Daniel Scott | University of Waterloo (original) (raw)

Papers by Daniel Scott

Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2015

Global leaders agree on the need to substantially decarbonize the global economy by 2050. This pa... more Global leaders agree on the need to substantially decarbonize the global economy by 2050. This paper compares potential costs associated with different policy pathways to achieve tourism sector emission reduction ambitions (−50% by 2035) and transform the sector to be part of the mid-century decarbonized economy (−70% by 2050). Investment in emissions abatement within the tourism sector, combined with strategic external carbon offsets, was found to be approximately 5% more cost effective over the period 2015–2050 than exclusive reliance on offsetting. The cost to achieve the −50% target through abatement and strategic offsetting, while significant, represents less than 0.1% of the estimated global tourism economy in 2020 and 3.6% in 2050. Distributed equally among all tourists (international and domestic), the cost of a low-carbon tourism sector is estimated at US$11 per trip, equivalent to many current travel fees or taxes. Exclusive reliance on offsetting would expose the sector to extensive and continued carbon liability costs beyond mid-century and could be perceived as climate inaction, increasing reputational risks and the potential for less efficient regulatory interventions that could hinder sustainable tourism development. Effective tourism sector leadership is needed to develop a strategic tourism policy framework and emission measurement and reporting system.

The Forestry Chronicle, 2007

For over a decade, the international scientific community and protected areas professionals have ... more For over a decade, the international scientific community and protected areas professionals have recognized that climate change will have critical implications for protected areas policy, planning and management. However, only a limited literature to date has focused on the implications of climate change for specific protected areas jurisdictions (i.e., national and/or provincial/territorial parks systems). This paper provides an overview of the potential impacts of climate change on Canada's system of boreal protected areas, highlighting the cross-jurisdictional policy, planning and management sensitivities in this biome. Results of a nation-wide climate change survey with protected area organizations are also presented, which reveal a strong incongruity between the perceived salience of climate change for protected area policy and management and a lack of available resources to provide capacity to deal with the challenge of climate change adaptation. To safeguard against the l...

Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2010

Summary As the international negotiations of a successor to the Kyoto Protocol intensify in antic... more Summary As the international negotiations of a successor to the Kyoto Protocol intensify in anticipation of the COP-15 in Copenhagen in December, each nation and major economic sector is assessing its ability to contribute to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions over the crucial next 10-30 years. Tourism is no exception and the Gothenburg Symposium organized by the European Travel Commission, Visit Sweden and the UN World Tourism Organization (14-15th of September, 2009), is to make an important contribution ...

Advances in tourism climatology. Ber. Meteor. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 2004

Climate is important to tourism, but the relationship between the two is complex. This is because... more Climate is important to tourism, but the relationship between the two is complex. This is because of the multifaceted nature of climate and the complicated way these variables come together to give meaning to a particular weather or climate condition for tourism. Researchers have attempted to tackle the problem by integrating relevant climate and tourism variables into a single index for ease of interpretation. However, these indices have been largely reliant on subjective judgements of the researcher (s) and not validated ...

Proceedings of the first international workshop on climate, tourism and recreation, Dec 1, 2001

Climate has a strong influence on the tourism and recreation sector and in some regions represent... more Climate has a strong influence on the tourism and recreation sector and in some regions represents the natural resource on which the tourism industry is predicated. There has been little consideration of how climate change might affect the tourism climate resource or how such changes could alter the competitive relationships between tourism destinations. This study used a modified version of Mieczkowski's (1985)'tourism climate index'(TCI) to explore the impact of projected climate change on the tourism climate resource of a ...

Current Issues in Tourism, 2014

ABSTRACT The Olympic Winter Games (OWG) stands as a symbol of international cross-cultural exchan... more ABSTRACT The Olympic Winter Games (OWG) stands as a symbol of international cross-cultural exchange through elite-level sport. As a mega-event with a significant reliance on a specific range of weather conditions for outdoor competitions, the OWG have developed several technologies and strategies to manage weather risk. Can these climatic adaptations cope with future climate change? Based on an analysis of two key climate indicators (probability of a minimum temperature of ≤0°C, and probability of a snow depth of ≥30 centimetres with advanced snowmaking capacity), this paper examines how projected changes to climate will impact the ability of the 19 previous host cities/regions to provide suitable conditions for outdoor competitions in the future. The results indicate that while the 19 former OWG hosts all have a suitable climate in the 1981–2010 period, only 11 or 10 (low–high-emission scenarios) remain climatically suitable in the 2050s, with as few as 6 in the high-emission scenario of the 2080s. The analysis reveals that climate change has important implications for the future geography of OWG host cities/regions as well as broader implications for participation in winter sport.

Current Issues in Tourism, 2022

Tourism industry and government demand for knowledge of the impacts of climate change on ski tour... more Tourism industry and government demand for knowledge of the impacts of climate change on ski tourism is growing. Despite the more than 70-year history and large cultural significance of alpine skiing in Sweden, little is known about the industry's future under a changing climate. This study applies the SkiSim2 model with low to high emission scenarios (RCP2.6 to 8.5) to analyse the implications of climate change for ski operations (season length, snowmaking requirements) at 23 alpine ski areas across Sweden for the early, mid, and late 21st century. Northern areas of Sweden show much less reduction in average season length compared to central and southern Sweden under the high emission mid-(13% versus 58% and 81%) and late-century scenarios (27% versus 72% and 99%). To limit season losses in these scenarios, snow production increases of over 250% are required in all regions. Such increases will create additional financial and environmental stressors, which may lead to the closure of the most at-risk resorts. With greater impacts projected for much of the European Alps ski market, northern Sweden may represent a 'last resort' for the European ski industry under higher emission scenarios by the mid-late 21st century.

Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2010

Sustainability, 2021

Global climate change represents a grand challenge for society, one that is increasingly influenc... more Global climate change represents a grand challenge for society, one that is increasingly
influencing tourism sector investment, planning, operations, and demand. The paper provides
an overview of the core challenges climate change poses to sustainable tourism, key knowledge
gaps, and the state of preparedness in the tourism sector. As we begin what is widely considered a
decisive climate decade, low sectoral preparedness should be highly disconcerting for the tourism
community. Put bluntly, what we have done for the past 30 years has not prepared the sector for the
next 30 years of accelerating climate change impacts and the transformation to a decarbonized global
economy. The transition from two decades of awareness raising and ambition setting to a decade of
determined collective response has massive knowledge requirements and necessitates broad sectoral
commitments to: (1) improved communications and knowledge mobilization, (2) increased research
capacity and interdisciplinary collaboration, and (3) strategic policy and planning engagement. We
in the tourism and sustainability communities must answer this clarion call to shape the future of
tourism in a decarbonized and post +3 C world, for there can be no sustainable tourism if we fail on
climate change.

The impact of climate change analogue conditions on ski operations is broader than reported in pr... more The impact of climate change analogue conditions on ski operations is broader than reported in previous studies. Ski operations under anomalously warm temperatures are not binary, but a continuum of partial capacity. Differential vulnerabilities are recorded by ski resort size (i.e., small, intermediate and large resorts) and month. Ski demand is less sensitive to record warm conditions than supply-side operations. a b s t r a c t To accurately characterize the ski industry's risk to future climate change and varied quality of snow conditions, it is important to assess how the industry has managed and adapted to contemporary anomalously warm ski seasons. This is the first temporal climate change analogue study to use higher resolution daily performance data at the individual ski area scale, including reported snow quality, ski lift operations, slope openings, and water usage for snowmaking. The record warm winter of 2011e2012 in the Ontario ski tourism market (Eastern Canada) is representative of projected future average winter conditions under a mid-century, high greenhouse gas emissions scenario (RCP 8.5), which was compared to the 2010e2011 season which was climatically normal (for the 1981e2010 period). Supply-side impacts across the 17 ski areas during the analogue winter included a total average decrease in the ski season length (À17% days), operating ski lifts (À3%), skiable terrain (À9%), reduced snow quality (e.g.,-46% days with packed powder), snowmaking days (À18%), and an increase in water usage for snowmaking (e.g., þ300% in December). Demand-side impacts include a 10% decrease in overall skier visits, with a resort size-correlation (small À20%, intermediate À14%, large À8%). With reduced operational ski terrain and more frequent marginal snow conditions, visitor experience is adversely affected more frequently. Collectively, these findings identify differential impacts in the ski tourism market and can assist ski area managers, communities, investors and governments with developing climate change adaptation plans.

Toubes, D.R., Gössling, S., Hall, C.M., & Scott, D. 2017, Vulnerability of coastal beach tourism ... more Toubes, D.R., Gössling, S., Hall, C.M., & Scott, D. 2017, Vulnerability of coastal beach tourism to flooding: A case study of Galicia, Spain. Environments 4(4), 83; doi:10.3390/environments4040083

Flooding, as a result of heavy rains and/or storm surges, is a persistent problem in coastal areas. Under scenarios of climate change, there are expectations that flooding events will become more frequent in some areas and potentially more intense. This poses a potential threat to coastal communities relying heavily on coastal resources, such as beaches for tourism. This paper develops a methodology for the assessment of coastal flooding risks, based on an index that compares 16 hydrogeomorphological, biophysical, human exposure and resilience indicators, with a specific focus on tourism. The paper then uses an existing flood vulnerability assessment of 724 beaches in Galicia (Spain) to test the index for tourism. Results indicate that approximately 10% of tourism beaches are at high risk to flooding, including 10 urban and 36 rural beaches. Implications for adaptation and coastal management are discussed.

World Tourism Organization, Madrid, 2008

Tourism and Hospitality Planning Development, Aug 1, 2010

Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2015

The Forestry Chronicle, 2007

Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2010

Advances in tourism climatology. Ber. Meteor. Inst. Univ. Freiburg, 2004

Proceedings of the first international workshop on climate, tourism and recreation, Dec 1, 2001

Current Issues in Tourism, 2014

Current Issues in Tourism, 2022

Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2010

Sustainability, 2021

World Tourism Organization, Madrid, 2008

Tourism and Hospitality Planning Development, Aug 1, 2010

Climate change is the single most important global environmental and development issue facing the... more Climate change is the single most important global environmental and development issue
facing the world today, and has emerged as a major topic in tourism studies. Climate
change is already affecting the tourism industry and is anticipated to have profound
implications for tourism in the twenty-fi rst century, including consumer holiday choices,
the geographical patterns of tourism demand, the competitiveness and sustainability of
destinations and the contribution of tourism to international development.
Tourism and Climate Change: Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation is the fi rst book
to provide a comprehensive overview of the theory and practice of climate change and
tourism at the tourist, enterprise, destination and global scales. Major themes include the
implications of climate change and climate policy for tourism sectors and destinations
around the world, tourists’ perceptions of climate change impacts, tourism’s global
contribution to climate change, adaptation and mitigation responses by all major tourism
stakeholders, and the integral links between climate change and sustainable tourism. It
combines a thorough scientifi c assessment of the climate–tourism interrelationships with
discussion of emerging mitigation and adaptation practices, showcasing international
examples throughout the tourism sector as well as actions by other sectors that will have
important implications for tourism.
Written by three leading academics in the fi eld, this critical contribution highlights the
challenges of climate change within the tourism community and provides a foundation for
decision making for both reducing the risks and taking advantage of the opportunities
associated with climate change. This comprehensive discussion of the complexities of
climate change and tourism is essential reading for students, academics, business leaders
and government policy makers.

Sustainability remains one of the major issues in tourism today. Concerns over climate and enviro... more Sustainability remains one of the major issues in tourism today. Concerns over climate and environmental
change, the fallout from the global economic and fi nancial crisis, and the seeming failure to meeting UN
Millennium development goals have only reinforced the need for more sustainable approaches to tourism,
however they be defi ned. Given the centrality of sustainability in tourism curricula, policies, research and
practice it is therefore appropriate to prepare a state of the art handbook on the relationship between
tourism and sustainability.
This timely Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability is developed from specifi cally commissioned original
contributions from recognised authors in the fi eld, providing a systematic guide to the current state of
knowledge on this area. It is interdisciplinary in coverage and international in scope through its authorship
and content. The volume commences with an assessment of tourism’s global environmental, e.g. climate,
emissions, energy use, biodiversity, water use, land use, and socio-economic eff ects, e.g. economic
impacts, employment and livelihoods, culture. This then provides the context for sections outlining the
main theoretical frameworks and constructs that inform tourism and sustainability, management tools and
approaches, and the approaches used in diff erent tourism and travel industry sectors. The book concludes
by examining emerging and future concerns in tourism and sustainability such as peak-oil, post-carbon
tourism, green economy and transition tourism.
This is essential reading for students, researches and academics interested in the possibilities of sustainable
forms of tourism and tourism’s contribution to sustainable development. Its assessment of tourism’s global
impact along with its overviews of sectoral and management approaches will provide a benchmark by
which the sustainability of tourism will be measured for years to come

This book provides a systematic and comprehensive guide to the current state of knowledge on tour... more This book provides a systematic and comprehensive guide to the current state of knowledge on tourism and water. It is the first book to thoroughly examine the interrelationships of tourism and water use based on global, regional and business perspectives. Its assessment of tourism’s global impact along with its overviews of sectoral and management approaches will provide a benchmark by which the water sustainability of tourism will be measured for years to come. In making a clear case for greater awareness and enhanced water management in the tourism sector, it is hoped that the book will contribute to the wise and sustainable use of this critical resource. The book is interdisciplinary in coverage and international in scope.

Contents

Boxed Examples and Case Studies
Figures
Tables
Plates
Acronyms
Preface

1. Water for life – a global overview
2. Interrelationships of tourism with water
3. Measuring water use in tourism
4. Managing water in tourism: Effective business and destination environmental management systems
5. The future: water security and tourism development

Online Resources
Glossary
References
Index

Boxed case studies and examples

1.1 The Qingdao Olympic Green Tide
1.2 New Zealand River Water Quality: Not so clean and green?
1.3 Concepts of Water Scarcity
1.4 The Cost of Water

2.1 The water demands of the golf courses of the Algarve

3.1 1990 American Hotel and Motel Association Survey of Water Use in Hotels
3.2 Pool Filter and Treatment Systems
3.3 Spray Valves in California’s Restaurant Kitchens and Other Water Saving Technologies
3.4 Energy use in hotels and embodied water demand

4.1 Measuring, auditing, monitoring in Cyprus
4.2 Exchanging new behaviours for water quality in Chesapeake Bay: ‘Save the crabs, then eat 'em!’
4.3 Sustainable food choices, Rhodes, Greece
4.4 Towel and bed linen policies
4.5 Geothermal cooling
4.6 Cruise ships and water inputs and outputs
4.7 Novel water management indicators

5.1 Climate change, water and Great Lakes tourism

Figures

1.1 Human appropriation of fresh water resources
1.2 Global water demand, 2000-2050
1.3 Determining the composition of a national water footprint
1.4 Total water embodied in one kg of produce, approximate values
1.5 The interrelationships between water and energy
1.6 Water withdrawals and consumption for fuel production
1.7 Renewable water resources in m3 per capita per year, 2011

2.1 Shifts in water use between regions
2.2 Tourist arrivals and rainfall in Rhodes, Greece
2.3 Interrelationships of water consumption and occupancy rates in Tunisia
2.4 Water use in destination, blue, green, grey and black water flows

3.1 Water consumption embodied in tourism
3.2 Distribution of water use by end-use, Zanzibar, Tanzania
3.3 Direct water use in 4-star accommodation in Rhodes, Greece by end-use
3.4 Weight of foodstuff groups consumed per guest night, and water use in L
3.5 Globally averaged water footprint, L per guest night

4.1 Inter-relationships between macro and micro environmental systems
4.2 Per kg prices of different foodstuffs
4.3 Food quantity to purchase cost ratios
4.4 A continuum of behavioural interventions
4.5 Example of a normative message to encourage towel and bed linen reuse
4.6 Willingness to re-use bed linen, towels and pool towels
4.7 Overview of the water flows in the water system of a conventional hotel property
4.8 Maximising water-energy systems
4.9 Schematic overview of seawater cooling system
4.10 Geothermal groundwater system

5.1 Past and future growth in water use for global tourism

Tables

1.1 Water reservoirs and fluxes
1.2 Select examples of virtual water flows
1.3 Global freshwater use by sector
1.4 Amount of energy required to provide 1 m3 of safe drinking water
1.5 Indicative yields and water requirements for biofuel crops

2.1 Average water use per person
2.2 Tourism sector water use in major destination countries

3.1 Water use per tourist per day, various tourism contexts
3.2 Breakdown of water consumption in United States lodging facilities
3.3 Summary of statistics of hotels in 1990 USA accommodation study
3.4 Water consumption per available room per day (USA, 1990)
3.5 Percentage of hotel properties using specific water conservation methods (USA, 1990)
3.6 Indicative examples of water consumption for various accommodation categories and types of consumption in USA 1990 hotel survey
3.7 Hot water use in US lodging facilities
3.8 Water use for pools and spas, Rhodes, Greece
3.9 Laundry items, unit numbers and weight at two Rhodes hotels, 2013
3.10 Available technologies and potential water and energy savings in California’s commercial, industrial and institutional (CII) sector
3.11 Energy use at hotels
3.12 Foodstuff use in kg per guest night in Greek case study hotel
3.13 Summary of resource use intensities in global tourism, 2010

4.1 Kuoni´s Skills Map for water management
4.2 Planning for water management
4.3 Aspects to be considered in water audit
4.4 Typical water saving per guest room in a hotel in Australia
4.5 Benchmarks for hotel managers, Accor
4.6 Action Plan Summary Sheet for a hotel in Kenya, Kuoni
4.7 Importance of different foods, Rhodes, Greece
4.8 Comparison of water use indicators: scientific and corporate approaches

5.1 Future water stress in major tourism regions

Hbk ISBN 9781845414993
Pbk ISBN 9781845414986

by Scott Cohen, James Higham, Robin Nunkoo, Ph.D, Edward Huijbens, Jarkko Saarinen, David Weaver, Bas Amelung, Carlo Aall, Daniel Scott, Yael Ram, and Alan Pomering

Tourism Management, 2015

Shani and Arad (2014) claimed that tourism scholars tend to endorse the most pessimistic assessme... more Shani and Arad (2014) claimed that tourism scholars tend to endorse the most pessimistic assessments regarding climate change, and that anthropogenic climate change was a “fashionable” and “highly controversial scientific topic”. This brief rejoinder provides the balance that is missing from such climate change denial and skepticism studies on climate change and tourism. Recent research provides substantial evidence that reports on anthropogenic climate change are accurate, and that human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, including from the tourism industry, play a significant role in climate change. Some positive net effects may be experienced by some destinations in the short-term, but in the long-term all elements of the tourism system will be impacted. The expansion of tourism emissions at a rate greater than efficiency gains means that it is increasingly urgent that the tourism sector acknowledge, accept and respond to climate change. Debate on tourism-related adaptation and mitigation measures is to be encouraged and welcomed. Climate change denial is not.

Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2015

The period leading to and immediately after the release of the IPCC’s fifth series of climate cha... more The period leading to and immediately after the release of the IPCC’s fifth series of climate change assessments saw substantial efforts by climate change denial interests to portray anthropogenic climate change (ACC) as either unproven theory or a negligible contribution to natural climate variability, including the relationship between tourism and climate change. This paper responds to those claims by stressing that the extent of scientific consensus suggests that human-induced warming of the climate system is unequivocal. Secondly, it responds in the context of tourism research and ACC, highlighting tourism’s significant contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, as well as climate change’s potential impacts on tourism at different scales. The paper exposes the tactics used in ACC denial papers to question climate change science by referring to non-peer reviewed literature, outlier studies and misinterpretation of research, as well as potential links to think-tanks and interest groups. The paper concludes that climate change science does need to improve its communication strategies but that the world-view of some individuals and interests likely precludes acceptance. The connection between ACC and sustainability illustrates the need for debate on adaptation and mitigation strategies, but that debate needs to be grounded in scientific principles not unsupported skepticism.

Keywords: climate change denial; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); climate change consensus; climate models; climate change mitigation; greenhouse gas emissions

This final response to the two climate change denial papers by Shani and Arad further highlights ... more This final response to the two climate change denial papers by Shani and Arad further highlights the inaccuracies, misinformation and errors in their commentaries. The obfuscation of scientific research and the consensus on anthropogenic climate change may have significant long-term negative consequences for better understanding the implications of climate change and climate policy for tourism and create confusion and delay in developing and implementing tourism sector responses.