. The aim was to see the route of
socialization which is remained incomplete by the families because of different problems, negative cultural
beliefs and barriers and then could be completed by the school. The research team selected the Jalalpur
Pirwala -a developing area of Pakistan- to understand the cultural beliefs of families where people more
believe in saints and superstitions. There are narrow researches of childhood disability in Pakistan, so this
phenomenological study is the addition in the branch of Anthropology that is Medical Anthropology. Within a
period of four-months, research was conducted in special education institutes of Jalalpur Pirwala. The subject
of the research was 6-18 years old disabled children including deaf, blind, mentally challenged and physically
impaired. Data was collected through the methods such as participation as an observer, unstructured
interviews with staff and in-depth interviews with the caretakers of disabled children who were the students
of special education institutes. Purposive and random sampling were used to select the caretakers of disabled
children and two focus group discussions with teaching staff were also engaged. Results were analyzed
through document and content analysis. As Coleridge (2000) says, “Disability is defined by culture”, similarly
findings show that cultural beliefs regarding disabled children are related to supernatural or divine phenomena
in which causes of disability are Allah’s will, curse or women’s fault. Such negativity (because of cultural
beliefs), problems (such as social, economic and behavioural) and barriers (such as protection and
communication) lead disabled children to be restricted to their homes. So, they have uncompleted
socialization and also they cannot be socialized by other social factors such as school, community or peer
groups etc. Only then Special Education Institutes of Jalalpur Pirwala are helpful to transmit the culture
through education, observation and experiences.

Background: Ageing with all its definitions explains the time of increased dependency (social and... more Background: Ageing with all its definitions explains the time of increased dependency (social and
economical), less social participation, and poor physical and mental health. It is an undeniable reality that every
individual born faces abuse, isolation, exploitation or discrimination in various forms in the elder stage of life. It
can rightly be said that older age is the age of exploitation, discrimination, sickness/disease and dependency. Thus
these factors are all interrelated and realities of the current-day world. Hypothesis, we can assume that there is no
significant relationship between social exclusion and disease prevalence among Older Persons (OPs).
Methodology: A structured interview schedule was implemented to collect the data. Data was entered in EpiData
and analyzed in SPSS. Results: The results show that there is a significant relationship between disease prevalence
and social exclusion of OPs. Acute social exclusion puts elders at risks of diseases. Conclusion: If the society expects
to see older persons as active and healthy members, the society ought to identify means to involve OPs in social
life to reduce the intensities and trickledown of social exclusion.

The present study was conducted to explore the relationship of stress with headache, high blood p... more The present study was conducted to explore the relationship of stress with headache, high blood pressure and
self-esteem in working women. It was hypothesized that stress is correlated positively with health related problems
(experience of headache and blood pressure) and negatively with self-esteem of working women. For this purpose a sample
comprising of 200 university teachers was obtained by using purposive sampling technique. Protocols used in the study
included DASS by (Lovibond and Lovibond 1995) to assess levels of stress; self-structured measures to obtained information
regarding headache experience and blood pressure and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg 1965) to assess the selfesteem
of working women. Descriptive statistics was used to calculate the preliminary profile of research participants while
correlation analysis was used to explore correlation between variables and regression analysis was used to find the predictors
of health related problems and self-esteem of working women. Results indicated significant relationship of stress with health
related problems and self-esteem of working women. Similarly stress, monthly income, contractual job and dependents
appeared as positive predictors of health related problems and negative predictors of self-esteem of working women.

The paper examines the relationship between income and education expenditure in Pakistan. Low inc... more The paper examines the relationship between income and education expenditure in Pakistan. Low income acts
as a m a j o r hindrance for parents from spending on their children’s education. Naturally they would prefer them to
work and earn an income instead of spending on them. Thus, the overall educational attainment level in Pakistan is low as
compared to other countries in the region. This paper suggests a possible way out by raising economic growth rates so that
employment and income increases, encouraging parents to send their children to school.

The purpose of present study is to explore the impact of modernization on traditional values of r... more The purpose of present study is to explore the impact of modernization on traditional values of rural
setup of khushab. Modernization is considered a transition from traditional towards modern society. Thus it affects
the socio-cultural patterns of the society. The universe of the present study was district Khushab and a convenient
sampling technique was used to extract a sample of 50 respondents from the whole population. The study
concludes that family system has been severely affected by modernization and hence nuclear family system is the
inevitable product

Myths help societies make sense of the world around them, justifying cultural values and social n... more Myths help societies make sense of the world around them, justifying cultural values and social norms.
Religion is the chief force bringing social change, as the beliefs and concepts prevalent and plausible in each society are
the means by which human cognition is organized and designed. Belief in witches, ancestral spirits, and angry or
beneficent Gods is easily accepted in various cultures because our human cognitive capacities and intuitive
understanding of the natural and social world are dependent upon them. (Scupin and DeCorse 2009). The purpose of
the present research is to study the people of Noorpur Shahan and the cultural practices prevalent in this area.
Moreover the focus is to reveal the impact of shrines and its culture on the contiguous community. A sample of 100
devotees were purposively selected and interviewed with the help of structured questionnaire from Noor Pur Shahan
village of Capital Territory Islamabad. Villagers are connected with shrine in all aspects and the culture of shrine and
neighboring area is nearly identical.

The research was designed to study the effects of Information communication technology (ICT) on f... more The research was designed to study the effects of Information communication technology (ICT) on
family Values. ICTS are the devices to store, use and deliver data by electronic resources. The study was conducted
in Shams Abad Rawalpindi by using qualitative research tools. The data of research was collected from 50
respondents from different age groups including parents and children. Data was analyzed by using correlation in
Spss. The results of the research show that ICT affects family values negatively.

The first of the development concerns is the changed economic role of the services sector. It has... more The first of the development concerns is the changed economic role of the services sector. It has been
common to describe these as Cinderella sectors, which are not getting appropriate attention from the researchers
and the professionals of the field. As the shares of services in national economies continue to prosper, and linkages
of these elements of the economy with other economic sectors are extended, this tendency to overlook services
has become less justifiable. There has been increasing effort to understand service activities since the early 1980s.

Men and women are two wheels of the vehicle of life. Both have been bestowed with different capab... more Men and women are two wheels of the vehicle of life. Both have been bestowed with different capabilities to play
their respective roles in the struggle of life. In the primitive age, a women’s job was to gathering food, take care of the house
and produce children. However, an increasingly common situation for the modern women has rose, where the woman not
only works at home but is also operational in areas outside the circle of her family and home. The data was collected through
stratified random sampling, while the population for sample included all government degree and post graduate colleges for
women in Lahore. The findings suggest that working women and as well as their children are badly affected by the jobs of
their mothers. This struggle creates many physical and psychological problems in working women’s children due to ignorance
and the mothers themselves

The research has been specifically conducted in order to measure the limits to which the adolesc... more The research has been specifically conducted in order to measure the limits to which the adolescents
have immersed into this adopted culture – Dating Culture. Pakistani youth has been intrigued into dating culture,
the adverse effects of which cannot be negated at any level or stage. They have been mimicking the western style
of living without knowing how much they have become immoral in impersonating the life style - not allowed at all
in our religion. Through quantitative study and focused group discussions it has been tried to assess as to what
extent the minds of our youth have been affected, the existing family patterns, what are the dragging factors, what
could be the vices unfolded, which age group is more engaged, what could be the legal aspects of such practices
etc. The existing scenario of innovation and technology brought the dark clouds of change, was this change
inevitable, unstoppable? Hence with focused group discussions with a total of 50 participants and with a
questionnaire, data has been collected, of 150 respondents in 2015. Over the year collected data showed great
risks of teen violence and perpetration explicitly a result of intimacy acquired through “dating”.

In the world of today, media has turn out to be as necessary as foodstuff and clothing. It has p... more In the world of today, media has turn out to be as necessary as foodstuff and clothing. It has played
significant role in amplification of the society. Media is considered as "mirror" of the contemporary society, in fact, it is
the media which shapes our lives. In present study, the significant focus was to judge the most effective type of mass
media in our daily routine lives. The study was qualitative and quantitative in Nature. It was conducted at Abbas Pura
Jhehlum city. A sample of two hundred people was collected through simple random sampling technique. Then data
was analyzed through spss (version 14.0). According to findings, it was found that electronic media had great influence
in their daily routine life. The findings of the study may benefit the T.V administrations to reschedule their transmission
according to viewer’s desire.

: The present study was designed to find the impact of husband migration on the lives of women th... more : The present study was designed to find the impact of husband migration on the lives of women that
how the role of women changes in the absence of their husband. It intended at identifying the changed and
privileged status of women in the absence of the male in a patriarchal society. The study was conducted in district
swat KPK and is a quantitative type of study. The data was collected via self-administered questionnaires. The
major findings of the study revealed that a strong relationship exists between the migration and the socio
economic status of the families left behind especially the lives of women (wives of the migrants) experienced a
great change. The status of women alters with the out movement of males and she gets an empowered position in
almost every domain of life

Wireless communication is fast growing technology as it guarantees to access any individual in re... more Wireless communication is fast growing technology as it guarantees to access any individual in remote
corner of the world. The usage of mobile phones has the potential to effect positively as well negatively on lives of
people in the world. The Current study presents empirical investigation of the usage of mobile phones among
university students in twin cities of Pakistan. Quantitative research design was employed and simple random
sampling technique was used to extract the study sample from the whole population. A self-structured
questionnaire was used as a tool for the data collection and a sample of 260 respondents from two universities of
twin cities was extracted and then analyzed through (SPSS) statistical package for social sciences and presented in
tabular form with description and interpretation. The study was hypothesis based and chi square was applied to
test the hypothesis. The results of the current study revealed that addiction of mobile phones was negatively
affecting the relationship of respondents with their families because they don’t tolerate any kind of interruption
from their parents while using mobile phones. It was also concluded that mobile phones were intensively used by
the respondents which kills their precious time and loss of their study. The present study suggested that there
should be proper mechanism of guidance by the parents and teachers for the usage of cell phones.

Present study was planned in the field of women in the district Muzaffargarh. It is seen that wom... more Present study was planned in the field of women in the district Muzaffargarh. It is seen that
women lived deprived and innocent in this social world. She faced social, cultural, and religious barriers
to attain their rights. An educated women faced less problems rather than uneducated women because
she has no aware about their rights. The main objective of this study is that to see the relationship
between female awareness and level of exploitation. Sample size was 120 respondents in the town shah
Jamal. Snowball sampling techniques was used for the research purposive. Interview schedule was used
for the data collection. Data was analyzed through SPSS software to test the hypothesis to see the
relationship between different variables

Technology is application of knowledge which ultimately changes the society. This paper reviews t... more Technology is application of knowledge which ultimately changes the society. This paper reviews
technology’s impact on social transformation in villages of Jhelum. It assumed that technological use have
transformed the traditional agrarian communities. This study is an attempt to have qualitative analyses of the said
hypothesis. An explanatory research is conducted through non-probability; disproportionate stratified sampling
technique on a sample size 200 of farmers. Key informant helped established repo at field later interview guide
was use to conduct in-depth interview. The qualitative data collected is discussed specifically through case studies
analyses. Data have analyzed through frequency tabulation.

Pakistan is an agricultural country and of significant importance for the livelihood security of ... more Pakistan is an agricultural country and of significant importance for the livelihood security of
millions of rural people who live in and around these arid zone. Policies, institutions and processes form the
context within which individuals and households construct and adapt livelihood strategies, on the other hand
these institutionally shaped livelihood strategies may have an impact on the sustainability of natural resource
use. The present study aims to critically analyze the forest policies of Pakistan agriculture mainly focused on
District Jhelum. Implications for sustainable agriculture management and livelihood security of agriculture
dependent people are also given. Most of the agricultural policies were associated with the change of
government. There was much rhetoric in some recent policies regarding the concept of "participation" and
"sustainable livelihoods" but in practice these policies are also replica of the previously top-down, autocratic
and non-participatory agricultural policies. Pakistan needs to develop a sustainable, workable, research-based,
and people-friendly forest policy enable to catering to the changing needs of stakeholders including
government.

The current research explores the relationship between stress and job satisfaction in wholesale c... more The current research explores the relationship between stress and job satisfaction in wholesale center
employees. It also investigates the difference on stress and job satisfaction between male and female wholesale
center employees. Further, the study also investigates the impact of demographic variables on stress and job
satisfaction of wholesale center employees. Private sector plays an important role in the economic development of
a country. A general feeling among people is that usually private sector responds more efficiently to the needs of
individual’s customers. Private sector is believed to be well-organized because of its efficiency of recruitment,
compensation, fund raising and resource allocation in much more controlled way (Peters 1995). Private sector
employees face heavy workload but receive low salary. Due to large amount of customers dealing and work
pressure, they feel stress and this stress leads towards job dissatisfaction. UNO (1992) described ‘job stress’ as the
twentieth century disease because over 70% of worldwide employees describe their job as stressful and more than
one in five report high level of stress at work on a daily basis (Akinboye, et al. 2002). In organizational context,
occupational stress is alternatively known as job stress. Stress at workplace is common now-a-days. The stress at
workplace has gained much importance in the interest of stress researches. Occupational stress in the work place
is the growing problem, with general cost to individuals, organization and society. Families have been reported to
be affected by long working hours, as it prevents employees from giving sufficient time and attention to their
children and partner (Major, et al. 2002). All these factors lead to reduction in job-satisfaction in employees.

This research paper explores some of the criteria set for elections and the conditions in which t... more This research paper explores some of the criteria set for elections and the conditions in which
the respondents participate. Moreover, the voters’mindset was investigated by drawing the
illustrations from newspapers, television, religious, social and particular political condition in the midst
of elections as well as its impact on their voting behavior.The study consisted of male and female
groups of registered voters, who belonged to urban and rural (sub-urban) areas of Taxila and Wah
Cantt, the two major cities of Punjab that make significant difference in the final results of the
elections. Our test group consisted of 600 respondents from the area, 383 male voters and 217 female
voters. The study proved the variables to be highly significant in light of the demographics. The
findings revealed casting of votes was not mostly by the free will of respondents, rather it was imposed
by the structure of the society by providing a strict guidelines for voting criteria. The political behavior
contains special directions and instructions in both rural and urban areas in terms of authoritarian
personalities (feudal system), shaping public opinion, manipulated mass communication, religious
manifesto, Eastern Politics, illiterate masses and so on. The paper further analyzes and reveals that the
decision and behavior of the voters, to some extent can be resultant of the external factors
contributing to the overall political system

Ageing is an inevitable phenomenon in human beings. Senior citizens with increasing age get surro... more Ageing is an inevitable phenomenon in human beings. Senior citizens with increasing age get
surrounded with many issues, among which socio-psychological problems have become a chief topic in the current
anthropological debate. The objective of the study was to explore the socio- psychological issues faced by senior
citizen at community level. To undertake the research a sample inclusive of 271 elders was selected. The
methodology employed was exploratory, and data collection tools included interview guide and informal
interviews. The current study reveals that older persons become victims of many socio psychological issues in their
later life which includes depression, bereavement, inactive sexual life, economic dependence, social exclusion and
dementia. These socio-psychological issues have strong impact on the health and life of older persons.

Postpartum, a critical period for both mother and new born baby, entirely changes the life of a w... more Postpartum, a critical period for both mother and new born baby, entirely changes the life of a woman. This study
aims to understand the perception of postpartum, the postpartum practices and rituals in Altit Hunza community, the
nutritional regime for the mother and her new born baby, the cultural and health barriers faced by the women during the
postpartum period, and to understand their knowledge related to biomedical health care system. Ethnographical and
descriptive study was carried out through focus group discussion, interviews and observations. Findings revealed that
cultural beliefs strengthen postpartum practices of these women and newborn babies but sometimes these may increase
the risk of various problems related to newborn baby. Women who observe cultural traditions and have strong gendered
kin support express less symptoms of postpartum depression, easily restore their bodily energy and experience healthy life
with their new born babies. In addition, experienced women and dais (traditional midwives) have indigenous knowledge
and facilitate women in nutrition and utilization of herbs in prenatal and postnatal care. The effective postpartum practices
and rituals based on the specific cultural perspective usually minimize the devastating effects of postpartum in Hunzai
women. Further anthropological studies are suggested at the community level.

Globalization has mushroomed a host of complex issues which are relatively new; the erosion of th... more Globalization has mushroomed a host of complex issues which are relatively new; the erosion of the
nation-state, the decaying morality of people, the subjugation of weaker cultures by powerful ones, the increasing
commoditization of cultures, the increasing gap between the rich and poor, and the creation of ‘others’ living in
the same locality. At the same time, many scholars conceive it to be a magical force characterized by progression,
development, and the coming together of the world in strange ways that strangles time, space and distance. Some
regard it to be something which should be welcomed and celebrated. This essay seeks to describe the various
scholarly voices within the globalization debate and examines how these voices explain the varied and differential
impact of this phenomenon on the Third World

Languages are indeed the carriers of various implicit phenomenon including concept formations, of... more Languages are indeed the carriers of various implicit phenomenon including concept formations, off
loading ideas, operationalizing memories, collective consciousness, transmission of knowledge and preservation of
cultural knowledge. The present study explored the perceptions of the local people in village of talagang and also
people living in the city of talagang. Both urban and rural voices were documented and were analyzed
thematically. The research also provided areas for future research especially studying the impact of dominance of
the foreign language and shaping of various local concepts and its linkages with the global market

Co-curricular activities are an essential part of curriculum which provides educational activitie... more Co-curricular activities are an essential part of curriculum which provides educational activities to the
students and thereby helps them widen their experiences. Co-Curricular activities play a pivotal role in growth and
extension of the regular curriculum in the schools. The purpose of this study was to find out benefits of cocurricular
activities. The study was conducted at PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. Sample of 50
students of different department were selected through convenient sampling and data was collected through
questionnaires. The study revealed that Co-curricular activities can enhance and enrich the regular curriculum
building student’s character in a better way.

Telecommunication is broadly defined as the transmission of information by means of electromagnet... more Telecommunication is broadly defined as the transmission of information by means of electromagnetic signal over copper wires, coaxial cable, fiber-optic strands, or the airwaves. The purpose of this study was to explore the changes occurring in economy due to the development in telecommunication after the earth quake in Rawlakot, Kharick, AJK. The sampling technique utilized was convenient based, while a sample size of 100 households was used. The study used both quantitative and qualitative tools of data collection. The SPSS and frequency table were used to find out the effect of telecommunication on economy. The present research shows that telecommunication is affecting economy positively and furthermore it shows that new technologies have many negative and unethical effects on the human beings.

; The massive use of the electrical energy in the world is for domestic purposes and Bahawalpur r... more ; The massive use of the electrical energy in the world is for domestic purposes and Bahawalpur region of Pakistan is not an exception. Population growth and rising standard of living have boosted the rate of domestic electricity consumption to higher levels. This piece of research work examines the impact of population growth on electricity consumption focusing on to Bahawalpur City of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is based on primary as well as secondary data. For the collection of primary data entire Bahawalpur city was divided in to five zones and secondary data was gathered from various concerning departments. For the analysis purpose, regression model has been used. The values showed significant positive relationship between population growth and massive increase in electronic appliances that have caused drastic change in domestic electricity consumption. It is suggested ways of improving electricity conservation through concerns of Government and users.

Aging in the context of Pakistan is such a confused phenomenon; need to define in its original fo... more Aging in the context of Pakistan is such a confused phenomenon; need to define in its original form. Mostly, in developed countries aging is recognized as a dependent phenomenon of any elder about daily life matters and especially about physical concerns. As elders could be a great asset to any civilized society, need to take care of that asset excel with the passage of time. In this regards family members and society play an important role. Present research study was conducted on the assumption that a comprehensive familial care and social protection can brought a productive aging in any society. For this purpose an educational institute was selected keeping in view that youth could be a better representative as forth coming generation to occupy the role of best care givers to their parents as well to elders. Further to describe the role of collective social thought regarding the elders to help them pass through the aging process as successful members contributing as productive elements instead of failures or unwanted. Sample of 39 individuals was selected to get information through structured interview guide to collect information.

Ageing is basically a natural phenomenon, which is unavoidably occurring in every human life. It ... more Ageing is basically a natural phenomenon, which is unavoidably occurring in every human life. It is carried out mostly due to the number of challenges arises in the life of elder people, which normally build progress in their mental approaches, personality development, thinking and the living standard. Ageing process allowed decreasing in the functional limit of the aged people which arises normally because of physiological capability of aged.

Income is a decisive force, molding the architectural design. The purpose of this study was to ex... more Income is a decisive force, molding the architectural design. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of income on construction patterns in village " Ali Sojal " , Rawlakot, AJK. A study sample of 100 respondents was selected through convenient sampling, while data was analyzed through SPSS. The results showed that after the earth quake the usage of blocks and iron rod increased in building houses. After the earthquake the material and construction process changed but still people are mixing their traditional styles within the construction. The old and traditional buildings could not resist in the earthquake while new buildings could resist in the earthquake which are newly constructed after the earthquake.

Senior citizens the rapidly increasing population globally become victim of neglect by the hands ... more Senior citizens the rapidly increasing population globally become victim of neglect by the hands of their family and caregivers. The exceeding age of human beings become make them vulnerable due to their physical impairments, biologically changes, pathological problems, socio-psychological stresses. The research was conducted to explore the modes of social neglect and their effects on older person's health at domestic level. The under-taken research paper is the pilot study conducted in Rawalpindi from sample of 52 respondents, drawn by using purposive sampling technique. The data collection was administered by using the interviewing method and tool of study was interview guide. It has been found through this study that older persons are getting food, water and clothing on time and properly but majority neglected in the modes of medicines, medical checkups, mobility and money domestically. All due to which they become suffering from Diabetes, arthritis, hearth problems and high blood pressure issues dominantly.

In this book writer Gideon M. Kressel has discussed about the applied anthropology and from Appli... more In this book writer Gideon M. Kressel has
discussed about the applied anthropology and
from Applied Anthropology to save the culture
and traditions of two local Israel and Middle East.
By the recommendation of writer following
determinants were focused which includes the
support of development for the improvement
which were financed externally, planning,
programming policy were important and these
things were required the community
contribution.

Abstract: Technology is application of knowledge which ultimately changes the society. This paper... more Abstract: Technology is application of knowledge which ultimately changes the society. This paper reviews technology’s impact on social transformation in villages of Jhelum. It assumed that technological use have transformed the traditional agrarian communities. This study is an attempt to have qualitative analyses of the said hypothesis. An explanatory research is conducted through non-probability; disproportionate stratified sampling technique on a sample size 200 of farmers. Key informant helped established repo at field later interview guide was use to conduct in-depth interview. The qualitative data collected is discussed specifically through case studies analyses. Data have analyzed through frequency tabulation.

Human soul is immaterial and non-physical eternal entity separate from physical matter and purifi... more Human soul is immaterial and non-physical eternal entity separate from physical matter and purified by performing different kinds of rituals. The purpose of this study was to explore the concept of soul in Kalash before and after death. Further to document how they purify their souls performing different rituals and festivals. For this purpose the data was collected from a convenience based sample, through structured interviews and focus group discussion. The study was qualitative and hence the recommendations and conclusions are based on the perceptions of the respondents which are presented in the study.

The present study focuses on the perceptions of Masid tribal women regarding endorsement of women... more The present study focuses on the perceptions of Masid tribal women regarding endorsement of women's right to career development in their culture. Furthermore it describes the aspects of women's control over her professional life and the barriers hindering her progress. Standardized self constructed questionnaire was used and sample consisted of women from Masid tribe belonging to FATA. Convenient sampling techniques were employed for data collection and 50 women, with age range from 19 to 34 were being interviewed. The overall analysis of the result shows that tribal women has access to career development opportunities and the overall culture supports the earning role of women. As a result the tribal women comply with cultural norms and opt for traditional career choices. Women enjoyed financial individualism but can't independently progress in career. Mobility and gender discrimination were considered to be the barriers in the career development among women.

This study was conducted to look at the impact of motivation on career decision making and achiev... more This study was conducted to look at the impact of motivation on career decision making and achievements. Sample of 50 youngsters, age 18-30 years were recruited from Islamabad and Rawalpindi as respondents. Results conclude that there is well-built bond among achievement, motivation and career making. Respondents are required to have career decision making ability to maintain their life style and to get high status in society which is a great source of motivation for youth.

Early childhood development and education deals with physical care and education of young childre... more Early childhood development and education deals with physical care and education of young children from birth to eight years of age. These early years are very much important to learn and absorb more information than later. Brain develops and grows rapidly during these years. In Pakistan the term Early Childhood Education is generally understood as pre-primary education. The objective of this research is to understand the perception of parents about the appropriate age of child at time of admission in pre-primary level and the importance of Early Childhood Education. A quantitative study is conducted in different areas of Islamabad with 21 respondents using snow ball technique. The results shows that age of 3 to 4 years is suitable age to take admission and majority accept the importance of early childhood education.

Fibro adenomas are one of the main benign diseases of breast. Though considered as a risk factor ... more Fibro adenomas are one of the main benign diseases of breast. Though considered as a risk factor for development of breast cancer its reporting has been over shadowed by that of breast cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment can relieve anxiety associated with non malignant conditions of breast. Analysis of pattern and prevalence should provide a valuable guideline for clinicians in Pakistan for comparison with other countries. The proposed study was conducted in CMH hospital Rawalpindi and Al-Shifa Hospital Islamabad. A sample of 40 patients was taken by using snowball sampling technique. Among all of the 40 cases of fibro adenomas most of them were in married women of age 16-30.The result of this study suggest that the pattern of benign breast lump is changing in young females from fibro adenomas to fibrocystic disease. Fibro adenomas are the most common benign disease of the breast with average age of presentation 25 years. Benign breast disease is common in this region with majority belonging to those with less relative risk for cancer development. Therefore, it is advisable that all cases of breast lumps should be carefully evaluated before definitive surgical procedures are employed.

Malnutrition is one of the major social problems in developing and under developed countries incl... more Malnutrition is one of the major social problems in developing and under developed countries including Pakistan. Under nutrition and over nutrition both lie under the same concept malnutrition. Malnutrition is considered as the key risk factor for illness and death, contributing to more than half the deaths of children globally. PMAS Arid agriculture University Rawalpindi was the study locale; the data was collected from Sample of 40 FT students. The paper suggested that there are several causes of malnutrition including inadequate breastfeeding, natural disasters and food insecurities which lead to death and infertility.

Old age studies are often referred to as gerontology. Family plays an important role in the healt... more Old age studies are often referred to as gerontology. Family plays an important role in the health of old people, whereas mostly old people face neglect at both family and social level. This disregard and lack of attention leads to mental disorders like depression. This mental suffering is a serious problem for old people of a society. Old age homes are built in various parts of world to provide shelter to those who are not looked after by their families. Methodology: primary data was collected through questionnaire based interviews; total numbers of respondents for this study were 50. Both male and female were included. Results: among 50 respondents 34%people agreed with the fact that they were neglected by children whereas 66% disagreed with it. The results further shows that 34% of the respondents felt depressed but only 4%people wanted to leave there home and wanted to go old age homes. Conclusion: Older people were being neglected so social interaction activities must be planed to make them more independent.