veda hegde - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by veda hegde

International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 2015

Background: The progression of oral epithelial dysplastic lesions into oral squamous cell carcino... more Background: The progression of oral epithelial dysplastic lesions into oral squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by an 'angiogenic switch' which is characterized by an increase in neo-vascularization in the sub - epithelial lamina propria which can be considered an indicator of malignant transformation. Mast cells are a rich source of various angiogenic factors. Moreover mast cells secrete various proteolytic enzymes which degrade the extracellular matrix and create space for the developing blood vessels. Aims: This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between mast cell density and microvessel density in normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma and to find out whether any correlation exists between these two parameters. Material and Methods: This retrospective study was performed using formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues of previously diagnosed cases of oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mast cells were stained using toluidine blue, whereas in the capillaries, immunohistochemical staining technique was performed using mouse monoclonal antibody against CD34. Results: Mast cell density and microvessel density were higher in oral epithelial dysplasia and in oral squamous cell carcinoma comp ared to the normal mucosa. However, statistically significant positive correlation was noted only in oral epithelial dysplasia Conclusion: The above results probably indicate a role of mast cells in 'angiogenic switch'. These angiogenic factors secreted by mast cells promote angiogenesis either directly by stimulating the migration and/or proliferation of mast cells or indirectly through degradation of extracellular matrix. Targeting the mast cells may contribute in preventing the progression of the lesion.

Indian Journal of Dental Research

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is a rare, benign mixed odontogenic tumor. It occurs exclusively as a... more Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is a rare, benign mixed odontogenic tumor. It occurs exclusively as an intraosseous lesion. It usually has a slow growth and is seen in children and young adults. A painless swelling is the most common clinical sign. Radiographically, ameloblastic fibro-odontoma appears as a circumscribed radiolucency which may contain radiopaque foci. Most cases of ameloblastic fibro-odontoma exhibit benign behavior, but cases of malignant transformation have been reported. The treatment modality in most cases involves conservative surgery, but cases with malignant transformation will require more radical treatment. A massive ameloblastic fibro-odontoma involving the maxilla has been described here with its clinical, radiological, and histopathological features.

Hairy polyps are common congenital benign lesions of oro-and nasopharynx containing elements of b... more Hairy polyps are common congenital benign lesions of oro-and nasopharynx containing elements of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. However, their occurrence in palate is quite rare. Here we present a case of hairy polyp associated with palatal cleft in an eight months old female infant. We discuss the clinicopathological features, etiology, proposed theories related to its formation and its significance.

Background: Oral exfoliative cytology is the cost effective and perhaps the best approach for the... more Background: Oral exfoliative cytology is the cost effective and perhaps the best approach for the initial evaluation and diagnosis of the oral lesion. Centrifuged liquid-based cytology (CLBC) offers high-quality smears compared to the conventional cytology enhancing sensitivity and quality of smear with limited available resources. Aims: The aim was to determine the efficacy of CLBC over conventional cytology technique by quantitative analysis of smears of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: In this prospective comparative study, smears were obtained from lesions of OSCC with a soft toothbrush after obtaining prior written consent. One smear was made using the conventional technique and another with the CLBC. For CLBC, sample was centrifuged with a prepared reagent following which a smear was made from the cell pellet. Both the smears were stained by Papanicolaou method. Smears from both the techniques were analyzed with respect to cellularity, ...

The continuing emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is a global health problem. Multi-dr... more The continuing emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is a global health problem. Multi-drug resistance is now widespread. Resistance rates differ noticeably on a worldwide, regional and even institutional basis. Because antibiotics are commonly used in dentistry, the dental community is not spared from this threat of microbial resistance to antibiotics. This article presents an overview of antimicrobial drug resistance, discusses how this large and expensive problem affects the dental community and what we can do to change the situation, both as concerned citizens and as dental practitioners.

1 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, PG Stud... more 1 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, PG Student Dharwad Karnataka Índia. 2 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Professor Dharwad Karnataka Índia. 3 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Professor and Head Dharwad Karnataka Índia. 4 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral Pathology, Professor Dharwad Karnataka Índia. 5 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Professor and Head Dharwad Karnataka Índia.

Apoptosis is a well defined mode of cell death which plays an important role in the development, ... more Apoptosis is a well defined mode of cell death which plays an important role in the development, regulation, and maintenance of the cell count in all multicellular organisms. It is responsible for the cell-death events that occur right from the formation of the early embryo and the sculpting and moulding of organs in adult life. Apoptosis has role in both health and diseases with defective apoptotic mechanisms leading to wide range of pathologies including oral diseases. This review focuses on the role and significance of apoptosis in various physiologic as well as pathologic processes affecting the oral cavity.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry

Objective: Oral cytology is becoming increasingly important in the early diagnosis of oral cancer... more Objective: Oral cytology is becoming increasingly important in the early diagnosis of oral cancer, including epithelial atypia. The aim of this study is to assess the whether the cytoplasmic diameter, nuclear diameter and their nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio are reliable parameters in exfoliative cytology in detecting premalignant and malignant lesions. Study design: Cell and nuclear diameter were measured from the squames of normal buccal mucosal and of oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, oral lichen planus which were histologically benign and oral squamous cell carcinoma were measured using an ocular micrometer disc. The nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio in each of these were deduced from the values obtained and compared with the controls which were age, sex and site matched. The data were evaluated using statistical methods, namely't' test and analysis of variance. Results: We obtained a statistically significant reduction in the mean cytoplasmic and nuclear diameter in all the four groups. The nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio revealed to be significant only in group 1, 2 and 4. Conclusion: The present study suggests that a decrease in the mean cytoplasmic diameter of exfoliated buccal mucosal cells could serve as an early indicator of dysplastic change especially in lesions which appear histologically benign.

Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 2016

Micrometastasis to the lymph node is an important prognostic factor in survival and recurrence an... more Micrometastasis to the lymph node is an important prognostic factor in survival and recurrence and even in making critical decisions regarding postoperative radiation treatment. Methods like Immunohistochemistry (IHC), serial sectioning and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are very sensitive; however, they are expensive and time consuming. Hence, there is a need for the detection of micrometastasis by method which is easily feasible and inexpensive. This study was undertaken to identify if special stains (Modified Papanicolaou stain and Ayoub Shklar stain) are valuable in detecting micrometastasis which are routinely missed in Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and also to compare their efficacy over Haematoxylin and Eosin stain in detection of metastatic tumour cells in non-metastatic lymph nodes. This study constituted a total of 300 histopathologically proven non metastatic lymph node sections. Other than Haematoxylin and Eosin stain, Modified Papanicalaou and Ayoub Shklar stain were us...

Advances in Cancer Biology - Metastasis

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU

Stafne's bone defects (SBD) are usually asymptomatic and appears as a radiolucent lingual/buc... more Stafne's bone defects (SBD) are usually asymptomatic and appears as a radiolucent lingual/buccal bone lesions of the lower jaw and are frequently caused by soft tissue inclusion. SBDs bone defects are considered to be an anatomic condition and most often seen in the posterior part the mandible below the mandibular canal. This is a case of anterior mandibular SBD, which was accidently detected in a patient with mandibular fracture.

Journal of Medicine, Radiology, Pathology and Surgery

Eosinophils are multifunctional cells whose activities are associated with a single gene and have... more Eosinophils are multifunctional cells whose activities are associated with a single gene and have a diverse role in inflammation as well as in immunity (both innate and adaptive). Our understanding of this multifunctional leukocyte over the past two decades has enhanced from a definitely damaging cell to a cell actively participating in many physiological and pathological processes. Eosinophils are different from other granulocytes by their dense population of cytoplasmic crystalloid granules also known as secretory granules. These secretory granules contain full-bodied stores of various preformed cationic proteins. Numerous functions of eosinophils have been identified over the years, and there capabilities to synthesize, accumulate, and express a varied range of cytokines. The machineries leading to selective formation of preformed cytokines are especially beneficial targets when treatment is concerned. The present review discusses the recent and upcoming notion about the complexities in the structure of human eosinophils and also discusses its role in health and diseases, especially in precancer and cancer. Furthermore, an update on our knowledge of various stains and markers has been discussed in this review.

Journal of Medicine, Radiology, Pathology and Surgery

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent malignancy of the oral cavity whic... more Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent malignancy of the oral cavity which is known to have a high mortality rate. During the invasion, tumor cells break through the basement membrane, penetrate the connective tissue, are embedded in or surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), producing reactive changes in stroma. It is an established fact that tumor stroma plays a vital role in tumor progression. The ECM has an important role in tissue organization and function. Aims: The aim of the study is to assess whether special stains are useful in detecting ECM changes early invasive and well-established oral SCC (OSCC) using special stains. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study constitutes a total of 30 cases examined to study changes in ECM at early invasive and well-established OSCC cases. Two sections each was obtained from above study groups and were subjected to Van Gieson and Periodic Acid Schiff's (PAS) stains respectively, and were compared with routine hematoxylin and eosin stain. Interpretation of staining intensity was carried out and statistically analyzed. Results: Matrix changes were noted using special stains in both early invasive and wellestablished OSCC as seen in their staining characteristics. Conclusion: PAS and Van Gieson are indeed useful in detecting changes in glycoprotein and collagen in well-established OSCC and early invasive OSCC.

Journal of Medicine, Radiology, Pathology and Surgery

In third world countries like India, due to adverse oral habits like tobacco chewing oral cancers... more In third world countries like India, due to adverse oral habits like tobacco chewing oral cancers are one of the main health problems. Understanding and identifying markers that help us identify cancer early before the consequences become clinically and histologically detectable will greatly enhance the prognosis. Apoptosis is one such early diagnostic marker for cancer and is programed, active process that dismantles the cellular components without evoking an inflammatory response. It is known to remove all mutated and potentially malignant cells; hence, control of apoptosis is considered to play a key role in carcinogenesis. Through adequate cancer therapies, apoptotic programs can be modified to produce potential drug targets. Gene therapy in combination with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy has been an attractive method of cancer treatment. In the coming years, new therapies that are nontoxic than present treatment regimens will pave a new path in cancer research. The aim of this review is to understand the part of apoptosis in cancer treatment.

Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Indian Journal of Dental Education

Journal of cancer research and therapeutics

Exfoliative cytology is the microscopic examination of a shed or desquamated cells from the epith... more Exfoliative cytology is the microscopic examination of a shed or desquamated cells from the epithelial surface. Centrifuged liquid-based cytology (CLBC) is a modified technique that is used in the current study. To compare the efficacy of CLBC with conventional cytology in apparently normal mucosa and histologically proven cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma after staining with Papanicolaou stain. The study sample was collected from fifty individuals with no habits and apparently normal oral mucosa (Group 1) and forty cases of histologically proven cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (Group 2). One smear was taken and spread on the slide by a conventional technique. The second sample was flushed out in a suspending solution, centrifuged, and the cell pellet obtained was used to make the smear. The stained smears were compared for nine parameters such as adequate cellularity, clear background, uniform distribution, cellular overlapping, cellular elongation, mucus, inflammatory bl...

International Dental & Medical Journal of Advanced Research - VOLUME 2015, 2016

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a specific cellular event with distinct morphological, hist... more Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a specific cellular event with distinct morphological, histological, molecular characteristics, and biochemical mechanisms. It plays an important role in normal turnover of the cell, development, and its function. Inadequate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is one of the major causes for various pathologies such as neurodegenerative disorders, ischemic, autoimmune diseases, and various forms of cancer. Since controlled apoptotic programs can produce changes in cell death pattern, the genes, and proteins that regulate apoptosis are potential future drug targets. Hence, detection of apoptotic cells will pave a new path for cancer diagnostics, prognosis, and therapy. The aim of this review article is to discuss various methods of apoptosis detection, from traditional approaches to recent advanced molecular methods.

Journal of Cytology, 2016

Exfoliative cytology is the microscopic examination of shed or desquamated cells from the epithel... more Exfoliative cytology is the microscopic examination of shed or desquamated cells from the epithelial surface. Centrifuged liquid-based cytology (CLBC) is a modified technique that was used in the current study. To compare the efficacy of CLBC with conventional cytology in apparently normal mucosa after staining with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain. Fifty cases of apparently normal mucosa from healthy subjects were selected for the study. The first sample was taken and spread on the slide by the conventional technique. The second sample was flushed out in a suspending solution, centrifuged, and the cell pellet obtained was used to make the smear. The stained smears were compared for seven parameters such as adequate cellularity, clear background, uniform distribution, cellular overlapping, cellular elongation, mucus, and inflammatory cells. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis and P ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. There was a statistically significant difference between CLBC and conventional cytology with parameters such as adequate cellularity (P = 0.001), clear background (P = 0.001), uniform distribution (0.005), cellular overlapping, and cellular elongation (P = 0). The presence of mucus and inflammatory cells was minimal as the samples were collected from healthy subjects. CLBC has better efficacy over the conventional method in all the parameters analyzed.

International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences, 2015

Background: The progression of oral epithelial dysplastic lesions into oral squamous cell carcino... more Background: The progression of oral epithelial dysplastic lesions into oral squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by an 'angiogenic switch' which is characterized by an increase in neo-vascularization in the sub - epithelial lamina propria which can be considered an indicator of malignant transformation. Mast cells are a rich source of various angiogenic factors. Moreover mast cells secrete various proteolytic enzymes which degrade the extracellular matrix and create space for the developing blood vessels. Aims: This study was undertaken to determine the relationship between mast cell density and microvessel density in normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma and to find out whether any correlation exists between these two parameters. Material and Methods: This retrospective study was performed using formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues of previously diagnosed cases of oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Mast cells were stained using toluidine blue, whereas in the capillaries, immunohistochemical staining technique was performed using mouse monoclonal antibody against CD34. Results: Mast cell density and microvessel density were higher in oral epithelial dysplasia and in oral squamous cell carcinoma comp ared to the normal mucosa. However, statistically significant positive correlation was noted only in oral epithelial dysplasia Conclusion: The above results probably indicate a role of mast cells in 'angiogenic switch'. These angiogenic factors secreted by mast cells promote angiogenesis either directly by stimulating the migration and/or proliferation of mast cells or indirectly through degradation of extracellular matrix. Targeting the mast cells may contribute in preventing the progression of the lesion.

Indian Journal of Dental Research

Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is a rare, benign mixed odontogenic tumor. It occurs exclusively as a... more Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma is a rare, benign mixed odontogenic tumor. It occurs exclusively as an intraosseous lesion. It usually has a slow growth and is seen in children and young adults. A painless swelling is the most common clinical sign. Radiographically, ameloblastic fibro-odontoma appears as a circumscribed radiolucency which may contain radiopaque foci. Most cases of ameloblastic fibro-odontoma exhibit benign behavior, but cases of malignant transformation have been reported. The treatment modality in most cases involves conservative surgery, but cases with malignant transformation will require more radical treatment. A massive ameloblastic fibro-odontoma involving the maxilla has been described here with its clinical, radiological, and histopathological features.

Hairy polyps are common congenital benign lesions of oro-and nasopharynx containing elements of b... more Hairy polyps are common congenital benign lesions of oro-and nasopharynx containing elements of both ectodermal and mesodermal origin. However, their occurrence in palate is quite rare. Here we present a case of hairy polyp associated with palatal cleft in an eight months old female infant. We discuss the clinicopathological features, etiology, proposed theories related to its formation and its significance.

Background: Oral exfoliative cytology is the cost effective and perhaps the best approach for the... more Background: Oral exfoliative cytology is the cost effective and perhaps the best approach for the initial evaluation and diagnosis of the oral lesion. Centrifuged liquid-based cytology (CLBC) offers high-quality smears compared to the conventional cytology enhancing sensitivity and quality of smear with limited available resources. Aims: The aim was to determine the efficacy of CLBC over conventional cytology technique by quantitative analysis of smears of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Materials and Methods: In this prospective comparative study, smears were obtained from lesions of OSCC with a soft toothbrush after obtaining prior written consent. One smear was made using the conventional technique and another with the CLBC. For CLBC, sample was centrifuged with a prepared reagent following which a smear was made from the cell pellet. Both the smears were stained by Papanicolaou method. Smears from both the techniques were analyzed with respect to cellularity, ...

The continuing emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is a global health problem. Multi-dr... more The continuing emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is a global health problem. Multi-drug resistance is now widespread. Resistance rates differ noticeably on a worldwide, regional and even institutional basis. Because antibiotics are commonly used in dentistry, the dental community is not spared from this threat of microbial resistance to antibiotics. This article presents an overview of antimicrobial drug resistance, discusses how this large and expensive problem affects the dental community and what we can do to change the situation, both as concerned citizens and as dental practitioners.

1 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, PG Stud... more 1 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, PG Student Dharwad Karnataka Índia. 2 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Professor Dharwad Karnataka Índia. 3 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Professor and Head Dharwad Karnataka Índia. 4 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral Pathology, Professor Dharwad Karnataka Índia. 5 SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Professor and Head Dharwad Karnataka Índia.

Apoptosis is a well defined mode of cell death which plays an important role in the development, ... more Apoptosis is a well defined mode of cell death which plays an important role in the development, regulation, and maintenance of the cell count in all multicellular organisms. It is responsible for the cell-death events that occur right from the formation of the early embryo and the sculpting and moulding of organs in adult life. Apoptosis has role in both health and diseases with defective apoptotic mechanisms leading to wide range of pathologies including oral diseases. This review focuses on the role and significance of apoptosis in various physiologic as well as pathologic processes affecting the oral cavity.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry

Objective: Oral cytology is becoming increasingly important in the early diagnosis of oral cancer... more Objective: Oral cytology is becoming increasingly important in the early diagnosis of oral cancer, including epithelial atypia. The aim of this study is to assess the whether the cytoplasmic diameter, nuclear diameter and their nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio are reliable parameters in exfoliative cytology in detecting premalignant and malignant lesions. Study design: Cell and nuclear diameter were measured from the squames of normal buccal mucosal and of oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, oral lichen planus which were histologically benign and oral squamous cell carcinoma were measured using an ocular micrometer disc. The nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio in each of these were deduced from the values obtained and compared with the controls which were age, sex and site matched. The data were evaluated using statistical methods, namely't' test and analysis of variance. Results: We obtained a statistically significant reduction in the mean cytoplasmic and nuclear diameter in all the four groups. The nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio revealed to be significant only in group 1, 2 and 4. Conclusion: The present study suggests that a decrease in the mean cytoplasmic diameter of exfoliated buccal mucosal cells could serve as an early indicator of dysplastic change especially in lesions which appear histologically benign.

Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 2016

Micrometastasis to the lymph node is an important prognostic factor in survival and recurrence an... more Micrometastasis to the lymph node is an important prognostic factor in survival and recurrence and even in making critical decisions regarding postoperative radiation treatment. Methods like Immunohistochemistry (IHC), serial sectioning and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are very sensitive; however, they are expensive and time consuming. Hence, there is a need for the detection of micrometastasis by method which is easily feasible and inexpensive. This study was undertaken to identify if special stains (Modified Papanicolaou stain and Ayoub Shklar stain) are valuable in detecting micrometastasis which are routinely missed in Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and also to compare their efficacy over Haematoxylin and Eosin stain in detection of metastatic tumour cells in non-metastatic lymph nodes. This study constituted a total of 300 histopathologically proven non metastatic lymph node sections. Other than Haematoxylin and Eosin stain, Modified Papanicalaou and Ayoub Shklar stain were us...

Advances in Cancer Biology - Metastasis

Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU

Stafne's bone defects (SBD) are usually asymptomatic and appears as a radiolucent lingual/buc... more Stafne's bone defects (SBD) are usually asymptomatic and appears as a radiolucent lingual/buccal bone lesions of the lower jaw and are frequently caused by soft tissue inclusion. SBDs bone defects are considered to be an anatomic condition and most often seen in the posterior part the mandible below the mandibular canal. This is a case of anterior mandibular SBD, which was accidently detected in a patient with mandibular fracture.

Journal of Medicine, Radiology, Pathology and Surgery

Eosinophils are multifunctional cells whose activities are associated with a single gene and have... more Eosinophils are multifunctional cells whose activities are associated with a single gene and have a diverse role in inflammation as well as in immunity (both innate and adaptive). Our understanding of this multifunctional leukocyte over the past two decades has enhanced from a definitely damaging cell to a cell actively participating in many physiological and pathological processes. Eosinophils are different from other granulocytes by their dense population of cytoplasmic crystalloid granules also known as secretory granules. These secretory granules contain full-bodied stores of various preformed cationic proteins. Numerous functions of eosinophils have been identified over the years, and there capabilities to synthesize, accumulate, and express a varied range of cytokines. The machineries leading to selective formation of preformed cytokines are especially beneficial targets when treatment is concerned. The present review discusses the recent and upcoming notion about the complexities in the structure of human eosinophils and also discusses its role in health and diseases, especially in precancer and cancer. Furthermore, an update on our knowledge of various stains and markers has been discussed in this review.

Journal of Medicine, Radiology, Pathology and Surgery

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent malignancy of the oral cavity whic... more Background: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most frequent malignancy of the oral cavity which is known to have a high mortality rate. During the invasion, tumor cells break through the basement membrane, penetrate the connective tissue, are embedded in or surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), producing reactive changes in stroma. It is an established fact that tumor stroma plays a vital role in tumor progression. The ECM has an important role in tissue organization and function. Aims: The aim of the study is to assess whether special stains are useful in detecting ECM changes early invasive and well-established oral SCC (OSCC) using special stains. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study constitutes a total of 30 cases examined to study changes in ECM at early invasive and well-established OSCC cases. Two sections each was obtained from above study groups and were subjected to Van Gieson and Periodic Acid Schiff's (PAS) stains respectively, and were compared with routine hematoxylin and eosin stain. Interpretation of staining intensity was carried out and statistically analyzed. Results: Matrix changes were noted using special stains in both early invasive and wellestablished OSCC as seen in their staining characteristics. Conclusion: PAS and Van Gieson are indeed useful in detecting changes in glycoprotein and collagen in well-established OSCC and early invasive OSCC.

Journal of Medicine, Radiology, Pathology and Surgery

In third world countries like India, due to adverse oral habits like tobacco chewing oral cancers... more In third world countries like India, due to adverse oral habits like tobacco chewing oral cancers are one of the main health problems. Understanding and identifying markers that help us identify cancer early before the consequences become clinically and histologically detectable will greatly enhance the prognosis. Apoptosis is one such early diagnostic marker for cancer and is programed, active process that dismantles the cellular components without evoking an inflammatory response. It is known to remove all mutated and potentially malignant cells; hence, control of apoptosis is considered to play a key role in carcinogenesis. Through adequate cancer therapies, apoptotic programs can be modified to produce potential drug targets. Gene therapy in combination with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy has been an attractive method of cancer treatment. In the coming years, new therapies that are nontoxic than present treatment regimens will pave a new path in cancer research. The aim of this review is to understand the part of apoptosis in cancer treatment.

Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology

Indian Journal of Dental Education

Journal of cancer research and therapeutics

Exfoliative cytology is the microscopic examination of a shed or desquamated cells from the epith... more Exfoliative cytology is the microscopic examination of a shed or desquamated cells from the epithelial surface. Centrifuged liquid-based cytology (CLBC) is a modified technique that is used in the current study. To compare the efficacy of CLBC with conventional cytology in apparently normal mucosa and histologically proven cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma after staining with Papanicolaou stain. The study sample was collected from fifty individuals with no habits and apparently normal oral mucosa (Group 1) and forty cases of histologically proven cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (Group 2). One smear was taken and spread on the slide by a conventional technique. The second sample was flushed out in a suspending solution, centrifuged, and the cell pellet obtained was used to make the smear. The stained smears were compared for nine parameters such as adequate cellularity, clear background, uniform distribution, cellular overlapping, cellular elongation, mucus, inflammatory bl...

International Dental & Medical Journal of Advanced Research - VOLUME 2015, 2016

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a specific cellular event with distinct morphological, hist... more Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a specific cellular event with distinct morphological, histological, molecular characteristics, and biochemical mechanisms. It plays an important role in normal turnover of the cell, development, and its function. Inadequate apoptosis (either too little or too much) is one of the major causes for various pathologies such as neurodegenerative disorders, ischemic, autoimmune diseases, and various forms of cancer. Since controlled apoptotic programs can produce changes in cell death pattern, the genes, and proteins that regulate apoptosis are potential future drug targets. Hence, detection of apoptotic cells will pave a new path for cancer diagnostics, prognosis, and therapy. The aim of this review article is to discuss various methods of apoptosis detection, from traditional approaches to recent advanced molecular methods.

Journal of Cytology, 2016

Exfoliative cytology is the microscopic examination of shed or desquamated cells from the epithel... more Exfoliative cytology is the microscopic examination of shed or desquamated cells from the epithelial surface. Centrifuged liquid-based cytology (CLBC) is a modified technique that was used in the current study. To compare the efficacy of CLBC with conventional cytology in apparently normal mucosa after staining with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain. Fifty cases of apparently normal mucosa from healthy subjects were selected for the study. The first sample was taken and spread on the slide by the conventional technique. The second sample was flushed out in a suspending solution, centrifuged, and the cell pellet obtained was used to make the smear. The stained smears were compared for seven parameters such as adequate cellularity, clear background, uniform distribution, cellular overlapping, cellular elongation, mucus, and inflammatory cells. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis and P ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. There was a statistically significant difference between CLBC and conventional cytology with parameters such as adequate cellularity (P = 0.001), clear background (P = 0.001), uniform distribution (0.005), cellular overlapping, and cellular elongation (P = 0). The presence of mucus and inflammatory cells was minimal as the samples were collected from healthy subjects. CLBC has better efficacy over the conventional method in all the parameters analyzed.