Tovuudorj Avirmed - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Tovuudorj Avirmed

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical Characteristics of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With Hippocampal Sclerosis and Temporal Lobe Epilepsies Due to Other Etiologies

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: This study compared the clinical characteristics of patients with mesial temporal lob... more Objectives: This study compared the clinical characteristics of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE-HS) to patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) due to other etiologies. Methods: In this prospective study, all patients with a clinical diagnosis of TLE were recruited at “Sanus’’ outpatient neurological clinic from June 2016 to June 2017. We took note if patients had mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) (if they had clear signs of MTS and/or atrophy in their MRI) or any other MRI abnormality. Results: A total of 88 patients (36 patients with mTLE-HS and 52 patients with TLE due to other etiologies) were included in this study. High frequency of seizure (p<0.05), oroalimentary automatism (p<0.05), postictal nose wiping (p<0.001), and absence of psychomotor automatism (p<0.05) were commonly seen in patients with mTLE-HS, while vertiginous auras (p<0.05) was more frequently seen in those with TLE due to other etiologies. Conclusion:...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Study of Ischemic Stroke in Patients Aged Above and Below 50 Years Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital in Ulaanbaatar

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of ischemic stroke between young... more Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of ischemic stroke between young (20-49 years) and old (50-89 years) patients undergoing investigations and treatment according to one common protocol in a tertiary hospital. Methods: This hospital-based prospective study included 90 young and 130 old patients with acute ischemic stroke. Data regarding the etiology of the stroke, diagnostic test results and degree of functional improvement of patients were examined during their observation. Results: Common causes for stroke in the young patients were current smoking (53.3%), heavy alcohol consumption (51.1%), cardiac embolism (36.0%), migraine with aura (25.5%), infective diseases (15.6%), and oral contraceptive use (14.4%). Leading causes for ischemic stroke in old patients were the conventional risk factors such as hypertension (75.4%), atherosclerosis (66.9%), and diabetes mellitus (26.9%). Most of the young stroke patients demonstrated good functional outcomes, at ...

Research paper thumbnail of III B22 Some results of EEG, CT AND Tc-99m SPECT study in patients with partial seizures

日本てんかん学会プログラム・予稿集, Sep 11, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Treatment Results of Definite and Probable Meniere's Disease

Central Asian journal of medical sciences, Mar 31, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Education and epilepsy: Examples of good practice and cooperation. Report of the IBE Commission on Education

Epilepsy & Behavior, Feb 1, 2020

Education for patients, for families, for professionals, and for officials is one of the most imp... more Education for patients, for families, for professionals, and for officials is one of the most important tools for improving knowledge about epilepsy and fighting discrimination. There are many educational initiatives worldwide, but they are often known only at a local level. Studies on epilepsy educational programs are rare and therefore published to a limited extent. The newly established International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE) Education Commission enforces the exchange of educational activities and best practices, discussing education content and topics, target groups, and their educational needs, timing, tutors, and funding. A brief review of examples of all continents will be given. The needs for studies and for more exchange and closer cooperation will be addressed with proposals for further actions.

Research paper thumbnail of Attention-deficit hyperactivity in elementary school children in Ulaanbaatar: spectral analysis of electroencephalogram and emotional intelligence

Neuroscience Research Notes

ADHD stands for Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; it is a disorder that occurs during chi... more ADHD stands for Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; it is a disorder that occurs during childhood development and presents signs of reduced attention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. This study presented the direct association between emotional ability and spectral analysis of electroencephalography of Mongolian children with ADHD. Of a total of 1200 children, who were attending primary schools in Ulaanbaatar, 30 children were diagnosed with ADHD according to Teachers' and Parents' survey versions of DSM-IV ("Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"). The sample consisted of 60 children aged 7-12 years (20 % female and 80 males; M age = 9.34, SD = 0.96): 30 children diagnosed with ADHD and 30 healthy children as a control group and presented the same sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample. They all completed Bar-On Quotient Inventory Youth Version (EQ-i: YV), and performed electroencephalography (EEG). Results indicated that children...

Research paper thumbnail of Incidence and outcomes for stroke in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, during 2019–21: a prospective population-based study

Research paper thumbnail of Rehabilitation Treatment Outcomes among Stroke Patients with Dysphagia

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: Dysphagia is a major complaint following stroke and occurs 37-78% of the time. It is ... more Objectives: Dysphagia is a major complaint following stroke and occurs 37-78% of the time. It is associated with poor clinical outcome and high mortality rates. There are approximately 220-290 new stroke cases per 100.000 person-years in Mongolia and 178-260 in China. Rapidly changing lifestyles, socioeconomic status, stress, and increasing cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of stroke in the world and its diagnosis and treatment are one of the challenges of health care. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the swallow status and treatment outcome among dysphagic patients. Methods: The study was conducted in a hospital-based, cross-sectional method. Study participants were obtained from the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolian University for the Nationalities between July 2018 and March 2019. All patients were randomly divided into three treatment groups. 149 patients with dysphagia were evaluated by video fluoroscopic assessment (VFSS) before and after the treatment. Result...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Treatment Results for Clinical Types of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics and treatment results of different clinical ty... more Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics and treatment results of different clinical types of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Methods: A total of 162 patients diagnosed with BPPV between January 2019 to January 2021 at EMJJ ENT Hospital’s vestibular laboratory in Mongolia were included in our study. The diagnosis of BPPV was made according to the 2017 AAO-HNS clinical practice guideline for BPPV. Clinical questionnaires, Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) questionnaires, and videonystgamography were obtained for all patients. Results: From a total of 162 patients diagnosed as BPPV, 62.4% had posterior canal BPPV, 27.1% had horizontal canal BPPV, and 10.5% had anterior canal BPPV. Fischer’s exact test showed a higher incidence on the right side (p = 0.000). The mean age 50 ± 11.7; the male to female ratio 1:4. When the relationship between the effectiveness and duration of the treatment was assessed, 123 (75.9%) recovered after 7 days. DHI score after treatment...

Research paper thumbnail of The study of the diagnostic value of determination of serum aquaporin-4 and aquaporin-9 in primary brain tumor

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative characteristics of ischemic stroke in patients aged below and above 50 years admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Ulaanbaatar

Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Lead Hair Level Impact on Mongolian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine, 2020

Background: High-prevalence disorders among children are attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorde... more Background: High-prevalence disorders among children are attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lead exposure. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between ADHD symptoms and hair lead levels and neurocognitive function among Mongolian children. Methods: This was the case study to investigate the relationship between hair lead and ADHD in Mongolian school kids. We conducted a pair-matching case-control study with 30 ADHD cases and 30 non ADHD controls for 7-12 years of age school children, based on the same age, and sex. Recruitment process was conducted from June 2018 to December 2019. The case and control study children were systematically selected by structured diagnostic interviews, including caregiver interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed (DSM-IV). Results: The average level of hair lead of the ADHD group was 1.45 ± 2.93 ppm and the control group's lead level was 0.7 ± 1.59 ppm. We found ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) patients showed the highest lead levels (p < 0.05). Hair lead levels were positively linked with the severity of ADHD symptoms, negatively linked with the Full-Scale Emotional Intelligence Quotient, but positively correlated with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was discovered regarding the lead levels between the study and the control groups with significantly increased risks among boys and children whose mother had preeclampsia during the pregnancy period. Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a notable negative connection between children's hair lead levels with ADHD-Hyperactive (ADHD-H), and EQ (Emotional Quotient) level of children (−0.329 and −0.242, for original and log10 transformed, p < 0.001). The lead was linked with vulnerability to ADHD and symptom severity among those school-age children.

Research paper thumbnail of Psychosocial problem of people with epilepsy in Ulaanbaatar of Mongolia

Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Oct 1, 2019

Conclusions The highest satisfaction observed with primary focal HH, and the least with focal dys... more Conclusions The highest satisfaction observed with primary focal HH, and the least with focal dystonia disorders. These surveys indicate that patients' satisfaction with BTX is overall good.

Research paper thumbnail of Primary tumors of the central nervous system in Mongolia

Research paper thumbnail of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity in Elementary School Children in Ulaanbaatar: Incidence, Subtypes and Influencing Factors

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disord... more Objectives: This study aimed to determine the incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among primary school children in Ulaanbaatar and identify some of the influencing factors and specific clinical features. Methods: A total of 973 primary school children between 6 – 13 years of age in grades 2-5, along with 973 parents/caretakers, and 91 class teachers were recruited from secondary schools of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Results: ADHD prevalence for the 973 participants was 16.6% based on teacher’s reports and 9.7% based on parent’s reports. Using the criteria that both the teacher and parent/caretaker both reported ADHD for a child, 50 children were diagnosed with ADHD, and the estimated prevalence was 5.8% in Ulaanbaatar. Among the 50 children with ADHD, 78% were boys, 22% were girls, with ADHD being four times more common in boys than girls (p =.0001). The constituent ratios of ADHD-Inattentive, ADHD-Hyperactive/impulsive, and ADHD-Combined subtypes were 4.07%, 3....

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical Study of Posttraumatic Epilepsy

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: To study the manifestations of the paroxysms, the variants of the course, and to dete... more Objectives: To study the manifestations of the paroxysms, the variants of the course, and to determine the significant predictive factors for post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Methods: We obtained the histories of 109 PTE patients who came to district health associations and the Central First Clinic in Ulaanbaatar from 2011 to 2013. We conducted a questionnaire and performed clinical examination to evaluate seizures in accordance with semiologic and international classification of epileptic seizures. Clinical data was matched with the results of electroencephalography (EEG), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Of the 109 patients, 93 (85%) presented with secondary generalized partial seizure (SGPS), 16 (15%) with partial seizure and 66 (60.5%) with motor phenomena. The seizure frequency was not correlated with the structural brain abnormalities, but there was an inverse association (r=-0.32, p<0.001) between seizure frequ...

Research paper thumbnail of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity in Elementary School Children in Ulaanbaatar: Incidence, Subtypes and Influencing Factors

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disord... more Objectives: This study aimed to determine the incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among primary school children in Ulaanbaatar and identify some of the influencing factors and specific clinical features. Methods: A total of 973 primary school children between 6 – 13 years of age in grades 2-5, along with 973 parents/caretakers, and 91 class teachers were recruited from secondary schools of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Results: ADHD prevalence for the 973 participants was 16.6% based on teacher’s reports and 9.7% based on parent’s reports. Using the criteria that both the teacher and parent/caretaker both reported ADHD for a child, 50 children were diagnosed with ADHD, and the estimated prevalence was 5.8% in Ulaanbaatar. Among the 50 children with ADHD, 78% were boys, 22% were girls, with ADHD being four times more common in boys than girls (p =.0001). The constituent ratios of ADHD-Inattentive, ADHD-Hyperactive/impulsive, and ADHD-Combined subtypes were 4.07%, 3....

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical Characteristics of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With Hippocampal Sclerosis and Temporal Lobe Epilepsies Due to Other Etiologies

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: This study compared the clinical characteristics of patients with mesial temporal lob... more Objectives: This study compared the clinical characteristics of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE-HS) to patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) due to other etiologies. Methods: In this prospective study, all patients with a clinical diagnosis of TLE were recruited at “Sanus’’ outpatient neurological clinic from June 2016 to June 2017. We took note if patients had mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) (if they had clear signs of MTS and/or atrophy in their MRI) or any other MRI abnormality. Results: A total of 88 patients (36 patients with mTLE-HS and 52 patients with TLE due to other etiologies) were included in this study. High frequency of seizure (p<0.05), oroalimentary automatism (p<0.05), postictal nose wiping (p<0.001), and absence of psychomotor automatism (p<0.05) were commonly seen in patients with mTLE-HS, while vertiginous auras (p<0.05) was more frequently seen in those with TLE due to other etiologies. Conclusion:...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Study of Ischemic Stroke in Patients Aged Above and Below 50 Years Admitted to a Tertiary Care Hospital in Ulaanbaatar

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of ischemic stroke between young... more Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare characteristics of ischemic stroke between young (20-49 years) and old (50-89 years) patients undergoing investigations and treatment according to one common protocol in a tertiary hospital. Methods: This hospital-based prospective study included 90 young and 130 old patients with acute ischemic stroke. Data regarding the etiology of the stroke, diagnostic test results and degree of functional improvement of patients were examined during their observation. Results: Common causes for stroke in the young patients were current smoking (53.3%), heavy alcohol consumption (51.1%), cardiac embolism (36.0%), migraine with aura (25.5%), infective diseases (15.6%), and oral contraceptive use (14.4%). Leading causes for ischemic stroke in old patients were the conventional risk factors such as hypertension (75.4%), atherosclerosis (66.9%), and diabetes mellitus (26.9%). Most of the young stroke patients demonstrated good functional outcomes, at ...

Research paper thumbnail of III B22 Some results of EEG, CT AND Tc-99m SPECT study in patients with partial seizures

日本てんかん学会プログラム・予稿集, Sep 11, 2002

Research paper thumbnail of Treatment Results of Definite and Probable Meniere's Disease

Central Asian journal of medical sciences, Mar 31, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Education and epilepsy: Examples of good practice and cooperation. Report of the IBE Commission on Education

Epilepsy & Behavior, Feb 1, 2020

Education for patients, for families, for professionals, and for officials is one of the most imp... more Education for patients, for families, for professionals, and for officials is one of the most important tools for improving knowledge about epilepsy and fighting discrimination. There are many educational initiatives worldwide, but they are often known only at a local level. Studies on epilepsy educational programs are rare and therefore published to a limited extent. The newly established International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE) Education Commission enforces the exchange of educational activities and best practices, discussing education content and topics, target groups, and their educational needs, timing, tutors, and funding. A brief review of examples of all continents will be given. The needs for studies and for more exchange and closer cooperation will be addressed with proposals for further actions.

Research paper thumbnail of Attention-deficit hyperactivity in elementary school children in Ulaanbaatar: spectral analysis of electroencephalogram and emotional intelligence

Neuroscience Research Notes

ADHD stands for Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; it is a disorder that occurs during chi... more ADHD stands for Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; it is a disorder that occurs during childhood development and presents signs of reduced attention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. This study presented the direct association between emotional ability and spectral analysis of electroencephalography of Mongolian children with ADHD. Of a total of 1200 children, who were attending primary schools in Ulaanbaatar, 30 children were diagnosed with ADHD according to Teachers' and Parents' survey versions of DSM-IV ("Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"). The sample consisted of 60 children aged 7-12 years (20 % female and 80 males; M age = 9.34, SD = 0.96): 30 children diagnosed with ADHD and 30 healthy children as a control group and presented the same sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample. They all completed Bar-On Quotient Inventory Youth Version (EQ-i: YV), and performed electroencephalography (EEG). Results indicated that children...

Research paper thumbnail of Incidence and outcomes for stroke in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, during 2019–21: a prospective population-based study

Research paper thumbnail of Rehabilitation Treatment Outcomes among Stroke Patients with Dysphagia

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: Dysphagia is a major complaint following stroke and occurs 37-78% of the time. It is ... more Objectives: Dysphagia is a major complaint following stroke and occurs 37-78% of the time. It is associated with poor clinical outcome and high mortality rates. There are approximately 220-290 new stroke cases per 100.000 person-years in Mongolia and 178-260 in China. Rapidly changing lifestyles, socioeconomic status, stress, and increasing cardiovascular diseases are leading causes of stroke in the world and its diagnosis and treatment are one of the challenges of health care. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the swallow status and treatment outcome among dysphagic patients. Methods: The study was conducted in a hospital-based, cross-sectional method. Study participants were obtained from the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolian University for the Nationalities between July 2018 and March 2019. All patients were randomly divided into three treatment groups. 149 patients with dysphagia were evaluated by video fluoroscopic assessment (VFSS) before and after the treatment. Result...

Research paper thumbnail of Comparison of Treatment Results for Clinical Types of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics and treatment results of different clinical ty... more Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics and treatment results of different clinical types of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Methods: A total of 162 patients diagnosed with BPPV between January 2019 to January 2021 at EMJJ ENT Hospital’s vestibular laboratory in Mongolia were included in our study. The diagnosis of BPPV was made according to the 2017 AAO-HNS clinical practice guideline for BPPV. Clinical questionnaires, Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) questionnaires, and videonystgamography were obtained for all patients. Results: From a total of 162 patients diagnosed as BPPV, 62.4% had posterior canal BPPV, 27.1% had horizontal canal BPPV, and 10.5% had anterior canal BPPV. Fischer’s exact test showed a higher incidence on the right side (p = 0.000). The mean age 50 ± 11.7; the male to female ratio 1:4. When the relationship between the effectiveness and duration of the treatment was assessed, 123 (75.9%) recovered after 7 days. DHI score after treatment...

Research paper thumbnail of The study of the diagnostic value of determination of serum aquaporin-4 and aquaporin-9 in primary brain tumor

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative characteristics of ischemic stroke in patients aged below and above 50 years admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Ulaanbaatar

Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2017

Research paper thumbnail of Lead Hair Level Impact on Mongolian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine, 2020

Background: High-prevalence disorders among children are attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorde... more Background: High-prevalence disorders among children are attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lead exposure. The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between ADHD symptoms and hair lead levels and neurocognitive function among Mongolian children. Methods: This was the case study to investigate the relationship between hair lead and ADHD in Mongolian school kids. We conducted a pair-matching case-control study with 30 ADHD cases and 30 non ADHD controls for 7-12 years of age school children, based on the same age, and sex. Recruitment process was conducted from June 2018 to December 2019. The case and control study children were systematically selected by structured diagnostic interviews, including caregiver interviews based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed (DSM-IV). Results: The average level of hair lead of the ADHD group was 1.45 ± 2.93 ppm and the control group's lead level was 0.7 ± 1.59 ppm. We found ADHD-Combined (ADHD-C) patients showed the highest lead levels (p < 0.05). Hair lead levels were positively linked with the severity of ADHD symptoms, negatively linked with the Full-Scale Emotional Intelligence Quotient, but positively correlated with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was discovered regarding the lead levels between the study and the control groups with significantly increased risks among boys and children whose mother had preeclampsia during the pregnancy period. Spearman's correlation coefficient showed a notable negative connection between children's hair lead levels with ADHD-Hyperactive (ADHD-H), and EQ (Emotional Quotient) level of children (−0.329 and −0.242, for original and log10 transformed, p < 0.001). The lead was linked with vulnerability to ADHD and symptom severity among those school-age children.

Research paper thumbnail of Psychosocial problem of people with epilepsy in Ulaanbaatar of Mongolia

Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Oct 1, 2019

Conclusions The highest satisfaction observed with primary focal HH, and the least with focal dys... more Conclusions The highest satisfaction observed with primary focal HH, and the least with focal dystonia disorders. These surveys indicate that patients' satisfaction with BTX is overall good.

Research paper thumbnail of Primary tumors of the central nervous system in Mongolia

Research paper thumbnail of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity in Elementary School Children in Ulaanbaatar: Incidence, Subtypes and Influencing Factors

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disord... more Objectives: This study aimed to determine the incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among primary school children in Ulaanbaatar and identify some of the influencing factors and specific clinical features. Methods: A total of 973 primary school children between 6 – 13 years of age in grades 2-5, along with 973 parents/caretakers, and 91 class teachers were recruited from secondary schools of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Results: ADHD prevalence for the 973 participants was 16.6% based on teacher’s reports and 9.7% based on parent’s reports. Using the criteria that both the teacher and parent/caretaker both reported ADHD for a child, 50 children were diagnosed with ADHD, and the estimated prevalence was 5.8% in Ulaanbaatar. Among the 50 children with ADHD, 78% were boys, 22% were girls, with ADHD being four times more common in boys than girls (p =.0001). The constituent ratios of ADHD-Inattentive, ADHD-Hyperactive/impulsive, and ADHD-Combined subtypes were 4.07%, 3....

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical Study of Posttraumatic Epilepsy

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: To study the manifestations of the paroxysms, the variants of the course, and to dete... more Objectives: To study the manifestations of the paroxysms, the variants of the course, and to determine the significant predictive factors for post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Methods: We obtained the histories of 109 PTE patients who came to district health associations and the Central First Clinic in Ulaanbaatar from 2011 to 2013. We conducted a questionnaire and performed clinical examination to evaluate seizures in accordance with semiologic and international classification of epileptic seizures. Clinical data was matched with the results of electroencephalography (EEG), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Of the 109 patients, 93 (85%) presented with secondary generalized partial seizure (SGPS), 16 (15%) with partial seizure and 66 (60.5%) with motor phenomena. The seizure frequency was not correlated with the structural brain abnormalities, but there was an inverse association (r=-0.32, p<0.001) between seizure frequ...

Research paper thumbnail of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity in Elementary School Children in Ulaanbaatar: Incidence, Subtypes and Influencing Factors

Central Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disord... more Objectives: This study aimed to determine the incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among primary school children in Ulaanbaatar and identify some of the influencing factors and specific clinical features. Methods: A total of 973 primary school children between 6 – 13 years of age in grades 2-5, along with 973 parents/caretakers, and 91 class teachers were recruited from secondary schools of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Results: ADHD prevalence for the 973 participants was 16.6% based on teacher’s reports and 9.7% based on parent’s reports. Using the criteria that both the teacher and parent/caretaker both reported ADHD for a child, 50 children were diagnosed with ADHD, and the estimated prevalence was 5.8% in Ulaanbaatar. Among the 50 children with ADHD, 78% were boys, 22% were girls, with ADHD being four times more common in boys than girls (p =.0001). The constituent ratios of ADHD-Inattentive, ADHD-Hyperactive/impulsive, and ADHD-Combined subtypes were 4.07%, 3....