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Papers by Amanda Agnew

Research paper thumbnail of Cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne w Gieczu, stan. 10, woj. wielkopolskie – wyniki badań z lat 2014-2019

The article presents the results of the research conducted so far on the early medieval burial gr... more The article presents the results of the research conducted so far on the early medieval burial ground at site 10 in Giecz. Over six seasons of research, 133 early medieval graves have been discovered. Graves of wooden construction or encased in stone, as well as graves with an unusual arrangement (the deceased bent on the side and on the stomach), with different orientation, or double graves of women with small children draw particular attention. In the majority of graves, grave goods were found such as coins, ornaments or household items (including pieces of unique character). These finds – together with 14C analyses conducted for 7 graves – made it possible to determine the chronology of the burial ground to the period dating from the beginning of the 11th century (or even the end of the 10th century) till the 13th century.

Research paper thumbnail of Bone Histology

Skeletal analysis is integral to research in biological anthropology, especially in fields such a... more Skeletal analysis is integral to research in biological anthropology, especially in fields such as forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology, zooarchaeology, paleontology, and paleopathology. The focus on skeletal remains in these fields relies on unique attributes of bone. Bone is a dynamic tissue in which important metabolic processes, including growth and development, and biomechanical adaptations (i.e., kinds and levels of physical activity) occur, and these metabolic processes are recorded in bone microstructure. Histological analysis provides a way to access this record. In addition, because of the mineralized composition of bone tissue, this record can persist and is observable long after death and the decomposition of other tissues. This article serves to provide readers with basic readings that are essential for students and researchers who seek to undertake histological analysis of skeletal remains in an anthropological context. The content includes references relating to basic skeletal biology necessary to understand and interpret histological methods; valuable reviews and critiques of histological methodology and methods; examples of methods proven to be applicable in forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology, paleontology, paleopathology, and related fields; and references of historical importance.

Research paper thumbnail of Brief Communication: The Effects of Disuse on the Mechanical Properties of Bone: What Unloading Tells Us About the Adaptive Nature of Skeletal Tissue

The intricate link between load environment and skeletal health is exemplified by the severe oste... more The intricate link between load environment and skeletal health is exemplified by the severe osteopenia that accompanies prolonged periods of immobi-lization, frequently referred to as disuse osteoporosis.

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the Multidimensionality of Stature Variation in the Past Through Comparisons of Archaeological and Living Populations

Adult stature variation is commonly attributed to differential stress-levels during development. ... more Adult stature variation is commonly attributed to differential stress-levels during development. However, due to selective mortality and heterogeneous frailty, a population's tall stature may be more indicative of high selective pressures than of positive life conditions. This article examines stature in a biocultural context and draws parallels between bioarchaeological and living populations to explore the multidimensionality of stature variation in the past. This study investigates: 1) stature differences between archaeological populations exposed to low or high stress (inferred from skeletal indicators); 2) similarities in growth retardation patterns between archaeological and living groups; and 3) the apportionment of variance in growth outcomes at the regional level in archaeological and living populations. Anatomical stature estimates were examined in relation to skeletal stress indicators (cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, linear enamel hypoplasia) in two medieval bioarchaeological populations. Stature and biocultural information were gathered for comparative living samples from South America. Results indicate 1) significant (P < 0.01) differences in stature between groups exposed to different levels of skeletal stress; 2) greater prevalence of stunting among living groups, with similar patterns in socially stratified archaeological and modern groups; and 3) a degree of regional variance in growth outcomes consistent with that observed for highly selected traits. The relationship between early stress and growth is confounded by several factorsincluding catch-up growth, cultural buffering, and social inequality. The interpretations of early life conditions based on the relationship between stress and stature should be advanced with caution.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of Child Restraint System (CRS) Compatibility in the Vehicle Seat Environment

Traffic Injury Prevention, 2015

Child restraint system (CRS) misuse is common and can have serious consequences to child safety. ... more Child restraint system (CRS) misuse is common and can have serious consequences to child safety. Physical incompatibilities between CRS and vehicles can complicate the installation process and may worsen CRS misuse rates. This study aims to identify the most common sources of incompatibility between representative groups of CRS and vehicles. Detailed dimensional data were collected from 59 currently marketed CRS and 61 late model vehicles. Key dimensions were compared across all 3,599 theoretical CRS/vehicle combinations and the most common predicted incompatibilities were determined. A subset of 34 physical installations was analyzed to validate the results. Only 58.2% of rear-facing (RF) CRS/vehicle combinations were predicted to have proper agreement between the vehicle&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s seat pan angle and the CRS manufacturers&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; required base angle. The width of the base of the CRS was predicted to fit snugly between the vehicle&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s seat pan bolsters in 63.3% of RF CRS/vehicle combinations and 62.2% of forward-facing (FF) CRS/vehicle combinations. FF CRS were predicted to be free of interaction with the vehicle&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s head restraint in 66.4% of combinations. Roughly 90.0% of RF CRS/vehicle combinations were predicted to have enough horizontal clearance space to set the front seat in the middle its fore/aft slider track. Compatibility rates were above 98% regarding the length of the CRS base compared to the length of the vehicle seat pan and the ability of the top tether to reach the tether anchor. Validation studies revealed that the predictions of RF CRS base angle range vs. seat pan angle compatibility were accurate within 6%, and head restraint interference and front row clearance incompatibilities may be more common than the dimensional analysis approach has predicted. The results of this study indicate that RF CRS base angles and front row clearance space, as well as FF CRS head restraint interference, are frequent compatibility concerns. These results enable manufacturers, researchers, and consumers to focus their attention on the most relevant CRS/vehicle incompatibility issues in today&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s market.

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphological aging of subadults : a test of streeter's method on a medieval archaeological population /

Research paper thumbnail of Non-Uniform Osteocytic Lacunae Distribution Across the Femoral Cortex

in osteocyte lacunar morphology and density in the human femur-a synchrotron radiation micro-CT s... more in osteocyte lacunar morphology and density in the human femur-a synchrotron radiation micro-CT study. Bone 52:126-132.Colopy SA, Benz-Dean J, Barrett JG, Sample SJ, Lu Y, DAnova NA, Kalscheur VL, Vanderby R, Markel MD, Muir P. 2004. Response of the osteocyte syncytium adjacent to and distant from linear microcracks during adaptation to cyclic fatigue loading. Bone 35: 881-891.Marotti GI, Ferritti M, Remaggi F, Palumbo C. 1995. Quantitative evaluationon osteocyte canalicular density in human secondary osteons.Bone 16:125-8.Martin RB. 2000. Does osteocyte formation cause the nonlinear refilling of osteons? Bone;26:71-8. Mullender MG, Tan SD, Vico L, Alexandre C, Klein-Nulend J. 2005. Differences in osteocyte density and bone histomrophometry between men and women and between healthy and osteoporotic subjects. Calcif Tissue Int 77: 291-296Power J, Loveridge N, Rushton N, Parker M, Reeve J.2002. Osteocyte density inaging subjects is enhanced in bone adjacent to remodeling haversiansystems. Bone 30:859-65. Qui S, Rao DS, Palnitkar S, Parfitt AM. 2002. Age and distance from surface but not menopause reduce osteocyte density in cancellous bone. Bone 31:313-18.Skedros JG, Grunander TR, Hamrick MW. 2005. Spatial distribution on osteocyte lacunae in equine radii and third metacarpals: Considerations for cellular communication, microdamage detection and metabolism. Cells Tissues Organs 180:215-238

Research paper thumbnail of Structural Properties of Ribs in Dynamic Frontal Loading as a Function of Age

Few studies have looked at the structural properties of human bones across the entire age spectru... more Few studies have looked at the structural properties of human bones across the entire age spectrum. The goal of this study is to define linear stiffness and other structural properties of human ribs across a wide range of ages. Ribs are of particular interest because they are often fractured during motor vehicle crashes and can lead to further injuries to internal organs such as the heart and lungs. Multiple rib fractures can also be linked to a high risk of mortality, particularly in elderly individuals and children. A total of 140 ribs from individuals with ages ranging from 6 to 99 years (mean = 56 years) were tested in a custom fixture simulating a dynamic frontal impact. Rib ends were potted and fixed in rotating cups for testing. Each rib had two strain gages applied on the pleural and cutaneous surfaces to determine time of fracture. A pendulum impacted the sternal end of each rib at 1 or 2 m/s. A 6-axis load cell measured forces and moments on the vertebral end and a linear string potentiometer measured displacement. The displacement at the time of fracture as a percentage of total span length of the rib was calculated and compared across ages. Percent displacement showed a distinct negative trend with increasing age. Force in the primary loading direction (X) at fracture was highest in the young adult range, which corresponds to the timing of peak bone mass acquisition. Structural stiffness (K) was calculated from the linear portion of the force-displacement curve. K-values indicate increased variation for younger subjects than older subjects, but a significant (p<0.05) relationship with age. Investigating the differences in the structural properties of ribs can contribute to the development of better physical and virtual models of the human thorax, which could ultimately lead to improved safety standards. Additionally, information from this study can provide insight into how bone structural properties are affected by the aging process and enhance approaches for clinically-based injury prevention and identification of fracture risk.

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphology of the Subadult Rib: A test of Streeter's method on a medieval Polish sample

Woven bone: encompassing the majority of both cortices Cutaneous cortex (*): thinner than pleural... more Woven bone: encompassing the majority of both cortices Cutaneous cortex (*): thinner than pleural, mostly woven bone with many primary vascular canals Pleural cortex (+): thicker than cutaneous, some woven bone, primary lamellae first forms here endosteally Streeter's age-range: < 5 yrs Primary lamellar bone (pl): new on pleural cortex Remodeling (r): large drifting osteons (do) on pleural cortex; periosteum (P) to endosteum (E)

Research paper thumbnail of Resonance Frequency Analysis for Mechanical Stability of Dental Implant System

Objective: Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) has been introduced as a non-invasive method to est... more Objective: Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) has been introduced as a non-invasive method to estimate the stability of dental implant systems in clinic. The objective of this study was to examine whether implant stability quotient (ISQ) values of RFA can account for mechanical stability of the dental implant system using implantation in artificial bone blocks and human mandibular bone in vitro. Method: Artificial polyurethane foam (density: pcf 50 (0.8 g/cc)) with 7 different thicknesses (3.5 to 12 mm) was mounted in a special grip. Six edentulous mandibles of human cadavers (3 males and 3 females, 78.9±17.6 yrs) were also obtained. 38 commercial titanium dental implants (Ø4.1mm×10mm) were placed in the artificial bone (6 implants for each thickness except for 2 implants for 3.5 mm) and 17 in human mandibles. A peak insertion torque was measured during implant installation. After implantation, ISQ values were measured at the 4 directions using an RFA device. Dynamic mechanical anal...

Research paper thumbnail of Regional Variation of Human Mandibular Subchondral Bone Tissue Properties

Objective: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bears different types of static and dynamic loading ... more Objective: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bears different types of static and dynamic loading during occlusion and mastication. The objective of this study was to examine whether local mechanical properties of mandibular condyle bone tissue vary resulting from its functional adaptation to loading at TMJ. Method: Subchondral and trabecular bone was dissected from mandibular condyles of human cadavers (8 males and 3 females, 54 to 96 years). The surface of specimens was polished for nanoindentation that was conducted in hydration using the corresponding displacement rate of 10 nm/sec up to 500 nm depth. Nanoindentation viscoelastic tangent delta (tan δ) was assessed using averaged phase angle (δ) under oscillatory loading. Plastic hardness (H), viscosity (η), and elastic modulus (E) were obtained at peak load, creep during the 30-second hold period, and unloading processes in a cycle of indentation, respectively. A total of 504 indentations (221 from upper and 114 from lower subcho...

Research paper thumbnail of Regional variation of bone tissue properties at the human mandibular condyle

Bone, 2015

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bears different types of static and dynamic loading during occl... more The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bears different types of static and dynamic loading during occlusion and mastication. As such, characteristics of mandibular condylar bone tissue play an important role in determining the mechanical stability of the TMJ under the macro-level loading. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine regional variation of the elastic, plastic, and viscoelastic mechanical properties of human mandibular condylar bone tissue using nanoindentation. Cortical and trabecular bone were dissected from mandibular condyles of human cadavers (9 males, 54-96 years). These specimens were scanned using microcomputed tomography to obtain bone tissue mineral distribution. Then, nanoindentation was conducted on the surface of the same specimens in hydration. Plastic hardness (H) at a peak load, viscoelastic creep (Creep/Pmax), viscosity (η), and tangent delta (tan δ) during a 30 second hold period, and elastic modulus (E) during unloading were obtained by a cycle of indentation at the same site of bone tissue. The tissue mineral and nanoindentation parameters were analyzed for the periosteal and endosteal cortex, and trabecular bone regions of the mandibular condyle. The more mineralized periosteal cortex had higher mean values of elastic modulus, plastic hardness, and viscosity but lower viscoelastic creep and tan δ than the less mineralized trabecular bone of the mandibular condyle. These characteristics of bone tissue suggest that the periosteal cortex tissue may have more effective properties to resist elastic, plastic, and viscoelastic deformation under static loading, and the trabecular bone tissue to absorb and dissipate time-dependent viscoelastic loading energy at the TMJ during static occlusion and dynamic mastication.

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding the Impact of Infectious Disease on European Populations: Contributions from the Global History of Health Project

by Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, Amanda Agnew, Friederike B . Novotny, and Anna Kjellström

Research paper thumbnail of Body Size and Femur Length

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Clark Larsen, Sandra Assis, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, and Amanda Agnew

Research paper thumbnail of Periosteal Lesions: A Non-specific Index of the History of Health in Europe

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Clark Larsen, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, Amanda Agnew, and Anna Kjellström

Research paper thumbnail of The history of European oral health: evidence from dental caries, dental abscesses. antemortem tooth loss

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, Amanda Agnew, and Anna Kjellström

Research paper thumbnail of Contextual dimensions of European health and lifestyle: the archaeological and historical record

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Clark Larsen, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, and Amanda Agnew

Research paper thumbnail of Historical patterns of traumatic injury and violence in Europe

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, Amanda Agnew, and Anna Kjellström

Research paper thumbnail of History of degenerative joint disease in Europe: inferences about lifestyle and activity

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Femke E . Rijpma, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Clark Larsen, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, Amanda Agnew, Anna Kjellström, and Friederike Novotny

Research paper thumbnail of The history of anemia and related nutritional deficiencies in Europe: evidence from cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis

by Zsolt Bereczki, Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Amanda Agnew, Rimantas Jankauskas, and Anna Kjellström

Analysis of the mortality profiles of people dying with and without cribra orbitalia and porotic ... more Analysis of the mortality profiles of people dying with and without cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis suggest that the conditions producing these lesions have a negative effect on survivorship (Figs. 1 and 2). The difference in mortality rate is especially clear for cribra orbitalia for older children and adolescents. The age distributions of burials with cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis are similar, which suggests similar etiologies. There is a steep drop in the prevalence of the lesions among people dying during the first decade of life and then a gradual rise among adults into the fifth decade. After that, their frequency decreases significantly with few people who reach an elderly age.

Research paper thumbnail of Cmentarzysko wczesnośredniowieczne w Gieczu, stan. 10, woj. wielkopolskie – wyniki badań z lat 2014-2019

The article presents the results of the research conducted so far on the early medieval burial gr... more The article presents the results of the research conducted so far on the early medieval burial ground at site 10 in Giecz. Over six seasons of research, 133 early medieval graves have been discovered. Graves of wooden construction or encased in stone, as well as graves with an unusual arrangement (the deceased bent on the side and on the stomach), with different orientation, or double graves of women with small children draw particular attention. In the majority of graves, grave goods were found such as coins, ornaments or household items (including pieces of unique character). These finds – together with 14C analyses conducted for 7 graves – made it possible to determine the chronology of the burial ground to the period dating from the beginning of the 11th century (or even the end of the 10th century) till the 13th century.

Research paper thumbnail of Bone Histology

Skeletal analysis is integral to research in biological anthropology, especially in fields such a... more Skeletal analysis is integral to research in biological anthropology, especially in fields such as forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology, zooarchaeology, paleontology, and paleopathology. The focus on skeletal remains in these fields relies on unique attributes of bone. Bone is a dynamic tissue in which important metabolic processes, including growth and development, and biomechanical adaptations (i.e., kinds and levels of physical activity) occur, and these metabolic processes are recorded in bone microstructure. Histological analysis provides a way to access this record. In addition, because of the mineralized composition of bone tissue, this record can persist and is observable long after death and the decomposition of other tissues. This article serves to provide readers with basic readings that are essential for students and researchers who seek to undertake histological analysis of skeletal remains in an anthropological context. The content includes references relating to basic skeletal biology necessary to understand and interpret histological methods; valuable reviews and critiques of histological methodology and methods; examples of methods proven to be applicable in forensic anthropology, bioarchaeology, paleontology, paleopathology, and related fields; and references of historical importance.

Research paper thumbnail of Brief Communication: The Effects of Disuse on the Mechanical Properties of Bone: What Unloading Tells Us About the Adaptive Nature of Skeletal Tissue

The intricate link between load environment and skeletal health is exemplified by the severe oste... more The intricate link between load environment and skeletal health is exemplified by the severe osteopenia that accompanies prolonged periods of immobi-lization, frequently referred to as disuse osteoporosis.

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the Multidimensionality of Stature Variation in the Past Through Comparisons of Archaeological and Living Populations

Adult stature variation is commonly attributed to differential stress-levels during development. ... more Adult stature variation is commonly attributed to differential stress-levels during development. However, due to selective mortality and heterogeneous frailty, a population's tall stature may be more indicative of high selective pressures than of positive life conditions. This article examines stature in a biocultural context and draws parallels between bioarchaeological and living populations to explore the multidimensionality of stature variation in the past. This study investigates: 1) stature differences between archaeological populations exposed to low or high stress (inferred from skeletal indicators); 2) similarities in growth retardation patterns between archaeological and living groups; and 3) the apportionment of variance in growth outcomes at the regional level in archaeological and living populations. Anatomical stature estimates were examined in relation to skeletal stress indicators (cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, linear enamel hypoplasia) in two medieval bioarchaeological populations. Stature and biocultural information were gathered for comparative living samples from South America. Results indicate 1) significant (P < 0.01) differences in stature between groups exposed to different levels of skeletal stress; 2) greater prevalence of stunting among living groups, with similar patterns in socially stratified archaeological and modern groups; and 3) a degree of regional variance in growth outcomes consistent with that observed for highly selected traits. The relationship between early stress and growth is confounded by several factorsincluding catch-up growth, cultural buffering, and social inequality. The interpretations of early life conditions based on the relationship between stress and stature should be advanced with caution.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of Child Restraint System (CRS) Compatibility in the Vehicle Seat Environment

Traffic Injury Prevention, 2015

Child restraint system (CRS) misuse is common and can have serious consequences to child safety. ... more Child restraint system (CRS) misuse is common and can have serious consequences to child safety. Physical incompatibilities between CRS and vehicles can complicate the installation process and may worsen CRS misuse rates. This study aims to identify the most common sources of incompatibility between representative groups of CRS and vehicles. Detailed dimensional data were collected from 59 currently marketed CRS and 61 late model vehicles. Key dimensions were compared across all 3,599 theoretical CRS/vehicle combinations and the most common predicted incompatibilities were determined. A subset of 34 physical installations was analyzed to validate the results. Only 58.2% of rear-facing (RF) CRS/vehicle combinations were predicted to have proper agreement between the vehicle&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s seat pan angle and the CRS manufacturers&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; required base angle. The width of the base of the CRS was predicted to fit snugly between the vehicle&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s seat pan bolsters in 63.3% of RF CRS/vehicle combinations and 62.2% of forward-facing (FF) CRS/vehicle combinations. FF CRS were predicted to be free of interaction with the vehicle&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s head restraint in 66.4% of combinations. Roughly 90.0% of RF CRS/vehicle combinations were predicted to have enough horizontal clearance space to set the front seat in the middle its fore/aft slider track. Compatibility rates were above 98% regarding the length of the CRS base compared to the length of the vehicle seat pan and the ability of the top tether to reach the tether anchor. Validation studies revealed that the predictions of RF CRS base angle range vs. seat pan angle compatibility were accurate within 6%, and head restraint interference and front row clearance incompatibilities may be more common than the dimensional analysis approach has predicted. The results of this study indicate that RF CRS base angles and front row clearance space, as well as FF CRS head restraint interference, are frequent compatibility concerns. These results enable manufacturers, researchers, and consumers to focus their attention on the most relevant CRS/vehicle incompatibility issues in today&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s market.

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphological aging of subadults : a test of streeter's method on a medieval archaeological population /

Research paper thumbnail of Non-Uniform Osteocytic Lacunae Distribution Across the Femoral Cortex

in osteocyte lacunar morphology and density in the human femur-a synchrotron radiation micro-CT s... more in osteocyte lacunar morphology and density in the human femur-a synchrotron radiation micro-CT study. Bone 52:126-132.Colopy SA, Benz-Dean J, Barrett JG, Sample SJ, Lu Y, DAnova NA, Kalscheur VL, Vanderby R, Markel MD, Muir P. 2004. Response of the osteocyte syncytium adjacent to and distant from linear microcracks during adaptation to cyclic fatigue loading. Bone 35: 881-891.Marotti GI, Ferritti M, Remaggi F, Palumbo C. 1995. Quantitative evaluationon osteocyte canalicular density in human secondary osteons.Bone 16:125-8.Martin RB. 2000. Does osteocyte formation cause the nonlinear refilling of osteons? Bone;26:71-8. Mullender MG, Tan SD, Vico L, Alexandre C, Klein-Nulend J. 2005. Differences in osteocyte density and bone histomrophometry between men and women and between healthy and osteoporotic subjects. Calcif Tissue Int 77: 291-296Power J, Loveridge N, Rushton N, Parker M, Reeve J.2002. Osteocyte density inaging subjects is enhanced in bone adjacent to remodeling haversiansystems. Bone 30:859-65. Qui S, Rao DS, Palnitkar S, Parfitt AM. 2002. Age and distance from surface but not menopause reduce osteocyte density in cancellous bone. Bone 31:313-18.Skedros JG, Grunander TR, Hamrick MW. 2005. Spatial distribution on osteocyte lacunae in equine radii and third metacarpals: Considerations for cellular communication, microdamage detection and metabolism. Cells Tissues Organs 180:215-238

Research paper thumbnail of Structural Properties of Ribs in Dynamic Frontal Loading as a Function of Age

Few studies have looked at the structural properties of human bones across the entire age spectru... more Few studies have looked at the structural properties of human bones across the entire age spectrum. The goal of this study is to define linear stiffness and other structural properties of human ribs across a wide range of ages. Ribs are of particular interest because they are often fractured during motor vehicle crashes and can lead to further injuries to internal organs such as the heart and lungs. Multiple rib fractures can also be linked to a high risk of mortality, particularly in elderly individuals and children. A total of 140 ribs from individuals with ages ranging from 6 to 99 years (mean = 56 years) were tested in a custom fixture simulating a dynamic frontal impact. Rib ends were potted and fixed in rotating cups for testing. Each rib had two strain gages applied on the pleural and cutaneous surfaces to determine time of fracture. A pendulum impacted the sternal end of each rib at 1 or 2 m/s. A 6-axis load cell measured forces and moments on the vertebral end and a linear string potentiometer measured displacement. The displacement at the time of fracture as a percentage of total span length of the rib was calculated and compared across ages. Percent displacement showed a distinct negative trend with increasing age. Force in the primary loading direction (X) at fracture was highest in the young adult range, which corresponds to the timing of peak bone mass acquisition. Structural stiffness (K) was calculated from the linear portion of the force-displacement curve. K-values indicate increased variation for younger subjects than older subjects, but a significant (p<0.05) relationship with age. Investigating the differences in the structural properties of ribs can contribute to the development of better physical and virtual models of the human thorax, which could ultimately lead to improved safety standards. Additionally, information from this study can provide insight into how bone structural properties are affected by the aging process and enhance approaches for clinically-based injury prevention and identification of fracture risk.

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphology of the Subadult Rib: A test of Streeter's method on a medieval Polish sample

Woven bone: encompassing the majority of both cortices Cutaneous cortex (*): thinner than pleural... more Woven bone: encompassing the majority of both cortices Cutaneous cortex (*): thinner than pleural, mostly woven bone with many primary vascular canals Pleural cortex (+): thicker than cutaneous, some woven bone, primary lamellae first forms here endosteally Streeter's age-range: < 5 yrs Primary lamellar bone (pl): new on pleural cortex Remodeling (r): large drifting osteons (do) on pleural cortex; periosteum (P) to endosteum (E)

Research paper thumbnail of Resonance Frequency Analysis for Mechanical Stability of Dental Implant System

Objective: Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) has been introduced as a non-invasive method to est... more Objective: Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) has been introduced as a non-invasive method to estimate the stability of dental implant systems in clinic. The objective of this study was to examine whether implant stability quotient (ISQ) values of RFA can account for mechanical stability of the dental implant system using implantation in artificial bone blocks and human mandibular bone in vitro. Method: Artificial polyurethane foam (density: pcf 50 (0.8 g/cc)) with 7 different thicknesses (3.5 to 12 mm) was mounted in a special grip. Six edentulous mandibles of human cadavers (3 males and 3 females, 78.9±17.6 yrs) were also obtained. 38 commercial titanium dental implants (Ø4.1mm×10mm) were placed in the artificial bone (6 implants for each thickness except for 2 implants for 3.5 mm) and 17 in human mandibles. A peak insertion torque was measured during implant installation. After implantation, ISQ values were measured at the 4 directions using an RFA device. Dynamic mechanical anal...

Research paper thumbnail of Regional Variation of Human Mandibular Subchondral Bone Tissue Properties

Objective: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bears different types of static and dynamic loading ... more Objective: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bears different types of static and dynamic loading during occlusion and mastication. The objective of this study was to examine whether local mechanical properties of mandibular condyle bone tissue vary resulting from its functional adaptation to loading at TMJ. Method: Subchondral and trabecular bone was dissected from mandibular condyles of human cadavers (8 males and 3 females, 54 to 96 years). The surface of specimens was polished for nanoindentation that was conducted in hydration using the corresponding displacement rate of 10 nm/sec up to 500 nm depth. Nanoindentation viscoelastic tangent delta (tan δ) was assessed using averaged phase angle (δ) under oscillatory loading. Plastic hardness (H), viscosity (η), and elastic modulus (E) were obtained at peak load, creep during the 30-second hold period, and unloading processes in a cycle of indentation, respectively. A total of 504 indentations (221 from upper and 114 from lower subcho...

Research paper thumbnail of Regional variation of bone tissue properties at the human mandibular condyle

Bone, 2015

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bears different types of static and dynamic loading during occl... more The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bears different types of static and dynamic loading during occlusion and mastication. As such, characteristics of mandibular condylar bone tissue play an important role in determining the mechanical stability of the TMJ under the macro-level loading. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine regional variation of the elastic, plastic, and viscoelastic mechanical properties of human mandibular condylar bone tissue using nanoindentation. Cortical and trabecular bone were dissected from mandibular condyles of human cadavers (9 males, 54-96 years). These specimens were scanned using microcomputed tomography to obtain bone tissue mineral distribution. Then, nanoindentation was conducted on the surface of the same specimens in hydration. Plastic hardness (H) at a peak load, viscoelastic creep (Creep/Pmax), viscosity (η), and tangent delta (tan δ) during a 30 second hold period, and elastic modulus (E) during unloading were obtained by a cycle of indentation at the same site of bone tissue. The tissue mineral and nanoindentation parameters were analyzed for the periosteal and endosteal cortex, and trabecular bone regions of the mandibular condyle. The more mineralized periosteal cortex had higher mean values of elastic modulus, plastic hardness, and viscosity but lower viscoelastic creep and tan δ than the less mineralized trabecular bone of the mandibular condyle. These characteristics of bone tissue suggest that the periosteal cortex tissue may have more effective properties to resist elastic, plastic, and viscoelastic deformation under static loading, and the trabecular bone tissue to absorb and dissipate time-dependent viscoelastic loading energy at the TMJ during static occlusion and dynamic mastication.

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding the Impact of Infectious Disease on European Populations: Contributions from the Global History of Health Project

by Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, Amanda Agnew, Friederike B . Novotny, and Anna Kjellström

Research paper thumbnail of Body Size and Femur Length

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Clark Larsen, Sandra Assis, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, and Amanda Agnew

Research paper thumbnail of Periosteal Lesions: A Non-specific Index of the History of Health in Europe

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Clark Larsen, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, Amanda Agnew, and Anna Kjellström

Research paper thumbnail of The history of European oral health: evidence from dental caries, dental abscesses. antemortem tooth loss

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, Amanda Agnew, and Anna Kjellström

Research paper thumbnail of Contextual dimensions of European health and lifestyle: the archaeological and historical record

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Clark Larsen, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, and Amanda Agnew

Research paper thumbnail of Historical patterns of traumatic injury and violence in Europe

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, Amanda Agnew, and Anna Kjellström

Research paper thumbnail of History of degenerative joint disease in Europe: inferences about lifestyle and activity

by Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Rimantas Jankauskas, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Femke E . Rijpma, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Clark Larsen, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Zsolt Bereczki, Amanda Agnew, Anna Kjellström, and Friederike Novotny

Research paper thumbnail of The history of anemia and related nutritional deficiencies in Europe: evidence from cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis

by Zsolt Bereczki, Susi Ulrich-bochsler, Ursula Wittwer, Maria Teschler-Nicola, Guntis Gerhards, Sotiris Manolis, Carina Marques, Hedy Justus, Amanda Agnew, Rimantas Jankauskas, and Anna Kjellström

Analysis of the mortality profiles of people dying with and without cribra orbitalia and porotic ... more Analysis of the mortality profiles of people dying with and without cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis suggest that the conditions producing these lesions have a negative effect on survivorship (Figs. 1 and 2). The difference in mortality rate is especially clear for cribra orbitalia for older children and adolescents. The age distributions of burials with cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis are similar, which suggests similar etiologies. There is a steep drop in the prevalence of the lesions among people dying during the first decade of life and then a gradual rise among adults into the fifth decade. After that, their frequency decreases significantly with few people who reach an elderly age.

Research paper thumbnail of Spatial Patterning (or lack thereof) in Osteon Population Density in the Human Rib

Research paper thumbnail of Vertebral Neural Canal (VNC) Diameters and their Association with Earlier Age at Death in a Medieval Polish Population

Research paper thumbnail of Diffuse endosteal bone formation resulting from metastatic breast cancer: a histological case study

Evidence of cancer’s long history in humans exists in the archeological record, though it is res... more Evidence of cancer’s long history in humans exists in the archeological record, though it is restricted to cases in which cancer either originated in or metastasized to bone. Skeletal lesions from metastasized carcinomas, however, are varied in appearance and make differential diagnosis from skeletal material difficult. Modern clinical diagnostic tools are of limited use in paleopathology because of their reliance on non-mineralized material (e.g. blood work, decalcified biopsies). As a result, skeletal references for confirmed cases of metastasized carcinomas are rare. The current case study presents a histological analysis of the rib and femoral metastases resulting from a primary diagnosis of breast cancer in a 27 year-old female.
Multiple, undecalcified cross-sections from the femoral midshafts and various locations throughout the 6th ribs were examined under brightfield and polarized light microscopy. Overall, this individual presents with a mixed osteolytic and osteoblastic response, which is relatively uncommon in metastatic tumors of bone. The osteolytic response, observed only in the ribs, is primarily on the periosteal surface and extends moderately into the cortex. In contrast, the osteoblastic response primarily affected the endosteal border, resulting in a proliferation of woven-fibered bone highly disorganized in appearance. This indicates rapid deposition though some areas show evidence of incipient remodeling. This process is more marked in the rib, resulting in an almost complete infilling of the medullary area. Recognition of these patterns in a confirmed case of metastatic cancer may aid differential diagnosis in a paleopathological setting.

Research paper thumbnail of Examining the Accuracy of Age Estimates from New Histological Sampling Strategies at the Femoral Midshaft

After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the spatial variation present in the... more After attending this presentation, attendees will understand the spatial variation present in the distribution of intracortical remodeling events throughout the entirety of the femoral midshaft, and the importance of selecting regions of interest (ROI) for developing new histological aging methods.

This presentation will impact the forensic science community by introducing new sampling strategies for the quantification of histological remodeling that can be used to estimate age, and further demonstrating these age estimates to be highly accurate throughout the adult life span.

As a complement to macroscopic aging methods, or when necessary macroscopic elements are damaged/absent, age can be estimated through histological examination of remodeling events in cortical bone. During the last half century the femoral midshaft has been the most commonly employed site for histological studies; however, a consensus is still lacking on where to best quantify remodeling, as different methods employ various ROIs that differ in size, number, and location. To address this knowledge gap, this study employed geographic information systems (GIS) software to digitally map all remodeling events (intact and fragmentary osteons, and resorptive bays) across the entirety of the femoral midshaft. Patterns in the spatial distribution of remodeling were then examined to identify which region(s) of the femoral cortex produce the most accurate age estimates.

Thirty complete cross-sections from modern cadaveric femora were used, 15 of each sex, ranging from 21–97 years (mean = 58.9; SD = 22.1 years), with both sexes having similar age distributions. Each sample was photographed under polarized light and seamless cross-sectional images were imported into ArcGIS v10.1. Polygon features were created to overlay cortical areas and all remodeling events (n = 230,870) were identified and digitally annotated with point features. A total of 10 different sampling strategies were employed, each subdividing the entire cortex in a different manner. Osteon population density (OPD) was calculated by summing all remodeling events within an ROI and dividing by its area.

Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 21. OPD values were normally distributed for each ROI, and MANCOVA analyses revealed that OPD was not significantly different between sexes for any ROI, allowing the combination of male and female data for further analyses. Paired t-tests revealed OPD calculations were not statistically different between observers. Stepwise linear regression was used to determine which ROIs from each sampling strategy were most useful in estimating age. To further evaluate the performance of the resulting predictive models, jackknife age estimates were generated by removing an individual from the sample, recalculating the regression model, and then estimating the age of the individual not included in the model; this was done iteratively for all individuals. The accuracy of these estimates was analyzed through measures of bias and inaccuracy.

Results indicate the two most promising sampling strategies are dividing the femoral cortex into anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral (APML) quadrants separated into periosteal, middle, and endosteal thirds, and also APML octants separated into thirds. Stepwise regression selected four ROIs for each method, primarily in the lateral and anterolateral regions of the cortex, and spread between all depths of the cortex. The resulting model for the APML quadrants by thirds explains more than 90% of the variation in age (adj. R2 = 0.907, p = 0.000) with a standard error of 6.73 years, while the APML octants by thirds explained more than 93% of the variation in age (adj. R2 = 0.931, p = 0.000) with a standard error of 5.82 years. Jackknife age estimates from both models were very promising, with average differences between estimated and known age (bias) being less than one year and average absolute differences between estimated and known age (inaccuracy) being less than six years. Further, individuals in their 90s had bias and inaccuracy measures of less than seven and four years for the quadrants and octants methods, respectively. Such accuracy in age estimation, even into the tenth decade of life, demonstrates that this new method for histological aging considerably outperforms more traditional macroscopic methods of aging in older individuals. Considering increasing life expectancies, this research has great promise in providing forensic anthropologists a tool to accurately age elderly individuals.

Research paper thumbnail of A Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) in a Gorilla gorilla gorilla Specimen

: A and B are longitudinal, consecutive sections through the ectopic lesion. The lower right corn... more : A and B are longitudinal, consecutive sections through the ectopic lesion. The lower right corner is the periosteal edge. Note the dense lamellar periosteal o e a d e essi e Volk a 's a als. A also demonstrates unorganized woven bone located medially. C and D are axial sections at the interface between lesion and vertebral body. C illustrates lamellar compaction near the bottom of the image, corresponding to the sclerotic changes seen on CT scans. The presence of Haversian systems is best seen in D.

Research paper thumbnail of Variation in Systemic Human Cortical Osteocyte Lacunar Density: Relationships with Intracortical Porosity

Research paper thumbnail of Osteon Population Density is Highest in the Anterolateral Femur of Humans: An Adaptation to Loading?

Research paper thumbnail of Potential Influences on Rib Osteon Area

Research paper thumbnail of Intracortical Porosity of the Distal Radius: Association with Evidence of Systemic Remodeling

o Skeletal samples from both the distal third of the cortex of the radius and the midshaft 6 th r... more o Skeletal samples from both the distal third of the cortex of the radius and the midshaft 6 th rib were obtained from 15 male cadavers ranging in age from 49 to 100 years old. Undecalcified transverse thin sections were prepared using standard histological procedures and subsequently imaged under bright field light.

Research paper thumbnail of Regional Variation in Osteon Size at the Femoral Midshaft

Research paper thumbnail of Defining Patterns in Human Bone Microstructure Through the Application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Software

Research paper thumbnail of Human v. Non-Human: An Anthropologist's Cross to Bear

o A severed limb, partially articulated with desiccated soft tissue , was discovered in rural Ohi... more o A severed limb, partially articulated with desiccated soft tissue , was discovered in rural Ohio and delivered by law enforcement to the local Coroner's office to determine possible medico-legal significance.

Research paper thumbnail of Mapping Spatial Patterns in Cortical Bone Histology from the Femoral Midshaft using Geographic Information Systems Software

Research paper thumbnail of Regional Variation in Osteon Population Density at the Femoral Midshaft - Implications for the Asymptote

Research paper thumbnail of Microfractures in Elderly Ribs: Contributions to Bone Quality

Rib fractures can affect morbidity and mortality in elderly individuals and the risk of their occ... more Rib fractures can affect morbidity and mortality in elderly individuals and the risk of their occurrence increases significantly with age. Clinical diagnoses of bone fragility often fail to measure the contribution of poor bone quality. An inefficient remodeling process in aging individuals results in disrepair of microfractures, allowing their accumulation to reach harmful levels. While it is established that microfractures contribute to catastrophic bone failure, it is unknown to what extent they exist in human ribs and their role in determining bone quality. Additionally, the loads habitually applied to the rib during respiration are difficult to determine and therefore absent from many discussions on adaptive responses to loading. The objective of this research is to explore individual variation in microfractures which accumulate in vivo in elderly ribs. Samples from sixth rib pairs were removed from ten elderly cadavers, stained en bloc in Basic Fuchsin Hydrochloride, and transverse thin-sections prepared. A two-way mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA) reveals significant differences in microfracture accumulation between individuals, but not within (left vs right rib). Only insignificant differences were found in crack location, with slightly more microfractures accumulating in the cutaneous cortex. These findings suggest that microfracture accumulation in the elderly has the potential to contribute to differential fragility. Additionally, based on crack distribution, the priority may be to preferentially maintain a higher bone quality in the pleural cortex. Knowledge of the mechanisms involved in bone quality deterioration is vitally important to establish methods to combat fragility fractures in the high-risk elderly population.

Research paper thumbnail of Histomorphology of the Subadult Rib

Cortical bone growth, modeling, and remodeling in subadult ribs are so dynamic that age-related p... more Cortical bone growth, modeling, and remodeling in subadult ribs are so dynamic that age-related patterns of histomorphology are extremely complex. Resulting young mean tissue-ages make adult histomorphological age estimation methods not applicable to subadults. Streeter (2005) has developed a method for subadult age-estimation that recognizes four distinct histomorphological age phases based upon the amount and location of woven bone, circumferential lamellae, secondary osteons, drifting osteons, primary vascular canals, and primary lamellar bone. The purpose of this research is to establish whether Streeter’s subadult age phases are observable in archaeological skeletal remains, and to test its ability to estimate age relative to standard osteological methods. Rib cross sections from the medieval cemetery at Giecz, Poland (11-12 c.) were analyzed and individuals placed into one of Streeter’s four defined age groups (Phases I-IV). When assigned histomorphological phases for each individual are compared with ages determined by standard osteological methods, there is only 38% agreement. Seriation based on diaphyseal lengths, however, shows a progression of Streeter’s phases corresponding with increasing diaphyseal lengths. This suggests different patterns of growth and development in the medieval population relative to the modern population upon which Streeter’s method is based. It is concluded that, although general stages of development can be identified based upon rib histomorphology in subadults, Streeter’s method should not be used to predict age at death in archaeological populations without further research.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparison of Traumatic Injury Patterns Between a Rural and an Urban Population from Medieval Poland

Traumatic injuries can be used as general indicators of activity patterns in past populations. Ag... more Traumatic injuries can be used as general indicators of activity patterns in past populations. Agricultural populations are engaged in a laborious lifestyle, reflected in a variety of accidental and stress-related injuries from repetitive activities. Urban populations engaged in craft specialization may participate in repetitive activities; however, their overall lifestyle is arguably less intensive and the risk of accidental and stress-related fractures is diminished. This study tests the hypothesis that a rural, agricultural population will have a higher prevalence of accidental and stress fractures than a contemporaneous urban population engaged in craft specialization in medieval Poland (XI-XII c). Furthermore, these differences will be demonstrated in both males and females.
Traumatic injuries were recorded for 180 adults from rural Giecz (56 females, 104 males) and for 96 adults from urban Poznań-Sródka (36 females, 26 males). Injuries were recorded by skeletal element and grouped into three categories: stress, accidental, and violent. They were statistically analyzed by element and by body region (upper limb, lower limb, etc.). Statistical analyses reveal that Giecz had a significantly higher rate of vertebral stress fractures than Poznań-Sródka (chi-square, p<0.05) and is significant for males and females. Additionally, Giecz had a significantly higher prevalence of accidental rib injuries. These results support the hypothesis that an agricultural lifestyle was more laborious, leading to chronic injuries and fractures from accidents. The lack of significant difference in prevalence of injuries in the extremities suggests that agricultural activities were especially stressful in the trunk region.

Research paper thumbnail of Patterns of Violent and Non-Violent Trauma in a Medieval Population from Giecz, Poland

One-hundred eighty mature skeletons from the medieval population in Giecz, Poland (XI-XII c) were... more One-hundred eighty mature skeletons from the medieval population in Giecz, Poland (XI-XII c) were examined for evidence of skeletal trauma to determine the effects of intentional violence and lifestyle factors. The stronghold in Giecz is considered one of the strongest military fortifications of its time, playing a major role in the unification of the Polish state and royal administration. The following hypotheses were tested in this study: 1) more males (i.e. soldiers) will be affected by trauma than females and 2) a high frequency of trauma will be the result of intentional violence. The prevalence of trauma in the adult population is significant at 46.6 % (84/180) with males exhibiting trauma more often than females at 66.6 % (56/84) and 28.5 % (24/84), respectively. More individuals exhibit trauma in the trunk region at 83.3% (70/84), than the upper limb at 13% (11/84), lower limb at 5.9% (5/84), or cranium at 5.9% (5/84). Only 3.5 % (3/84) of the adults exhibiting trauma are considered victims of intentional violence. Of the individuals with fractures in the trunk region, 84.2 % (59/70) have fractures of the vertebrae, specifically. These data suggest that a physically demanding workload and lifestyle played a large role in the incidence of trauma and either 1) the population at Giecz was not involved in as extensive a military effort as previously thought or 2) the sample of excavated skeletons is not representative of the entire population and does not include soldiers.

Research paper thumbnail of Osteochondritis Dissecans as Evidence of a Labor Intensive Adolescence?

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is characterized by an osteochondritic defect on an articular sur... more Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is characterized by an osteochondritic defect on an articular surface, most often at the knee or elbow joint. In skeletal remains, active OCD is identified by a clearly defined circular lesion in subchondral cortical bone with exposure of underlying trabeculae. The etiology of this condition is incompletely understood, but genetics, traumatic events, and/or overuse are likely contributors. Specifically, adolescents with a history of repetitive overuse are at high risk. The presence of OCD has been suggested to be related to stress from occupational trauma and agricultural activities in archaeological populations. From the medieval cemetery in Giecz, Poland (site Gz4), five adolescent (10-20 years of age) skeletons exhibit osseous defects consistent with OCD. The prevalence of this condition is 15.6% in the adolescent sub-sample (n=32) of the Giecz Collection. High rates of stress-related trauma suggest the adult population at Giecz experienced a rigorous workload associated with agricultural and military activities. The frequency of OCD in adolescents from Giecz implies that they too labored intensively and perhaps were considered adults in their community.

Research paper thumbnail of A Medieval Polish Skeleton Exhibiting an Unusual Pattern of Cranial and Post-Cranial Lesions

Two-hundred seventy eight skeletons from a medieval cemetery (XI-XII c) in Giecz, Poland (Gz4) we... more Two-hundred seventy eight skeletons from a medieval cemetery (XI-XII c) in Giecz, Poland (Gz4) were examined for evidence of pathological lesions. This study reports the case of a young adult male, estimated to be 17 to 19 years at the time of death, exhibiting a distinctive type and distribution of lesions not observed in the rest of the population. Features of osteomyelitis including multiple cloacae and prominent periostitis on many skeletal elements, most notably a rib, coexist with destruction of both scapular spines and osteolytic lesions in the frontal bone. Some cranial lesions penetrate both the external and internal tables with pronounced involvement of the diploë, and all exhibit scalloped borders with no sclerotic response resulting in a “punched out” appearance. Hence, they are deemed the most recent expression of disease and likely the ultimate cause of death through brain involvement. A differential diagnosis based on paleopathological and clinical literature is discussed. There is a possibility that two different disease processes are responsible for the pattern of lesions described. Although an infection of pleural origin with contiguous rib involvement is likely, an extended differential diagnosis includes specific types of mycobacterial, mycotic and other infections, as well as neoplastic conditions (specifically lytic meningioma), Langerhans cell histiocytosis (histocytosis X), and hematopoietic disease.