Maria Cristina Fragkou | University of Chile (original) (raw)
Papers by Maria Cristina Fragkou
EURE, 2022
A pesar de su amplia extensión espacial y temporal, la distribución de agua mediante camiones alj... more A pesar de su amplia extensión espacial y temporal, la distribución de agua mediante camiones aljibe (cisterna) no ha sido estudiada desde la Geografía. En este artículo hacemos una primera aproximación a este sistema transitorio y poco convencional de distribución hídrica, analizando el volumen, costo, trayectoria y los dueños de estos flujos de agua que se transportan a lo largo de la provincia de Petorca, a partir de 1.753 órdenes de compra de agua (2012-2018). Al mismo tiempo, contribuimos conceptualmente a la comprensión de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable que no caben en la categoría de infraestructura u obra hidráulica, proponiendo el concepto de “red hidrosocial”, que permite incluir las múltiples dimensiones y escalas de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua de emergencia. Nuestros resultados demuestran la creación de un mercado que se basa en los excedentes de agua que pueden tener ciertos actores, incluso en zonas de extrema sequía.
El Seminario de Control Ciudadano surge como una estrategia activa y perdurable en el tiempo, que... more El Seminario de Control Ciudadano surge como una estrategia activa y perdurable en el tiempo, que tiene por finalidad contribuir a la restitución de la confianza en las instituciones públicas, a través de acciones proactivas que involucran a las organizaciones de la sociedad civil y a las personas, evidenciando los cambios de la sociedad y de la Administración.
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, Apr 15, 2019
Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, Nov 30, 2018
International Journal of Water Resources Development
Routledge eBooks, Apr 21, 2023
Investigaciones Geográficas
Estudos Avançados
RESUMO Entende-se como governança da água um conjunto de processos e estratégias político, organi... more RESUMO Entende-se como governança da água um conjunto de processos e estratégias político, organizacionais e administrativos, dentro de estruturas previamente definidas, que conduzem a tomada de decisão. Essas decisões produzem escalas que vão além de unidades de planejamento de gestão e se constituem em redes de poder que articulam diferentes atores, de acordo com os interesses e objetos em negociação. Assim, entende-se que a governança da água extrapola as fronteiras físicas destas unidades de planejamento e assume configurações dinâmicas, flexíveis e multiescalares que refletem relações hidrossociais. Nesse sentido, o conceito de território hidrossocial, constituído a partir de redes multiescalares socioambiental e espacialmente delimitadas e ativadas para garantir o acesso à água, poderia fundamentar novas práticas de governança da água.
Cuadernos Médico Sociales
La Provincia de Petorca ha padecido de la escasez hídrica al menos por una década. En vista del d... more La Provincia de Petorca ha padecido de la escasez hídrica al menos por una década. En vista del diagnóstico general de una ausencia de fiscalización por parte del Estado en el territorio, se vuelve necesario ponderar las políticas públicas en materia hídrica. De esta forma, se analizan desde el punto de vista de los derechos humanos las políticas nacionales y provinciales desde el año 1999 hasta el 2018 elaborados para las cuencas del rio Petorca y La Ligua. Como resultado se observa una reducción conceptual de la escasez hídrica a sequía, a la vez que se exhibe una serie de políticas nacionales y provinciales cohesionadas en torno a establecer a la infraestructura hidráulica como respuesta central a la crisis, dejando inalterado el nivel de extracción existente sobre los acuíferos y resguardando la certeza jurídica de los derechos de aprovechamiento, acaparados por la industria agrícola. De este modo, las poblaciones rurales se mantienen en un estado de vulnerabilidad ante el exigu...
Data in Brief
This article presents a dataset on the accumulated water flow (L/s) granted in the Antofagasta Re... more This article presents a dataset on the accumulated water flow (L/s) granted in the Antofagasta Region for each year be- tween 1905 and 2018. We produced the dataset starting from the official public records on water rights ( Registro Público de Derechos de Aprovechamiento de Aguas, RPDAA), which are free to access and available at the National Water Agency’s website ( Dirección General de Aguas , DGA). The initial data described 1047 individual water rights granted in the Antofa- gasta Region according to 65 criteria. In order to find errors in the data, inconsistencies between the data, or/and the ab- sence of relevant information, we revised and validated the data through different methods, including a literature review and interviews to public officials. Then, we calculated the accumulated water flow (L/s) from the annual flow granted each year (1905–2018) in the two main basins of the region: the Loa River Basin, and the Salar de Atacama Basin. In do- ing so, we differentiated the type of water (ground or surface water) and the use of water. Thus, the data show and com- pare temporal variations in the allocation of ground and sur- face water to different water uses in the two basins. The data are useful to researchers, decision makers and to the general population interested in the processes of water distribution within the Chilean context.
The Extractive Industries and Society
Both supporters and critics of the Chilean water model have described it as a textbook example of... more Both supporters and critics of the Chilean water model have described it as a textbook example of deregulation and the free-market model for water management. In this article, we challenge this characterization and argue that the model has relied on long-term and highly centralized State decisions that have installed and reproduced historical power asymmetries. Based on archival research and historical records of water rights assignments and water-related legal instruments, we develop a comprehensive historical analysis of how water rights have been distributed over the last 100 years in one of the country's most paradigmatic cases: the Antofagasta Region. Starting seven decades before the military regime imposed the 1981 Water Code, our analysis reveals that water in this geographical area has historically been distributed through distinct State-driven strategies rather than market instruments, favoring mining companies. We conclude that the Chilean water model, rather than being a market-driven approach to water management, actually relies on strong regulations, and that the Water Code merely crystallizes centralized historical decisions regarding water distribution that support an extractivist development model.
Encyclopedia of Water, 2019
The present investigation deals with the development of a novel polymer nanocomposite (PNCs) elec... more The present investigation deals with the development of a novel polymer nanocomposite (PNCs) electrodes for simple, selective and sensitive detection of chlorpyrifos (CHL). PNCs were developed using surfactant facilitated polymerization of indole using different concentrations (wt%) of WC ranging 5-30. Formation of PNCs was ascertained through diversified analytical methods. Electrodes were derived from PNCs over stainless steel substrate for electrochemical quantification of CHL. With concentration of WC, the DC conductivity (10 −2 × S/cm) of electrodes was increased ranging 3.54-0.75 at 313 K. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals well stability of electrodes in phosphate buffer (PBS, 0.1 M) at pH 7.4. The performance of electrodes towards detection and quantification of CHL was investigated through square wave voltammetry. Study reveals that detection and quantification of CHL were dependent on concentration of WC in nanocomposites. Square wave voltammetry reveals that the electrode derived from PNCs with 5 wt% of WC has rendered highest limits of detection and quantification of CHL (10 −8 mol/L) up to 5.94 and 18. This work describes a viable method of preparation of synergistic blend of WC in PIN matrix having high electrical conductivity, rapid electron shift, huge surface area and enhanced stability for fast and précised electrochemical detection of CHL.
Geoforum, 2017
Coal mining in Chile has grown significantly from virtually nonexistent in the late 1990s to beco... more Coal mining in Chile has grown significantly from virtually nonexistent in the late 1990s to become a profitable business in 2014. This paper explores the consequences of such revival from a post-political environmental justice perspective, through the case of a coal-mining project on Isla Riesco, located in the Chilean Patagonia. The project Mina Invierno has met the necessary legal requirements and obtained the required environmental permits to become operational. Nonetheless, island residents are opposed to the project, and especially families engaged in sheep ranching, which is one of the oldest and most significant production activities in the area. By analyzing the conflict between coal mining and ranching on Isla Riesco, this article challenges the so far conceptualization of recognition and participation as dimensions of environmental justice, since our results reveal that what is excluded in this case are not only people but ideas, even if these come from non-marginalized actors. This finding contributes to environmental justice literature by proposing that the study of environmental conflicts, analyzed from a post-political viewpoint, should also focus on the challenges that communities face in order to rebut the prevailing consensuses that sustain their situation.
Desalination, 2016
Historically, water scarcity has been understood to result from unfavorable climatological and hy... more Historically, water scarcity has been understood to result from unfavorable climatological and hydrological factors. From this perspective, infrastructural solutions that augment water supplies, such as desalination, are seen as the way to overcome physical resource limits and resolve water scarcity. Drawing on theories of scarcity, risk perception, trust, and governance, we argue that past experiences with poor water quality and a long-standing mistrust of water providers create a particular mode of water scarcity: perceptual scarcity. This paper presents findings from household surveys conducted in two arid Latin American cities where large-scale desalination projects have been undertaken to provide potable water. While both projects use state-of-the-art desalination technology, our survey results indicate that the majority of respondents do not drink desalinated water from their taps and purchase bottled water instead. Our results show that, despite significant investments in infrastructure, respondents still lack an adequate supply of water that is perceived to be fit for human consumption. The two case studies provide empirical evidence that challenges the assumption that desalination technology will resolve water quality and water scarcity concerns. We conclude that institutional investments that promote a more reliable and trustworthy water governance system are as important as investments in physical infrastructure.
The Extractive Industries and Society, 2022
Both supporters and critics of the Chilean water model have described it as a textbook example of... more Both supporters and critics of the Chilean water model have described it as a textbook example of deregulation and the free-market model for water management. In this article, we challenge this characterization and argue that the model has relied on long-term and highly centralized State decisions that have installed and reproduced historical power asymmetries. Based on archival research and historical records of water rights assignments and water-related legal instruments, we develop a comprehensive historical analysis of how water rights have been distributed over the last 100 years in one of the country's most paradigmatic cases: the Antofagasta Region. Starting seven decades before the military regime imposed the 1981 Water Code, our analysis reveals that water in this geographical area has historically been distributed through distinct State-driven strategies rather than market instruments, favoring mining companies. We conclude that the Chilean water model, rather than being a market-driven approach to water management, actually relies on strong regulations, and that the Water Code merely crystallizes centralized historical decisions regarding water distribution that support an extractivist development model.
Este artículo analiza los impactos que la escasez hídrica ha tenido sobre las prácticas cotidiana... more Este artículo analiza los impactos que la escasez hídrica ha tenido sobre las prácticas cotidianas de uso de agua de mujeres mapuche en la Comuna de San Juan de La Costa, Chile. Se aborda desde la ecología política feminista, para analizar las desigualdades hídricas que se experimentan a nivel doméstico en función del rol de género y la cultura de usuarios de agua. Se utiliza una metodología mixta, a través de la aplicación de encuestas, entrevistas y grupos focales.Se obtiene como resultado, que los impactos que la escasez hídrica genera sobre las mujeres mapuche son particulares, afectando su economía, emocionalidad y espiritualidad de maneras diferenciadas en función del tipo y fuente de acceso de que dispongan. Concluimos que los impactos domésticos de la escasez hídrica son heterogéneos, por lo que es relevante analizar los efectos microescalares producidos por las desigualdades socioambientales.
Revista de geografía Norte Grande
During the last decades, the province of Chacabuco, in the north of Santiago, has been profoundly... more During the last decades, the province of Chacabuco, in the north of Santiago, has been profoundly territorially transformed due to the installation of urban mega-projects for well-off social segments in contexts that until then were eminently rural. From the perspective of suburban political ecology, we analyze the different economic, political and metabolic strategies with view to the water and land resources through which large economic-financial groups, supported by the state, have produced an unequal landscape of archipelagos. The methods used in this work include press review, semi-structured with private, public, and community actors, and an analysis of water rights records in the office of Real Estate Curator in the province of Chacabuco. In empirical and conceptual terms, we demonstrate that the production of the new urban periphery and its patterns of socioterritorial and environmental fragmentation are not the result of abstract forces of globalization, but of deliberate actions of commodification, concentration (of property rights) and financialization of natural resources like land and water.
Revista de geografía Norte Grande
Este articulo examina los orígenes sociales de la escasez de agua en la cuenca del rio Bueno, Chi... more Este articulo examina los orígenes sociales de la escasez de agua en la cuenca del rio Bueno, Chile. Se emplea el marco teórico de la ecología política para analizar la escasez hídrica como un fenómeno "híbrido" de carácter socionatural, destacando el desarrollo de un marco de "tipologías de escasez de agua". Utilizando una metodología mixta, analizamos datos hídricos cuantitativos y cualitativos para develar las tipologías de escasez de agua existentes, quién sufre de escasez hídrica y a qué factores se atribuye esta. Nuestros resultados demuestran la existencia de diversas tipologías de escasez de agua y que la escasez hídrica no afecta a todos los actores, hechos que revelan factores antrópicos en su producción. Concluimos que los orígenes de la escasez de agua son múltiples y que la gestión del agua en Chile ha priorizando las actividades económicas de alto interés nacional por sobre el agua para consumo humano. Palabras claves: Escasez de agua, ecología política, gestión de agua, plantaciones forestales, Chile.
EURE, 2022
A pesar de su amplia extensión espacial y temporal, la distribución de agua mediante camiones alj... more A pesar de su amplia extensión espacial y temporal, la distribución de agua mediante camiones aljibe (cisterna) no ha sido estudiada desde la Geografía. En este artículo hacemos una primera aproximación a este sistema transitorio y poco convencional de distribución hídrica, analizando el volumen, costo, trayectoria y los dueños de estos flujos de agua que se transportan a lo largo de la provincia de Petorca, a partir de 1.753 órdenes de compra de agua (2012-2018). Al mismo tiempo, contribuimos conceptualmente a la comprensión de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable que no caben en la categoría de infraestructura u obra hidráulica, proponiendo el concepto de “red hidrosocial”, que permite incluir las múltiples dimensiones y escalas de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua de emergencia. Nuestros resultados demuestran la creación de un mercado que se basa en los excedentes de agua que pueden tener ciertos actores, incluso en zonas de extrema sequía.
El Seminario de Control Ciudadano surge como una estrategia activa y perdurable en el tiempo, que... more El Seminario de Control Ciudadano surge como una estrategia activa y perdurable en el tiempo, que tiene por finalidad contribuir a la restitución de la confianza en las instituciones públicas, a través de acciones proactivas que involucran a las organizaciones de la sociedad civil y a las personas, evidenciando los cambios de la sociedad y de la Administración.
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, Apr 15, 2019
Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks, Nov 30, 2018
International Journal of Water Resources Development
Routledge eBooks, Apr 21, 2023
Investigaciones Geográficas
Estudos Avançados
RESUMO Entende-se como governança da água um conjunto de processos e estratégias político, organi... more RESUMO Entende-se como governança da água um conjunto de processos e estratégias político, organizacionais e administrativos, dentro de estruturas previamente definidas, que conduzem a tomada de decisão. Essas decisões produzem escalas que vão além de unidades de planejamento de gestão e se constituem em redes de poder que articulam diferentes atores, de acordo com os interesses e objetos em negociação. Assim, entende-se que a governança da água extrapola as fronteiras físicas destas unidades de planejamento e assume configurações dinâmicas, flexíveis e multiescalares que refletem relações hidrossociais. Nesse sentido, o conceito de território hidrossocial, constituído a partir de redes multiescalares socioambiental e espacialmente delimitadas e ativadas para garantir o acesso à água, poderia fundamentar novas práticas de governança da água.
Cuadernos Médico Sociales
La Provincia de Petorca ha padecido de la escasez hídrica al menos por una década. En vista del d... more La Provincia de Petorca ha padecido de la escasez hídrica al menos por una década. En vista del diagnóstico general de una ausencia de fiscalización por parte del Estado en el territorio, se vuelve necesario ponderar las políticas públicas en materia hídrica. De esta forma, se analizan desde el punto de vista de los derechos humanos las políticas nacionales y provinciales desde el año 1999 hasta el 2018 elaborados para las cuencas del rio Petorca y La Ligua. Como resultado se observa una reducción conceptual de la escasez hídrica a sequía, a la vez que se exhibe una serie de políticas nacionales y provinciales cohesionadas en torno a establecer a la infraestructura hidráulica como respuesta central a la crisis, dejando inalterado el nivel de extracción existente sobre los acuíferos y resguardando la certeza jurídica de los derechos de aprovechamiento, acaparados por la industria agrícola. De este modo, las poblaciones rurales se mantienen en un estado de vulnerabilidad ante el exigu...
Data in Brief
This article presents a dataset on the accumulated water flow (L/s) granted in the Antofagasta Re... more This article presents a dataset on the accumulated water flow (L/s) granted in the Antofagasta Region for each year be- tween 1905 and 2018. We produced the dataset starting from the official public records on water rights ( Registro Público de Derechos de Aprovechamiento de Aguas, RPDAA), which are free to access and available at the National Water Agency’s website ( Dirección General de Aguas , DGA). The initial data described 1047 individual water rights granted in the Antofa- gasta Region according to 65 criteria. In order to find errors in the data, inconsistencies between the data, or/and the ab- sence of relevant information, we revised and validated the data through different methods, including a literature review and interviews to public officials. Then, we calculated the accumulated water flow (L/s) from the annual flow granted each year (1905–2018) in the two main basins of the region: the Loa River Basin, and the Salar de Atacama Basin. In do- ing so, we differentiated the type of water (ground or surface water) and the use of water. Thus, the data show and com- pare temporal variations in the allocation of ground and sur- face water to different water uses in the two basins. The data are useful to researchers, decision makers and to the general population interested in the processes of water distribution within the Chilean context.
The Extractive Industries and Society
Both supporters and critics of the Chilean water model have described it as a textbook example of... more Both supporters and critics of the Chilean water model have described it as a textbook example of deregulation and the free-market model for water management. In this article, we challenge this characterization and argue that the model has relied on long-term and highly centralized State decisions that have installed and reproduced historical power asymmetries. Based on archival research and historical records of water rights assignments and water-related legal instruments, we develop a comprehensive historical analysis of how water rights have been distributed over the last 100 years in one of the country's most paradigmatic cases: the Antofagasta Region. Starting seven decades before the military regime imposed the 1981 Water Code, our analysis reveals that water in this geographical area has historically been distributed through distinct State-driven strategies rather than market instruments, favoring mining companies. We conclude that the Chilean water model, rather than being a market-driven approach to water management, actually relies on strong regulations, and that the Water Code merely crystallizes centralized historical decisions regarding water distribution that support an extractivist development model.
Encyclopedia of Water, 2019
The present investigation deals with the development of a novel polymer nanocomposite (PNCs) elec... more The present investigation deals with the development of a novel polymer nanocomposite (PNCs) electrodes for simple, selective and sensitive detection of chlorpyrifos (CHL). PNCs were developed using surfactant facilitated polymerization of indole using different concentrations (wt%) of WC ranging 5-30. Formation of PNCs was ascertained through diversified analytical methods. Electrodes were derived from PNCs over stainless steel substrate for electrochemical quantification of CHL. With concentration of WC, the DC conductivity (10 −2 × S/cm) of electrodes was increased ranging 3.54-0.75 at 313 K. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals well stability of electrodes in phosphate buffer (PBS, 0.1 M) at pH 7.4. The performance of electrodes towards detection and quantification of CHL was investigated through square wave voltammetry. Study reveals that detection and quantification of CHL were dependent on concentration of WC in nanocomposites. Square wave voltammetry reveals that the electrode derived from PNCs with 5 wt% of WC has rendered highest limits of detection and quantification of CHL (10 −8 mol/L) up to 5.94 and 18. This work describes a viable method of preparation of synergistic blend of WC in PIN matrix having high electrical conductivity, rapid electron shift, huge surface area and enhanced stability for fast and précised electrochemical detection of CHL.
Geoforum, 2017
Coal mining in Chile has grown significantly from virtually nonexistent in the late 1990s to beco... more Coal mining in Chile has grown significantly from virtually nonexistent in the late 1990s to become a profitable business in 2014. This paper explores the consequences of such revival from a post-political environmental justice perspective, through the case of a coal-mining project on Isla Riesco, located in the Chilean Patagonia. The project Mina Invierno has met the necessary legal requirements and obtained the required environmental permits to become operational. Nonetheless, island residents are opposed to the project, and especially families engaged in sheep ranching, which is one of the oldest and most significant production activities in the area. By analyzing the conflict between coal mining and ranching on Isla Riesco, this article challenges the so far conceptualization of recognition and participation as dimensions of environmental justice, since our results reveal that what is excluded in this case are not only people but ideas, even if these come from non-marginalized actors. This finding contributes to environmental justice literature by proposing that the study of environmental conflicts, analyzed from a post-political viewpoint, should also focus on the challenges that communities face in order to rebut the prevailing consensuses that sustain their situation.
Desalination, 2016
Historically, water scarcity has been understood to result from unfavorable climatological and hy... more Historically, water scarcity has been understood to result from unfavorable climatological and hydrological factors. From this perspective, infrastructural solutions that augment water supplies, such as desalination, are seen as the way to overcome physical resource limits and resolve water scarcity. Drawing on theories of scarcity, risk perception, trust, and governance, we argue that past experiences with poor water quality and a long-standing mistrust of water providers create a particular mode of water scarcity: perceptual scarcity. This paper presents findings from household surveys conducted in two arid Latin American cities where large-scale desalination projects have been undertaken to provide potable water. While both projects use state-of-the-art desalination technology, our survey results indicate that the majority of respondents do not drink desalinated water from their taps and purchase bottled water instead. Our results show that, despite significant investments in infrastructure, respondents still lack an adequate supply of water that is perceived to be fit for human consumption. The two case studies provide empirical evidence that challenges the assumption that desalination technology will resolve water quality and water scarcity concerns. We conclude that institutional investments that promote a more reliable and trustworthy water governance system are as important as investments in physical infrastructure.
The Extractive Industries and Society, 2022
Both supporters and critics of the Chilean water model have described it as a textbook example of... more Both supporters and critics of the Chilean water model have described it as a textbook example of deregulation and the free-market model for water management. In this article, we challenge this characterization and argue that the model has relied on long-term and highly centralized State decisions that have installed and reproduced historical power asymmetries. Based on archival research and historical records of water rights assignments and water-related legal instruments, we develop a comprehensive historical analysis of how water rights have been distributed over the last 100 years in one of the country's most paradigmatic cases: the Antofagasta Region. Starting seven decades before the military regime imposed the 1981 Water Code, our analysis reveals that water in this geographical area has historically been distributed through distinct State-driven strategies rather than market instruments, favoring mining companies. We conclude that the Chilean water model, rather than being a market-driven approach to water management, actually relies on strong regulations, and that the Water Code merely crystallizes centralized historical decisions regarding water distribution that support an extractivist development model.
Este artículo analiza los impactos que la escasez hídrica ha tenido sobre las prácticas cotidiana... more Este artículo analiza los impactos que la escasez hídrica ha tenido sobre las prácticas cotidianas de uso de agua de mujeres mapuche en la Comuna de San Juan de La Costa, Chile. Se aborda desde la ecología política feminista, para analizar las desigualdades hídricas que se experimentan a nivel doméstico en función del rol de género y la cultura de usuarios de agua. Se utiliza una metodología mixta, a través de la aplicación de encuestas, entrevistas y grupos focales.Se obtiene como resultado, que los impactos que la escasez hídrica genera sobre las mujeres mapuche son particulares, afectando su economía, emocionalidad y espiritualidad de maneras diferenciadas en función del tipo y fuente de acceso de que dispongan. Concluimos que los impactos domésticos de la escasez hídrica son heterogéneos, por lo que es relevante analizar los efectos microescalares producidos por las desigualdades socioambientales.
Revista de geografía Norte Grande
During the last decades, the province of Chacabuco, in the north of Santiago, has been profoundly... more During the last decades, the province of Chacabuco, in the north of Santiago, has been profoundly territorially transformed due to the installation of urban mega-projects for well-off social segments in contexts that until then were eminently rural. From the perspective of suburban political ecology, we analyze the different economic, political and metabolic strategies with view to the water and land resources through which large economic-financial groups, supported by the state, have produced an unequal landscape of archipelagos. The methods used in this work include press review, semi-structured with private, public, and community actors, and an analysis of water rights records in the office of Real Estate Curator in the province of Chacabuco. In empirical and conceptual terms, we demonstrate that the production of the new urban periphery and its patterns of socioterritorial and environmental fragmentation are not the result of abstract forces of globalization, but of deliberate actions of commodification, concentration (of property rights) and financialization of natural resources like land and water.
Revista de geografía Norte Grande
Este articulo examina los orígenes sociales de la escasez de agua en la cuenca del rio Bueno, Chi... more Este articulo examina los orígenes sociales de la escasez de agua en la cuenca del rio Bueno, Chile. Se emplea el marco teórico de la ecología política para analizar la escasez hídrica como un fenómeno "híbrido" de carácter socionatural, destacando el desarrollo de un marco de "tipologías de escasez de agua". Utilizando una metodología mixta, analizamos datos hídricos cuantitativos y cualitativos para develar las tipologías de escasez de agua existentes, quién sufre de escasez hídrica y a qué factores se atribuye esta. Nuestros resultados demuestran la existencia de diversas tipologías de escasez de agua y que la escasez hídrica no afecta a todos los actores, hechos que revelan factores antrópicos en su producción. Concluimos que los orígenes de la escasez de agua son múltiples y que la gestión del agua en Chile ha priorizando las actividades económicas de alto interés nacional por sobre el agua para consumo humano. Palabras claves: Escasez de agua, ecología política, gestión de agua, plantaciones forestales, Chile.
by Astrid Ulloa, Maria Cristina Fragkou, Akbar Sandoval, Centro Editorial Ciencias Humanas, Martha Correa, Patricia Veloza Torres, Maria Isabel Valderrama, Felipe Castro, Claudia Vásquez-Baeza, Vladimir Sanchez-Calderon, and Marcela Lopez
Agua y disputas territoriales en Chile y Colombia, 2018
Los debates en torno al agua dan cuenta de múltiples interacciones globales y locales, entre dive... more Los debates en torno al agua dan cuenta de múltiples interacciones
globales y locales, entre diversos actores e intereses, al igual
que valoraciones sobre la misma que van desde relaciones espirituales
y de reciprocidad, hasta relaciones con procesos extractivistas cuyos
resultados son acaparamientos y despojos. De manera paralela, en
las ciudades los procesos de acceso generan desigualdades, al igual
que confrontaciones debido a demandas por derecho al agua y derechos
del agua. Por lo tanto, cada vez más emergen movimientos
sociales que demandan derechos al agua como bien común. A partir
de estas dinámicas, consideramos que hay tres ejes para los análisis,
los cuales se mirarán de manera comparativa entre Chile y Colombia:
extractivismos, gobernanza, acaparamientos y derechos; hidroeléctricas,
represas y control territorial; y ciudades, acceso, conflictos y
desigualdades socioambientales.
Encyclopedia of Water: Science, Technology, and Society, 2020
Pro-market models for natural resources management rely on the argument that markets would alloca... more Pro-market models for natural resources management rely on the argument that markets would allocate resources apolitically, ensuring individual freedom, directing them towards highest economic value uses and, thus, ensuring both efficient allocation and maximization of total social welfare within the contexts of scarcity. In the mid-1970s, the Chilean dictatorship initiated a comprehensive neoliberal reform to economic and social policies that followed this axiom. Because water is a critical resource for Chile’s economic development, the military government reformed the previous centralized system and imposed in 1981 a new Water Code known as a textbook example of a free market system for managing water resources. Since the 1990s, international development agencies, such as the World Bank, promoted market mechanisms and water privatization arguing that this strategy will ensure greater efficiency of water use, thereby stimulating social and environmental benefits. Within this context, water experts from these agencies have presented the ChileanWater Code as a successful model for water reforms. The goal of this entry is to provide the reader a general reference work about the main features of this model. In what follows, we briefly describe the imposition of Chile’s 1981 Water Code and its main characteristics, whereas in continuation we summarize the main arguments for and against it. Finally, we illustrate how the Chilean water model has operated on the ground by presenting four cases: two case-specific examples (The Loa River basin and the Copiapó case) and two general cases (hydropower and desalination). Final remarks are presented in the conclusions.
The Wiley Encyclopedia of Water: Science, Technology, and Society, 2019
Publicado En Maurice, P. A. (Ed.). The Wiley Encyclopedia of Water: Science, Technology, and Soci... more Publicado En Maurice, P. A. (Ed.). The Wiley Encyclopedia of Water: Science, Technology, and Society. John Wiley & Sons Ltd: En https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119300762. (ISBN: 9781119300762).
by Edith González Cruz, Christy (Chryssanthi) Petropoulou, Panagiotis Doulos, Haris Tsavdaroglou, Aline Zárate Santiago, Rodrigo Rubén Hernández González, Guillermo López Varela, Konstantinos Zafeiris, Abraham Nahón, Maria Cristina Fragkou, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, and Mara Zacharaki
Luchas invisibles en tiempos de pandemia. Volumen I. Utopías, distopías, luchas sociales y culturales por la vida en tiempos de pandemia. , 2022
Estamos ante una nueva coyuntura del estado de excepción continuo y normalizado donde los malos g... more Estamos ante una nueva coyuntura del estado de excepción continuo y normalizado donde los malos gobiernos intentan legitimar y naturalizar una injusticia extrema. Durante la pandemia del COVID19 se han vuelto más visibles las características racistas y discriminadoras que predominan en la sociedad.
Data in Brief, 2022
This article presents a dataset on the accumulated water flow (L/s) granted in the Antofagasta Re... more This article presents a dataset on the accumulated water flow (L/s) granted in the Antofagasta Region for each year be- tween 1905 and 2018. We produced the dataset starting from the official public records on water rights ( Registro Público de Derechos de Aprovechamiento de Aguas, RPDAA), which are free to access and available at the National Water Agency’s website ( Dirección General de Aguas , DGA). The initial data described 1047 individual water rights granted in the Antofa- gasta Region according to 65 criteria. In order to find errors in the data, inconsistencies between the data, or/and the ab- sence of relevant information, we revised and validated the data through different methods, including a literature review and interviews to public officials. Then, we calculated the accumulated water flow (L/s) from the annual flow granted each year (1905–2018) in the two main basins of the region: the Loa River Basin, and the Salar de Atacama Basin. In do- ing so, we differentiated the type of water (ground or surface water) and the use of water. Thus, the data show and com- pare temporal variations in the allocation of ground and sur- face water to different water uses in the two basins. The data are useful to researchers, decision makers and to the general population interested in the processes of water distribution within the Chilean context.