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Books by iskender targac

This Book has been prepared as a symbol of class mates, brother of arms, love and tolerance to ... more This Book has been prepared as a symbol of class mates, brother of arms, love and tolerance to decrease our sorrows and to increase our happiness by sharing ‘’Hand in Hand’’, and in the way of ours; it is dedicated to contribute to the younger generations covering our children and grandchildren who will become indomitable wardens of Kemalist, secular and uniter Turkish Republic, for their feeling ‘’to be honored and proud to be a Sailor’’ like us.

The Author spent two full years to prepare this book, which is the final product of intensive, back-breaking hard work, particularly collecting the necessary data and source material. The Book is not an ordinary class yearbook but it reflects well chosen examples of Turkish Naval History and Naval Training History. The another remarkable feature of this work is to cover two (21st and 23rd) Chief of Naval Staff among the 301 class mates, who ruled and determined the fate of the Turkish Navy for four years.

Author / Yazar: M. İskender TARGAÇ
Language / Basım Dili: Turkish / Türkçe
Publisher / Yayınevi: Dz. K. K.lığı / The Turkish Naval Command HQ
Publication Date / Basım Tarihi: 2011
Page Nr. / Sayfa Sayısı: 672

More Info:
The Book is not for sale but is circulated in house of Turkish Navy, for training & motivation material.

The author prepared this book when he was Deputy Secretary General of the Chamber of Shipping mai... more The author prepared this book when he was Deputy Secretary General of the Chamber of Shipping mainly shouldering the responsibility of international relations of the Chamber. The book covers three parts as; Part 1 – The World’s Maritime Trade, Part 2 – Turkey’s Maritime Trade and Part 3 – Problems and Remedies of the Shipping Sector in 260 pages as summarised in the given Content pages.

The Book prepared to make known, one of the prominent antiquity collectioner's private collection... more The Book prepared to make known, one of the prominent antiquity collectioner's private collection which is registered in the Izmir Archaeological Museum. Among the 29 protohistoric objects, particularly Assyrian, Babylonian tablets, idols, and cups from Yortan and Lidar Hoyük are drawing attention. 16 archaic objects; mainly are Lydian findings as oinochoes, human figurins, phiale and jewellery parts. A hydra handle, a lekythos and two silver bracelets are the only examples of Classical period and from Western Anatolia and Lydia. Among the 23 Hellenistic art works; statues, grave steles, god and human figurins, gold jwellery parts have special importance. In the Roman Period 36 artefacts; marble and glass pieces are reflecting perfect samples of the technologies of the those days. Ceramic plates, among which findings from a shipwreck, together with the theological pieces such as the lead seal (Bulla) of Nicholaos, Patriarch of Constantinopolis are really worth to see and examine, among the well chosen 21 Byzantine art works taking place in the Book.

Published Papers by iskender targac

Sağlık Tarihi ve Müzeciliği Sempozyumu 4, İstanbul, 2018, ISBN 978-625-99034-8-4, 2024., 2024

Some Significant Examples of Sigillography - Medicine Relations - 2: Erzurum Mareşal Çakmak Milit... more Some Significant Examples of Sigillography - Medicine Relations - 2: Erzurum Mareşal Çakmak Military Hospital, American Hospital (İstanbul), Italian Hospital (İstanbul), Hamidiye (Şişli) Etfal Hospital.

Sağlık Tarihi ve Müzeciliği Sempozyumu 4, İstanbul, 2018, ISBN 978-625-99034-8-4, 2024.

ABSTRACT
Sigillography as the science of seals, is one of the auxiliary sciences of history, refers to the study of seals which is the focal point of this study. Due to concrete information written on seals, it provides precious and undeniable contributions not only to archaeologists and historians, but also for sociologists and anthropologists, as like as numismatic matters. Furthermore, despite the fact that a coin has been extensively minted so many times in numismatic science, seals are much more rare and therefore so valuable. In the personal case, they are single and unique and in institutional terms they are very limited carved due to time.
This fifteen minutes long lecture was delivered by M. İskender Targaç, on July 7th 2018, in the ‘’Fourth Symposium on Health History and Museology’’ which has been arranged by the ‘’Health History and Museology Association’’ as a part of the two week long ‘’19th Merkezefendi Traditional Medicine Festival’’ of Zeytinburnu Municipality.
The presentation’s content has four parts. The part one is covering the details of Erzurum Mareşal Çakmak Military Hospital which was prooved to be founded by documents in Erzurum's Yenişehir district, starting to operate in Yoncalı Kışla (Barracks) in 1875. This hospital, which was not only the oldest but also the largest of the regional military hospitals in the eastern Turkey, was closed for political reasons in 2016, without taking into account the indispensable requirements of military medicine, within the scope of the decision taken to connect all Military Hospitals in Turkey to the Ministry of Health.
Part two contains the concrete information on the İstanbul American Hospital which was founded under the leadership of an American Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol and started to operate on August 20th, 1920, in a three-storey wooden mansion on Çarşıkapı Street in old Istanbul, with 45 beds and three operating rooms, based on the partly unpublished documents and photographs from the author’s archaives. Turkey's first Nursing School, which was opened simultaneously with the hospital, became an integral part of the hospital and was moved to its current location in Nişantaşı.
Part three, is covering the İstanbul Italian Hospital which was a dispensary established in Galata to serve the Italian sailors who came to Istanbul in the 1810s, and the institution gained official status in 1856 under the auspices of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Its name was changed to the Italian Royal Hospital with the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The Hospital was officially inaugurated on May 12th, 1876 by the Immaculate Conception nuns of the Ivrea, who were sent by the Italian Government to Istanbul during the 16 years of reign (1861-1876) of Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz. Its current building was built by King Victor Emmanuel (Vittorio Emanuele (b. 14 Mart 1820 – d. 9 Ocak 1878) in 1876 and later developed to serve first the Italian community living in Istanbul and then the people of Istanbul.
In part four; Hamidiye (Şişli) Etfal Hospital is taking place as the first children hospital of Turkey, which is known to be established based on the February 16th, 1898 dated decree of Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II (1842 – 1918), as a response to the death of Sultan’s small daughter Hatice Sultan who suffered from diphtheria.

In this my humble study, I wanted to focus on and share the information that I was able to obtain from the lights reflected by the especially unpublished seals of these valuable and historical institutions and which also helped to correct some historical errors.

KEYWORDS
History, American Studies, Medical History, Ottoman History, Italian Studies, Franciscan Studies, Immaculate Conception, Sigillography, Rare Seals, Ancient Seals and Sealings.

Sigilografi – Tıp İlişkisinin Bazı Önemli Örnekleri - 2: Erzurum Mareşal Çakmak Asker Hastanesi, Amerikan Hastanesi (İstanbul), İtalyan Hastanesi (İstanbul) ve Hamidiye (Şişli) Etfal Hastanesi.
Sağlık Tarihi ve Müzeciliği Sempozyumu 4, İstanbul, 2018, ISBN 978-625-99034-8-4, 2024.

ÖZET
Çalışmamın odak noktasını oluşturan Sigilografi, mühür bilimi olarak aynen nümismatik konularda olduğu gibi, üzerlerinde yazan somut bilgiler nedeni ile arkeolog ve tarihçilere olduğu kadar, sosyolog ve antropologlara da son derece kıymetli ve yadsınamaz katkılar sağlar. Buna ilaveten, numismatik biliminde bir sikkenin son derece fazla darb edilmesine karşın, mühürler kişisel bazda tek ve ünik, kurumsal bazda ise zamana bağlı olarak çok sınırlı sayıda olmaları nedeni ile, çok daha nadir olup dolayısıyla da o denli de değerlidirler.
Bu onbeş dakikalık konferans, 07 Temmuz 2018'de M. İskender Targaç tarafından, Zeytinburnu Belediyesi'nin gerçekleştirdiği dokuz gün süreli ''19. Merkezefendi Geleneksel Tıp Festivali''nin bir bölümünü oluşturmak üzere, Sağlık Tarihi ve Müzeciliği Derneği’nce düzenlenen ''Dördüncü Sağlık Tarihi ve Müzeciliği Sempozyumu'' kapsamında yer aldı.
Sunumun içeriği dört bölümden oluşmakta olup, birinci bölümde; Erzurum'un Yenişehir ilçesinde kurulduğu ve 1875 yılında Yoncalı Kışla'da (Kışla) faaliyete geçtiği belgelerle kanıtlanan Erzurum Mareşal Çakmak Askeri Hastanesi'nin detayları ele alınıyor. Türkiye'nin doğusundaki bölgesel askeri hastanelerin en büyüğü olan bu hastane, Türkiye'deki tüm askeri hastanelerin Sağlık Bakanlığı'na bağlanması kararı kapsamında, askeri hekimliğin vazgeçilmez ihtiyaçları dikkate alınmaksızın 2016 yılında siyasi nedenlerle kapatılmıştır.
İkinci bölümde; Amerikalı bir Amiral olan Mark Lambert Bristol önderliğinde kurulan ve 20 Ağustos 1920'de eski İstanbul’un Çarşıkapı Caddesi üzerinde üç katlı ahşap bir konakta hizmete giren, 45 yataklı ve üç ameliyathaneli İstanbul Amerikan Hastanesi ve hastanenin ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelen, hastaneyle eş zamanlı açılmış Türkiye'nin ilk Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu hakkında yazarın arşivlerindeki kısmen yayınlanmamış belgelere ve fotoğraflara dayanan somut bilgiler yer alıyor.
Üçüncü bölümde, 1810'lu yıllarda İstanbul'a gelen İtalyan denizcilere hizmet vermek üzere Galata'da kurulan bir dispanser olan ve 1856 yılında Sardunya Krallığı'nın himayesinde resmi statüye kavuşan İstanbul İtalyan Hastanesi'ni ele alınıyor. 1861 yılında İtalya Krallığı'nın ilanıyla adı İtalyan Kraliyet Hastanesi olarak değiştirilen Hastane, 12 Mayıs 1876'da İtalyan Hükümeti tarafından İstanbul'a gönderilen Immaculate Conception rahibeleri tarafından 12 Mayıs 1876'da resmen açılmış ve bugünkü binası Osmanlı Padişahı Abdülaziz'in 16 yıllık saltanatında (1861-1876), 1876 yılında, İtalya Kralı Victor Emmanuel (Vittorio Emanuele (d. 14 Mart 1820 – ö. 9 Ocak 1878) tarafından yaptırılmış ve daha sonra önce İstanbul'da yaşayan İtalyan toplumuna, ardından da İstanbul halkına hizmet verecek şekilde geliştirilmiştir.
Dördüncü bölümde; Sultan II. Abdülhamid'in (1842-1918) küçük kızı Hatice Sultan'ın tutulduğu difteriden ölümüne bir tepki olarak, 16 Şubat 1898 tarihli fermanına dayanılarak kurulmuş olan ve Türkiye'nin ilk çocuk hastanesi olan Hamidiye (Şişli) Etfal Hastanesi yer almaktadır.
Bu mütevazi çalışmamda, bu değerli ve tarihi kurumların özellikle yayınlanmamış mühürlerinden yansıyan ışıklardan elde edebildiğim ve aynı zamanda bazı tarihi hataların da düzeltilmesi yararını sağlayan bilgiler üzerinde durmak ve bunları paylaşmak istedim.
ANAHTAR KELİMELER
Tarih, Amerikan Çalışmaları, Tıp Tarihi, Osmanlı Tarihi, İtalyan Çalışmaları, Fransisken Çalışmaları, Lekesiz Hamilelik, Sigilografi, Nadir Mühürler, Antik Mühürler ve Mühür Baskıları.

Sağlık Tarihi ve Müzeciliği Sempozyumu 3, İstanbul, 2018, ISBN 978-975-2485-20-4., 2017

ABSTRACT Sigillography as the science of seals, is one of the auxiliary sciences of history, ref... more ABSTRACT

Sigillography as the science of seals, is one of the auxiliary sciences of history, refers to the study of seals which is the focal point of this study. Due to concrete information written on seals, it provides precious and undeniable contributions not only archaeologists and historians, but also sociologists and anthropologists, as in numismatic matters. Furthermore, despite the fact that a coin has been extensively minted so many times and in numismatic science, seals are much more rare and therefore valuable, due to; in the personal case they are single and unique and in institutional terms they are very limited carved due to time.

This twenty minutes long lecture was delivered by M. İskender Targaç, on May 20th 2017, in the ‘’Third Symposium on Health History and Museology’’ which has been arranged by the ‘’Health History and Museology Association’’ as a part of the two week long ‘’18th Merkezefendi Traditional Medicine Festival’’ of Zeytinburnu Municipality. The presentation’s content has three parts. The part one is covering the details of Dr. Georg Hermann Ritter von Mühlig, who was not only the private and family doctor of Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz (1861-1876), but also the doctor of the German Embassy in the period. Part two contains the concrete information on the Surp Pirgiç Armenian Hospital, emphasising its founder Kazaz Amira Artin Bezciyan and also its unpublished corporate and personal seals. Part three, is covering the Saint Mary Draperis Church, pointing out in which the grave of Dr. Charles Ambroisse Barnard, who was the founder of the first Medical University of Turkey, namely ‘’Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Adliye-i Şahane’’ is taking place.

In this humble work, I would like to particularly emphasized and gave the information on what those seals’ lights reflected to us which are Dr. Georg Hermann Ritter von Mühlig’s personal seal in my collection and the seal stamps of the Surp Pırgiç Armenian Hospital and theologically well-known but from the medical perspective often ignored Saint Mary Draperis Church in Beyoglu in my documentary archive, which are important examples of the relationship of sigillography and medical science all are unpublished.

KEYWORDS
Sigillography, Armenians, seals, history, medical, Georg Hermann Ritter von Mühlig, Surp Pırgiç Armenian hospital, Saint Mary Draperis church, Ottoman Sultans, Abdülaziz, Kazaz Amira Artin Bezciyan, Charles Ambroisse Barnard.

Sigilografi – Tıp İlişkisinin Önemli Örnekleri - 1: Dr. Georg Hermann Ritter von Mühlig, Surp Pırgiç Ermeni Hastanesi ve Santa Maria Draperis Kilisesi

Sağlık Tarihi ve Müzeciliği Sempozyumu 2, İstanbul, 2017, ISBN 978-975-2485-04-4., 2016

ABSTRACT This paper was presented as a very brief summary in visual aided conference presentation... more ABSTRACT
This paper was presented as a very brief summary in visual aided conference presentation form (PPT) by M. Iskender TARGAC, on June 4th 2016, in the ‘’Second Symposium on Health History and Museology’’ which has been arranged by the ‘’Health History and Museology Association’’ as a part of a week long ‘’17. Merkezefendi Traditional Medicine Festival’’ of Zeytinburnu Municipality. The subject presentation has been previously uploaded to this site as well.
This study seen as off print, also has been published in the post seminar report book of the Health History and Museology Association, Merkezefendi Traditional Medicine Association and Zeytinburnu Municipality as a result of coordinated efforts.
The printed paper’s content covers: the general aspects of Pergamon Asklepion and the Cult of Asklepios; local archaeological proofs containing the concrete information on the Asclepions of Pergamon from the functional perspective, based on not only archaeological and epigraphic but also numismatic evidences enlightening Asklepios and his Cult; the details of the Pergamon Asklepion; the Cult of Asklepion related Pergamon coins, which exampled under four different category, as Asklepios, Hygieia, Asklepion in architectural form and finally snake depicted coins, in four annexes and 33 pages.
Within those annexes, Annex B is particularly important, due to its content covering the very first discovery story of the Pergamon Asklepion which was collectively realized in 1927 by two famous archaeologists; German Prof. Dr. Teodor Weigand (1864 – 1936) and Turk Aziz Ogan (1888 – 1956), from the pen of Aziz Ogan himself, who was the İstanbul Archaeological Museums’ Director. Annex D is also important, particulary for the numismatic world covering well selected 16 rare Pergamon coins which have been examined in four groups; firstly Askepius, secondly Hygieia, thirdly Asklepion and finally a symbol of the Asklepius Cult, ‘’snake’’ depicted coins.as the examples of the relevant topics. Besides I have to point out as well that in the final part of the paper, six pages long ‘’The List of References’’ may shed light for whom attempting to study further.
KEYWORDS
Asklepios, Hygieia, Asklepions, Pergamon Asklepion, Asklepios Cult, Archaeology, Medical, Medical History, Numismatic, Pergamon Coins, Snake, Teodor Weigand, Aziz Ogan.

ÖZET

Bu çalışma, Zeytinburnu Belediyesi'nin bir hafta süreli 17. Merkezefendi Geleneksel Tıp Festivali’nde, Sağlık Tarihi ve Müzeciliği Derneği’nin düzenlediği “İkinci Sağlık Tarihi ve Müzecilik Sempozyumu” kapsamında görsel destekli konferans sunumu formunda (PPT) çok kısa bir özet halinde 4 Haziran 2016 günü M. Iskender Targaç tarafından sunulmuş, bahse konu sunum da daha önce bu siteye yüklenmiştir.

Ayrı basım şeklinde gördüğünüz bu çalışma, aynı zamanda Sağlık Tarihi ve Müzeciliği Derneği, Merkezefendi Geleneksel Tıp Derneği ve Zeytinburnu Belediyesi’nin koordineli çalışmaları sonucu yayınlanan seminer kitabında yer almıştır.

Ayrı basım formunda görülen bu makalenin içeriği: Bergama Asklepionu ile Asklepios Kültü hakkındaki genel hususlara ilaveten; Asklepios ve Kültünü aydınlatan Bergama Asklepionu hakkında yalnız arkeolojik ve epigrafik açılardan değil, aynı zamanda nümismatik kanıtlara da dayanan, fonksiyonel bağlamda somut bilgiler içeren yerel arkeolojik kanıtları; Bergama Asklepionu’nun detaylarını; ,Asklepios, Hygieia, Asklepion’un mimari ögeleri ve son olarak da yılan betimlemeli olarak dört farklı kategoride örneklenen Asklepios Kültü ile ilintili Bergama sikkelerini dört ek ve 33 sayfa halinde kapsamaktadır.

Bu ekler içinde Ek B, iki ünlü arkeolog Alman Prof. Dr. Teodor Weigand (1864 - 1936) ve Türk Aziz Ogan (1888 – 1956), İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Müdürü, tarafından ortaklaşa olarak 1927 yılında gerçekleştirilen Bergama Asklepionu’nun ilk keşif hikayesini Aziz Ogan'ın kendi kaleminden yansıtan içeriğinden dolayı özellikle önemlidir. Ek D de, ilk olarak Askepius, ikinci olarak Hygieia, üçüncü olarak Asklepion’un mimari ögeleri ve en son olarak da Asklepios Kültü’nün bir sembolü olan, “yılan” betimlemeli sikkeleri kapsayacak şekilde dört grupta incelenen iyi seçilmiş 16 adet nadir Bergama sikkesini detaylı olarak içermesi nedeni ile, özellikle nümismatik dünyası için önem taşımaktadır.

Aynı zamanda makalenin son kısmındaki altı sayfadan oluşan "Kaynaklar Listesi" adlı bölümü, bu konuda daha derinliğine araştırma yapacak olanlara ışık tutabileceği gerekçesi ile ayrıca okuyucuların dikkatine sunmak zorundayım.

ANAHTAR KELİMELER

Asklepios, Hygieia, Asklepionlar, Bergama Asklepionu, Asklepios Kültü, Arkeoloji, Tıp, Tıp Tarihi, Nümismatik, Bergama Sikkeleri, Yılan, Teodor Weigand, Aziz Ogan.

ABSTRACT What are we doing about it, while internet era have been lived also on the numismatics... more ABSTRACT

What are we doing about it, while internet era have been lived also on the numismatics field in the whole World? Anyway, we can not expect to benefit from live auctions on this subject, due to already known legal structures at this stage.
So, the coin cabinet of which museum is available to researchers for examining the fully recorded collection of ancient coins from the internet? How many collection of collectioners and/or authorized non-governmental organizations on this issue taking place on the internet?
Highlighting how far we fall behind in this context, I want to introduce you www.mehmeteti.150m.com site, which constitutes one of the first of the issues. From this site which was established by Prof. Mehmet Eti and I am reflecting 6 important examples of it, you can also reach the coins of Üstün Erek who has an outstanding collection of Islamic coins and the coins of Ümit Ekenek who is a Ilkhanid coins collectioner.
Furthermore, if it is required to reach more resources on Ilkhanid coins, the site of a Lebanese numismatist Edmond Michael Wardah, (www.photos.yahoo.com/edrose54) offers beautiful examples in this regard for every visitor.

ÖZET

Bütün dünyada numismatik konusunda da internet çağı yaşanırken biz ne yapıyoruz? Bilinen hukuki yapı nedeniyle müzayedelerin bu aşamada bizde de olmasını beklemek zaten mümkün değil. Peki hangi müzemizin envanteri tamamlanmış sikke kabinesi araştırmacılarca internetten izlenebiliyor? Kaç koleksiyoncunun ve/veya bu konuda yetkili sivil toplum örgütünün koleksiyonu internette yer alıyor?
Bu bağlamda da ne kadar geri kaldığımızı vurgulayarak, sizlere konusunun ilklerinden birini oluşturan www.mehmeteti.150m.com sitesini tanıtmak istiyorum.
Profesör Mehmet ETİ’nin kurduğu ve bu yazımda önemli gördüğüm 6 örneğine yer verdiğim bu siteden, İslami sikkelerde çok kaliteli bir koleksiyona sahip olduğu bilinen Üstün EREK’in ve İlhanlı sikkeleri koleksiyoncusu, Ümit EKENEK’in sikkelerine de ulaşabiliyorsunuz.
Bunun da ötesinde, İlhanlı sikkeleri konusunda daha fazla kaynağa ulaşılmak isteniyorsa, Lübnan’lı nümismat Edmond Michael Wardah’ın www.photos.yahoo.com/edrose54 sitesi her ziyaretçiye bu konuda güzel örnekler sunuyor.

More Info:

KEYWORDS / ANAHTAR KELİMELER

Anatolian Coins, Mehmet eti, Üstün Erek, Edmond Michael Wardah, Anadolu Sikkeleri

Publication Date: March 1, 2002

Publication Name: Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Bulleten # 37 - 38, p. 80 – 84, Istanbul 2002, ISSN 1302-3004.

ABSTRACT / ÖZET The first one of my feuilleton; ‘’A Couple of Rare Coins’’ started in Turkish N... more ABSTRACT / ÖZET

The first one of my feuilleton; ‘’A Couple of Rare Coins’’ started in Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Bulleten no.: 37-38 in 2002, with the aim of to encourage of revealing the very rare coins taking place in the private collections, generally staying unpublished and therefore unknown. I am always thinking that to reveal of those, can immensely contribute to the works of not only numismatists but also historians.

This is the second one of this serial, taking place in the Memorial Issue of Sevgi Gönül of TND, who ws our beloved President & deceased in 2005. Therefore in this article; I thought it might be useful to reflect the following rarest specimens; 5 coins of Beylik’s era, 2 coins of Ottomans, 1 coin of an Ahlatshahs are taking place.

More Info:

KEYWORDS / ANAHTAR KELİMELER

Rare coins, Beylik coins, Ottoman coins, Ahlatshahs

Publication Date: October 1st, 2005

Publication Name: Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Sevgi Gönül Memorial Issue, p. 160 – 164, Istanbul 2005, ISSN1302-3004.

ABSTRACT / ÖZET Italy, the commemorative medal of 50th anniversary of the proclamation of the uni... more ABSTRACT / ÖZET
Italy, the commemorative medal of 50th anniversary of the proclamation of the unification of the Kingdom of Italy, minted for the memory of the Turkish pavilion in the Torino International Exposition, 1911.

• The more detailed information on this Exposition can be taken from the book: ‘’Catologo Ufficiale Dell’Esposizione Internazionale di Torino, 1911’’.

• Bu sergi konusunda daha detaylı bilgi, ‘’Catologo Ufficiale Dell’Esposizione Internazionale di Torino, 1911’’ adlı kitaptan alınabilir.

More Info: KEYWORDS / ANAHTAR KELİMELER

Esposizione Internazionale Torino, International Exposition of Torino, Torino Uluslararası Sergisi, 50. Anniversario Della Proclamazione Del Regno D’Italia, Constantinople, Damat Ferit, Unification of the Kingdom of Italy.

Publication Date: March 1, 2015

Publication Name: Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Bulleten # 44, p. 31 – 35, Istanbul 2015, ISSN 1302-3004.

ABSTRACT In the preparation phase of the security assessments and plannings, it will not be poss... more ABSTRACT
In the preparation phase of the security assessments and plannings, it will not be possible to be successful, without doing a realistic fixation and sound analysis of the components of security which should be based on realistic threat assessments definitely requires continuous update according to changing conditions.
Once in an almost every half century, it is witnessed that revolutionary changes are popping up on the structures of security threats triggered by political, sociological, technological and other external factors. Even on the security stage of the 21st century, together with the old and classical plays, due to the following main reasons of;
1 - Growing abyss between ‘'rich and poor'’.
2 - The technology spreaded in an uncontrolled and no boundaries fashion.
3 - The information age revolution.
the curtains of the plays which are for the first time have been staged by unwatched players, are subject to be raised.
Therefore, the author; who put his signature on the revolutionary innovations and projects such as ‘’Maritime Security’’ and the advance preparations of ‘’Security Master Plans’’ of investments of new facilities in European Union and Turkey, is elaborating this subject in this three partite interview.

Publication Date: March 15, 2006
Publication Name: BEST – Bina Elektronik Sistem Teknolojileri dergisi (Building Electronic System Technologies magazine, İstanbul, March 15, 2006, pp. 76-86.

ÖZET

Güvenlik değerlendirme ve planlamaları yapılırken, sağlıklı bir tehdit değerlendirmesine dayanması gereken güvenliği oluşturan bileşenler gerçekçi olarak saptanıp analiz edilmeden ve değişen koşullara göre de tüm bu
değerlendirmeler sürekli olarak güncellenmeden başarılı olunamaz.
Dünyada yaklaşık her 50 yılda bir siyasi, sosyolojik ve teknolojik veya diğer dış etkenlerce tetiklenen güvenlik tehditlerinin yapılarında devrimsel nitelikte değişimlere tanık olunuyor. 21. Asrın güvenlik sahnesinde de eski ve klasik oyunların yanında;
1 – ‘’Zengin ve fakir’’ arasındaki büyüyen uçurum.
2 – Kontrol edilemeyen ve sınır tanımayacak şekilde yaygınlaşan teknoloji.
3 – Bilgi çağı devrimi.
ana nedenleriyle, şimdiye kadar izlenmemiş oyuncuların, ilk defa sahneye koydukları oyunlarının perdeleri kalkıyor.
Bu nedenlerle, gerek AB bağlamındaki ve gerekse ülkemizdeki güvenlik sektörlerinde; bir tesisin yatırım planları yapılırken ilk önce ‘’Güvenlik Master Planı’nın’’ yapılması, ‘’Deniz Güvenliği’’ gibi konuları ilk defa ortaya atarak devrimsel nitelikte yenilik ve çalışmalara imza atmış olan yazar da 3 bölüm halindeki seri söyleşisinde bu konuyu detaylı açıklıyor.

Yayın tarihi: 15 Mart 2006
Yayının adı: BEST – Bina Elektronik Sistem Teknolojileri dergisi, İstanbul, 15 Mart 2006, s. 76-86.

Publication Date: January 15, 2006
Publication Name: BEST – Bina Elektronik Sistem Teknolojileri dergisi (Building Electronic System Technologies magazine, İstanbul, 15 Ocak 2006, pp. 54-60.

ÖZET

Yayın tarihi: 15 Ocak 2006
Yayının adı: BEST – Bina Elektronik Sistem Teknolojileri dergisi, İstanbul, 15 Ocak 2006, s. 54-60.

ABSTRACT In the preparation phase of the security assessments and plannings, it will not be pos... more ABSTRACT
In the preparation phase of the security assessments and plannings, it will not be possible to be successful, without doing a realistic fixation and sound analysis of the components of security which should be based on realistic threat assessments definitely requires continuous update according to changing conditions.
Once in an almost every half century, it is witnessed that revolutionary changes are popping up on the structures of security threats triggered by political, sociological, technological and other external factors. Even on the security stage of the 21st century, together with the old and classical plays, due to the following main reasons of;
1 - Growing abyss between ‘'rich and poor'’.
2 - The technology spreaded in an uncontrolled and no boundaries fashion.
3 - The information age revolution.
the curtains of the plays which are for the first time have been staged by unwatched players, are subject to be raised.

Therefore, the author; who put his signature on the revolutionary innovations and projects such as ‘’Maritime Security’’ and the advance preparations of ‘’Security Master Plans’’ of investments of new facilities in European Union and Turkey, is elaborating this subject in this three partite interview.

ÖZET

ABSTRACT / ÖZET Zeugma is an ancient city of Commagene; located in modern Gaziantep Province of... more ABSTRACT / ÖZET

Zeugma is an ancient city of Commagene; located in modern Gaziantep Province of Turkey, about 10 kms far from the east of Nizip town, in Belkıs village. It is a historical settlement that is considered among the four most important settlement areas under the reign of the kingdom of Commagene. It is waiting its sad termination, despite all saving efforts of Turkish and foreign Archaeologists and history lovers.

In the context of the article, I tried the withdraw readers’ attention to the utmost importance of Zeugma, as an example, by highlighting the deity of destiny, the tykhe of Zeugma taking place on a bronze coin of Roman Emperor Marcus Julius Philippus Severus, also known as Philippus II, Philip II and Philip the Younger (238–249), from my collection, minted in Zeugma.

For summing up; it can be said that;
• It is important, due to the Zeugma case is the result of a wrong strategy and mental attitude for the World archaeological heritages.
• It is important, due to the necessary lessons could not be drawn from Hasankeyf case.

Published in the special Zeugma Issue of the Arkeoloji ve Sanat – Archaeology and Fineart magazine, year: 22, no.: 98, September / October 2000.

KEYWORDS

Zeugma, World archaeological heritages, Belkıs, Marcus Julius Philippus Severus, Philippus II, Philip II, Philip the Younger, Tykhe of Zeugma, Iskender Targac

ABSTRACT / ÖZET The first one of my feuilleton; ‘’A Couple of Rare Coins’’ started in Turkish Nu... more ABSTRACT / ÖZET
The first one of my feuilleton; ‘’A Couple of Rare Coins’’ started in Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Bulleten no.: 37-38 in 2002. Considering the fact that, from that issue till now in the past 13 years I could published only 50 unique or rare coins, therefore it would be too optimistic to say; to research & to write fertility in our country including myself that fertile.
However, following the same route, in this article I am going to reveal below mentioned another unique coin of Jalayrid Hasan Buzurgh ( AR 5 Dinar, Madinat al-salam, Baghdad, 755 AH, 13.20 gr., 32 mm., IT – CN – 000361), from my registered collection ‘’Collectus Nummus’’, together with the some further information about Shaykh Hasan Buzurgh as well as the history of Jalayrids. The significant importance of this coin that is the only 5 dinar of the Shaykh Hasan Buzurgh in the World could be recorded until this article has been written.

Obverse:
In square form, with kufic script; (Muhammed / rasul Allah // salla Allah / aleyhi………).
In the center; (Medinet / Bağdat/ el-Selam)
Around; (Ömer ül-Hilal / Ebubekir ……. /Aliy‘ül Murteza / Osman deyr’ün Nureyn
Reverse:
La ilahe illa / Allah vahdehu / la şerike lehu el haza fi şehri…..
Around; hamse hamsin ve sebamie el haza fi şehri r (Rebî'ül-evvel-Mart, Rebî'ül-âhir-Nisan veya Receb-Temmuz olabilir) …..

Publication Date: March 1, 2015

Publication Name: Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Bulleten # 44, p. 4 – 6, Istanbul 2015, ISSN 1302-3004.

Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Bulleten # 37 - 38, p. 71 – 79, Istanbul 2002, ISSN1302-3004. , May 1, 2002

ABSTRACT / ÖZET This study is the first one of my feuilleton; ‘’A Couple of Rare Coins’’ which i... more ABSTRACT / ÖZET
This study is the first one of my feuilleton; ‘’A Couple of Rare Coins’’ which is going to take place in Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Bulletens.
In this article; I thought it might be useful to reflect the following rarest specimens; 11 AE manghirs of Beylik’s era of which 6 Aydinoglu, 1 Germiyan, 3 Menteshe and 1 Karamanoglu from my collection ‘’Collectus Nummus’’, registered in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums; besides the two extremely rare Umayyad dirhams and a Sultani gold of Ottoman Murad IV, dated A.H. 1049, minted in Yanya?, last three of all were sold by their respective owners in two different auctions in London in 2001 & 2002.
Above mentioned 11 AE manghirs have been randomly selected from a ‘’Hoard’’ having the context of intact, reportedly had been found in Ayasluk (today’s Selçuk in Mugla), covering 77 years long timeframe, in between A.H. 749-829. It is planned that when all required studies, such as metrology, numismatical and historical analysis on the Hoard is completed, it will be published under the heading of “The Ayaslug Hoard - Ayasluk Definesi”.
Besides the importance of revealing those extremely rare coins to the attention of numismatists, the key significance of this article is to reveal the very first Aydınoglu Hızır Bey’s coin (Sikke No.: 1 – Coin No.: 1). Up until this article, the coins of Hızır Bey neither were known nor published in the numismatic world.

Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Bulleten # 41, p. 42 – 60, Istanbul 2009, ISSN1302-3004. , May 1, 2009

ABSTRACT / ÖZET The first one of my feuilleton; ‘’A Couple of Rare Coins’’ started in Turkish Nu... more ABSTRACT / ÖZET
The first one of my feuilleton; ‘’A Couple of Rare Coins’’ started in Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Bulleten no.: 37-38 in 2002, with the aim of to encourage of revealing the very rare coins taking place in the private collections, generally staying unpublished and therefore unknown. I am always thinking that to reveal of those, can immensely contribute to the works of not only numismatists but also historians.
The second one of this serial took place in the Memorial Issue of Sevgi Gönül of TND, who is deceased & our beloved President, in 2005. Now four years passed from this issue and private collections as well as my collection of ‘’Collectus Nummus’’ were augmented by important and rare coins. Therefore in this article; I thought it might be useful to reflect the following rarest specimens; 8 coins of Beylik’s era, 7 Seljuk of Rum coins, 7 coins and 1 premint of Ottomans, 1 coin of a Tarsus Emirate of an Abbasid Khalif, 1 unique Aq-qoyunlu Zaynal’s coin, 2 gold Roman & 1 electron Greek Cyzicus coins are taking place.

Turkish Numismatic Association’s (TND) Bulleten # 41, by M. Iskender TARGAC, in a relevant article, with the heading; ‘’The Remindings of a Very Rare Töregene Khatun Dirham in My Collection’’, p. 8 – 12. , May 1, 2009

"KOLEKSİYONUMDAKİ ÇOK NADİR BİR TURAKİNE HATUN SİKKESİNİN ANIMSATTIKLARI (The Remindings of a ... more "KOLEKSİYONUMDAKİ ÇOK NADİR BİR TURAKİNE HATUN SİKKESİNİN ANIMSATTIKLARI

(The Remindings of a Very Rare Töregene Khatun Dirham in My Collection)

M. İskender TARGAÇ
ABSTRACT
Genghis Khan died near Gansu, on August 18th, 1227. Following his death, his third son Ögeday (Persian: اوگتاى قاآن Ūgtāy Qā'ān d.? - D. 1241) was elected in place of him in accordance with his testament (1228). After Ögeday Khan’s death on December 5th, 1241 (AH 639), a ruling crises experienced and result of that his second wife Töregene Khatun took his place as regent and led the Mongol Empire for five years, until 1246 (AH 644) as the regent queen.

The Coins of Töregene Khatun
The Coins of Töregene Khatun are rare, and can mostly be found in comparatively bad condition, minted Tbilisi in general. In this research study which I could make in narrow time frame based on limited sources, and in ‘’Oriental Coin Database’’ ZENO, only 10 coins of Töregene Khatun found and examined, one of which from Fitzwilliam Museum of Cambridge University had been evaluated as fake and excluded from the database inventory. Among those coins, only one coin (# 36838) minted in Tabriz. In ongoing parts of the research study; the etymology of the phrase on the obverse of the coin '' the great Mongol nation Beg’’ was evaluated and other accessible Töregene Khatun coins in Turkey are mentioned.

Examined coin
Great Mongols (Chingizid), Töregene (Turakina), regent Queen, Tabriz, AH 642, AR dirham, 2.70 gr., 22.0/23.0 mm., ITK CN – 01200.
Obverse: Reverse:
In the center: Cavalry left, arching right. In the center: In three lines,
Beneath: Hare, running right. Kalima.
Above: ''the great Mongol nation Beg’’ Around: 12.00 Duriba fi /
Tabriz / fi sana asnin
/ va arbain / va Sittemae

When the cavalry archer figure on the examined coin is compared with an other cavalry archer figure on the Seljuk of Rum AR dirham of IV. Rükn Ad-din Kilij Arslan (Sivas, AH 646) in my collection (ITK CN – 00117), despite the fact that there is only a small gap of 4 years between the minting years of the both coins, a great resemblance was found and it is evaluated that coin issuing rulers and coin engravers of the both, were possibly affected by each other’s artistic vision and minting techniques. Taking into consideration all these facts, the following Tabriz minted Töregene Khatun coin is the rarest example having the best condition.

ÖZET
Cengiz Han, 18 Ağustos 1227’de, Kansu yakınlarında ölmüş, ölümünden sonra da vasiyetine uyularak, yerine üçüncü oğlu Ögeday (Farsça: اوگتاى قاآن Ūgtāy Qā'ān; d. ? - ö. 1241) kağan (han) seçilmiştir (1228).
Ögeday Han’ın 5 Aralık 1241 (H. 639) tarihindeki ölümünden sonra, yaşanan yönetim krizinde de yerine naip olarak geçen ikinci karısı Turakine Hatun, 1246 (H. 644) yılına kadar 5 yıl Moğol İmparatorluğu’na naip Kraliçe olarak liderlik yapmıştır.
Turakine Hatun’un Sikkeleri
Turakine Hatun’un sikkeleri nadir olup, genelde Tiflis baskılı ve nisbeten kötü kondüsyonlu olarak bulunabilmektedir. Yapabildiğim dar zamanlı ve sınırlı kaynaklara bağlı incelemede, Rusya kaynaklı ZENO ‘’Oriental Coin Database’’de bulunabilen, daha önce siteye koyulan 10 Turakine Hatun sikkesinden, Cambridge Üniversitesi Fitzwilliam Müzesi envanterinde bulunan sikke, ‘’sahte’’ olarak değerlendirilmiş ve ‘’Database’’ envanterinden çıkarılmıştır.
Şu anda ‘’Database’’ envanterinde fotoğrafları bulunan 9 sikke darp yer ve tarihleri açısından incelendiğinde; # 4609 numaralı anonim sikkenin Turakine Hatun’a ait olarak gösterilişi, fotoğrafta görüldüğü kadarı ile, şüpheli olup, yalnız # 55252, açık bir şekilde H. 642 Ganja baskılıdır. # 36838 ½ dirhem soru işaretli olarak H. 642? Tebriz baskısı olarak değerlendirilmekte, diğerlerinin ya darp yerleri bulunmamakta veya okunamamaktadır. Dolayısıyla ‘’database’’deki, belirttiğim # 55252 hariç, bulunabilen sikkelerden hiç birinin darp tarihi ve yeri net değildir.

Değerli islami sikke uzmanı nümismat meteveffa Michael Mitchiner ise, araştırmalarında Tiflis darplı ve H. (64)2 tarihli benzer bir sikkeyi yayınlamışsa da, binleri aşan sikke taramalarında Tebriz baskılı Turakine Hatun sikkesine rastlamamıştır.

Ancak, bu araştırmama konu olan koleksiyonumdaki aşağıda fotoğraf ve açıklamasını verdiğim H. 642 Tebriz baskılı sikke, şu ana kadar bulunabilen kondisyonu en iyi durumdaki Tebriz baskılı Turakine Hatun sikkesidir.

İncelenen Sikke
Büyük Moğol Hanlığı, Turakine Hatun (naip kraliçe), Tebriz, H. 642, Gümüş (AR) dirhem, 2.70 gr., 22.0/23.0 mm., İTK CN – 01200.

Araştırmanın devamında, sikkenin ön yüzündeki ‘’ulu Moğol ulus Bey(i)’’ ifadesinin etimolojik değerlendirmesi yapılmış ve Türkiye’deki ulaşılabilen Turakine sikkelerine değinilmiştir.

Sikke üzerindeki ok atan süvari betimlemesi ise, koleksiyonumdaki İTK CN – 00117 numaralı IV. Rükneddin Kılıçarslan’a ait H. 646, Sivas darplı sikke üzerindeki ok atan süvari figürü ile karşılaştırıldığında, darp yılları arasında 4 yıl gibi az bir fark olmasına rağmen, büyük benzerlik olduğu ortaya çıkmakta, dolayısıyla da sikke darp ettiren hükümdarlarla, sikke kalıplarını hazırlayan ustaların birbirlerinin sanat görüşü ve darp tekniklerinden etkilenebildikleri ortaya çıkmaktadır.

The Armenian Numismatic Journal (ANJ), Volume 10 (40), No.: 3, September 2014 issue of Armenian Numismatic Society, New York, the USA, Sep 1, 2014

ABSTRACT / ÖZET Nümismatik bilimi tarihe olduğu kadar arkeolojiye de en sağlıklı ve bilimsel d... more ABSTRACT / ÖZET

Nümismatik bilimi tarihe olduğu kadar arkeolojiye de en sağlıklı ve bilimsel desteği sağlar. Okuduğunuz çalışma, bu ortak var oluşun en güzel örneklerinden birini sergilemektedir.

Antik Kilikya Kenti Tarsus kaynaklı bir küçük buluntu kapsamındaki aşağıda dökümü verilen 20 sikkenin hassas incelemesinde; bu sikkelerden birinin tarihi açıdan çok özel, Ermeni nümismatiği açısından da kendine özgü bir öneme sahip olduğunu saptadım.

Kostantin I’e ait gümüş çift tram

Bu sikke, göreceli olarak az bilinen ve Kilikya’da hüküm süren Ermeni kralı Kostantin I’e (1298–1299) ait gümüş bir çift tram. İlk örneği 2000 yılında Levon A. Saryan tarafından yayınlanan bu sikke, ilkinden farklı kalıba sahip, çok daha iyi korunmuş ve türünün de dünyada bulunan ikinci örneği. Ayrıca bu çalışmamda, 21. Asrın materyalist yaşamının önüne geçen gerçek dostlukları vurgulayarak ölümsüzleştirmek istedim.

Buluntu Kapsamındaki Sikkeler

• IT-CN-01125. Cilicia, Levon I, 1199–1219, NM, ND, AR two-lion tram, artistic style, 2.90 gr., 21/22 mm. Bedoukian CCA 224.
• IT-CN-01126. Cilicia, Levon I, 1199–1219, NM, ND, AR two-lion tram, distinctive style, 2.92 gr., 21/22 mm. Bedoukian CCA 441 var.
• IT-CN-01127. Cilicia, Levon I, 1199–1219, NM, ND, AR two-lion tram, non-artistic style, upside down reverse legend, 3.01 gr., 21/22 mm. Bedoukian CCA 678a.
• IT-CN-03860. Cilicia, Levon I, 1199–1219, Sis, ND, AE tank, 7.86 gr., 29/31 mm, Bedoukian CCA 743.
• IT-CN-03861. Cilicia, Levon I, 1199–1219, Sis, ND, AE tank, 6.49 gr., 28/29 mm, unlisted in Bedoukian CCA; the obverse of this coin has 9 pellets in the king’s crown.
• IT-CN-01163. Cilicia, Hetoum I, 1226–1270, AR Bilingual tram (citing the Anatolian Seljuq Kaykhusraw II as overlord), Sis, 639 AH (1241-1242), 2.59 gr., 24 mm. Album 1221. Bedoukian CCA 806-813.
• IT-CN-01494. Cilicia, Hetoum I, 1226–1270, AR Bilingual tram (citing the Anatolian Seljuq Kaykhusraw II as overlord), Sis, 639 AH (1241-1242), 2.80 gr., 24/25 mm. Album 1221. Bedoukian CCA 806-813.
• IT-CN-03862. Cilicia, Hetoum I, 1226–1270, Sis, ND, AE equestrian kardez, 2.69 gr., 23/24 mm. Unlisted in Bedoukian CCA; this coin has a spelling error in the obverse legend.
• IT-CN-00117. Seljuks of Rum, Rukn al-Din Qilich Arslan IV, First sole reign, AH 646-647. AR dirhem, Sivas, AH 646 (1248-1249). 2.80 gr., 23 mm. CMM 1843; Album 1226.
• IT-CN-01162. Seljuks of Rum, Rukn al-Din Qilich Arslan IV, First sole reign, AH 646-647. AR dirhem, Sivas, AH 646 (1248-1249). 2.80 gr., 23.0 mm. CMM 1843; Album 1226.
• IT-CN-03864. Cilicia, Levon II, 1270–1289, NM, ND, AR half tram (struck with tram dies), 1.09 gr., 15/16 mm. Bedoukian CCA 1524.
• IT-CN-01213. Cilicia, Levon II, 1270–1289, NM, ND, AR half tram, 1.20 gr., 16 mm. Bedoukian CCA 1531.
• IT-CN-03863. Cilicia, Hetoum II, 1289–1293, NM, ND, BI denier, 0.61 gr., 16/17 mm. Bedoukian CCA 1575a similar.
• IT-CN-00289. Cilicia, Hetoum II, 1289–1293, Sis, ND, AE kardez, 3.41 gr., 24 mm. Bedoukian CCA 1594-1596a.
• IT-CN-03887. Cilicia, Smpad, 1296–1298, Sis, ND, AE kardez, 2.01 gr., 18/20 mm. Bedoukian CCA 1692a or similar.
• IT-CN-03894. Cilicia, Gosdantin I, 1298–1299, NM, ND, AR double tram, 5.31 gr., 25/26 mm. Unlisted in Bedoukian CCA; only the second known example of this type.
• IT-CN-03891. Cilicia, Oshin, 1308–1320, Sis, ND, AR takvorin, 2.33 gr., 18/19 mm. Bedoukian CCA 1923.
• IT-CN-01129. Cilicia, Oshin, 1308-1320, Sis, ND, AR takvorin, 2.41 gr., 21/24 mm. Bedoukian CCA 1912 or 1914b.
• IT-CN-03826. Cilicia, Gosdantin IV, 1365–1371, Sis, ND, BI Takvorin, 1.60 gr., 17/22 mm. Bedoukian CCA 2190 or similar.
• IT-CN-03888. Cyprus, Jacob(us) (James II, King of Cyprus and Palestine), 1460–1473, AE sixain, Cyprus, ND, 1.81 gr., 19/20 mm. Metcalf (1995) 808-811.

Kostantin I’in sikkelerinin nadiriyetinin nedenlerinin başında; onun bir sene gibi çok kısa bir zaman kesitinde hüküm sürmesi ve bu sürecin de politik ve askeri açılardan tamamen kaos içinde geçmiş olması değerlendirilmektedir. Onun çok nadir sikkelerinin arasında, en nadir olanının bir örneğini bulmuş olmam, bana bu şansı okumakta olduğunuz çalışma vasıtasıyla nümismatik dünyası ile paylaşma fırsatı verdi.

Published in The Turkish Numismatic Society’s Bulletin No.: 43 ISSN 1302-3004, pp.44-52, in Turkish and with abstract in English., Feb 1, 2014

"ABSTRACT In the context of this article, I tried to examine a chain of numismatic mistakes whic... more "ABSTRACT
In the context of this article, I tried to examine a chain of numismatic mistakes which are fairly bothering me in time, but hardly attracted the attention of Ottoman Coins’ collectioners and to share its results with you.
The focal point of my article is Sultan Abdulhamid I’s (1187 – 1203 A. H. / 1774 – 1789 A. D.) 3 fındık gold coin, dated 1187/2 and minted in Dar el-Saltanat el-Aliyye, mistakenly defined as 5 fındık.

The new gold coin ‘’fındık’’ was issued for the first time in 1128 A.H. (1716 A.D.), having the name of ‘’Cedid Zer-i İslambol - New Gold of Istanbul’’ as publicly known ‘’İstanbul Altını - Gold of Istanbul’’ or ‘’Zencirli - having chain’’. In time, due to the circular dots and ornaments on the outer margin of coins, which are resembling ‘’nut’’, the nick name of this new coin type was accepted public wide as ‘’fındık’’.
The normal weight of this coin was 3,4575 gr. Despite the fact that some times it was also called ‘’Mısır zencirlisi - coin of Egypt, having chain’’, the term of ‘’fındık’’ was settled and started to be widely used in Istanbul and heavier ones took the names ‘’one and a half fındık’’, ‘’double fındık’’, ‘’3 fındık’’, ‘’5 fındık’’, in accordance with their weights.
On the coin which is subject to be examined, Süleyman Sudi Efendi was made in his famous book ‘’Usul-i Meskukat-ı Osmaniyye ve Ecnebiyye – The Methods of Ottoman and Foreign Coins’’, the definition of; ‘’In 1189 A.H. (1775 A.D.), meaning in the second year of Sultan Abdulhamid’s throning, a very nicely ornamented coin was launched. It has the tughra of the Sultan on one side and the text of ‘’Duribe fi dar el-Saltanat el-Aliyye – minted in the high door of sultanate’’ and the year of reign and minting on the other.’’
We could not see this coin type, in the sources which are the most comprehensive numismatic references for Ottoman coins, namely ‘’ Takvîm-i Meskûkât-ı Osmâniyye – The Calender of Ottoman Coins, 1307 A.H.’’, ‘’Meskûkât-ı Osmâniyye – The Ottoman Coins, 1334 A.H.’’, and ‘’Osmanlılarda Madeni Paralar - The Coins in Ottoman Era, 1968 A.D.’’
After the above mentioned Süleyman Sudi Efendi’s master work, first time we faced with this coin in Remzi Kocaer’s ‘’Osmanlı Altınları - Gold Coins of the Ottoman Empire in 1967. In that book, this coin took place as minted in Dar el-Saltanat el-Aliyye in 1187/2, with the inventory number 277/A and defined as 5 fındık, having 10.50 gr. weight and 42 mm. diameter.

However, considering the facts that the weight of ‘’fındık’’ is 3,4575 gr. and due to we are not able to check the metrology of the above mentioned coin, with the assumption of accepting its weight is true which is 10.50 gr., it can not be wrong to say, ‘’it was mistakenly defined as 5 fındık and should definitely be 3 fındık.
In the timeframe of 1967 – 2010, within 11 years period, 5 different sources repeated the same mistake, by defining this coin type as 5 fındık instead of 3 fındık.
• 1967 - Remzi Kocaer’s ‘’Gold Coins of the Ottoman Empire’’, # 277/A (10.50 gr., 42 mm.).
• 1974 - İbrahim and Cevriye Artuk’s ‘’Istanbul Archaeology Museum’s Islamic Coins in Exhibition’’, Vol. II, p. 658, # 1869 (10.40 gr., 42 mm.).
• 1995 - Yapı Kredi Bank’s ‘’The Catalog of The Exhibition namely ‘’Saltanatın İki Yüzü’’ Yazı ve Tuğra. YKB Collection # 21864 (10.20 gr., 42 mm.).
• 1999 - Istanbul Archaeology Museum’s ‘’The Catalog of The Exhibition namely Rare Ottoman Coins, Insignias and Medals’’. (10.24 gr., 43 mm.). Same coin of Istanbul Archaeology Museum’s # 1869.
• 2010 – Kaan Uslu – M. Fatih Beyazıt – Tuncay Kara’s Ottoman Empire’s Coins, 1689-1839 (A.H. 1099-1255), OC#: 27-009-00, (10.40 gr., 42 mm.). Same coin of YKB Collection # 21864.
In summary, during my study on this coin type, no 1187/2 dated 5 fındık can be found at least in available sources, minted in dar el-Saltanat el-Aliyye.
For this mint, all so called 5 ‘’fındık’’s mentioned in examined references, are in fact 3 fındık and only three of them could be fixed. Those are; İstanbul Archaeology Museums’ Inventory no.: 494/1761 which was previously in Reshad Bey’s Collection no.: 1761; Yapı Kredi Bank’s Inventory no.: 21864; and finally Remzi Kocaer’s Collection no.: 277/A. We hope that new numismatic researches can be resulted with the finding of dar el-Saltanat el-Aliyye minted 5 fındık.

KEYWORDS
3 fındık, 5 fındık, Dar el-Saltanat el-Aliyye, cedîd zer-i İslâmbol, zencirli, Usul-i Maskukat-ı Osmaniyye ve Ecnebiyye, Gold Coins of the Ottoman Empire, İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri Teşhirdeki İslami Sikkeler Kataloğu, Nadir Osmanlı Sikke, Nişan ve Madalyaları Sergi Kataloğu.
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Throughout history, with the aim of the continuation and maintenance of the economic life, the ru... more Throughout history, with the aim of the continuation and maintenance of the economic life, the rulers of sieged cities; produced solution for arising urgent coin needs by minting coins or stamping (countermarking) small metal pieces locally, when they could not obtained the money to be used from central governments for compensating the lack of official coinage of the state, under conditions of war.