Role of Salivary Glucose in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (original) (raw)
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Current Trends in Biomedical Engineering & Biosciences, 2017
Diabetes mellitus is a complex multi-system disorder and is the most common endocrine disorder with potentially devastating complications that affects all age groups worldwide. Currently, a diagnosis of diabetes is achieved by evaluating blood glucose levels. Monitoring blood glucose at frequent intervals causes unnecessary discomfort and mental trauma to patients; therefore, a much simpler and non-invasive technique for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes is very desirable. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 subjects were included (100 subjects in each group).Based on their clinical history, two groups were created; group I (Diabetic patients) & group II (Healthy controls). Both the groups were screened for plasma and salivary glucose levels. Result: The mean values of blood glucose were 115.230mg/dl ±21.4 for control group and 213.546mg/dl±68 for diabetic group. The mean values of salivary glucose were 4.272mg/dl±2.23 for healthy controls and 13.603mg/dl±5.599 for diabetic group. The correlation coefficient between serum glucose and salivary glucose was calculated and the 'r' value was found to be 0.7686, which was highly significant (P value 0.01). It is worth noting that the significance of the study group was much greater than that of the control group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that saliva can be used as a diagnostic tool in assessment of blood glucose concentration. However further studies with larger and varied sample size are needed to strengthen our results.
Validation of salivary glucose as a screening tool of diabetes mellitus
Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine
Background: Improved prognosis and delay of clinical complications in diabetes mellitus can be ensured by early screening and regular monitoring after diagnosis. This requires venipuncture at regular intervals of time causing anxiety and discomfort to the patient. Hence, development of a painless, non-invasive procedure is desirable for which saliva is a potential tool. Also, this would provide easy and cost-effective means for large scale screening and epidemiological intervention. Aim: To measure fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and compare and correlate with salivary glucose levels in normal and diabetic individuals. Also, the correlation between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and salivary glucose is studied in the diabetics and controls. Methods: Blood and salivary glucose was estimated by GOD-POD method and glycated hemoglobin by HPLC. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS 16. Mean, Standard deviation, independent t test, ANOVA (f test), Pearson’s correlation coefficient along with re...
Innovative publication, 2016
Introduction: There are contradictory reports on using salivary glucose in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. This study has made an attempt to estimate the salivary glucose levels in diabetic patients with and without complications and correlate them with plasma glucose as a marker of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: This was a Cross sectional observational study. Thirty eight type 2 diabetic patients without complications and thirty eight type 2 diabetic patients with either microvascular or macrovascular complications were the subjects of this study. Age and sex-matched normal healthy individuals were included as controls. Plasma and salivary glucose levels were estimated by spectrophotometric method. Results: We observed significantly higher glucose levels in plasma and saliva, in diabetic patients with complications, in comparison to those without complications, and normal healthy controls. There was significant positive correlation between salivary glucose and plasma glucose among all the subjects of the study. Non-linear regression analysis shows exponential relationship between plasma and salivary glucose. Conclusion: Salivary glucose analysis offers noninvasive, sensitive method for assessment of severity of diabetic complications with suitability for repeated sampling. Further studies with larger sample size need to be taken up to establish salivary glucose as a marker of diabetes mellitus.
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2023
Background: There is alarming rise in number of people with diabetes mellitus over these years. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the fifth most common condition and the sixth leading cause of mortality amongst the elderly. Finding a relationship between the blood glucose level and its concentration in other body fluids such as the saliva can help in developing an on invasive method for blood sugar assessment replacing venous sampling. Objective of this study was to see the correlation between fasting blood glucose and fasting salivary glucose levels. Methods: This cross sectional study included 200 randomly selected subjects, of which 100 were known diabetes constituted test group and 100 were normal healthy subjects, age-and sex-matched individuals constituted the controls. Fasting blood glucose and salivary glucose levels were measured by using glucose oxidase peroxidase methods. Data were recorded on a preforma in Microsoft excel sheet. Pearson's coefficient of correlation was applied to find out any significant correlation between the fasting blood glucose and fasting salivary glucose levels. Results: Results were obtained by statistical calculation and plotted with respect to scatter and bar diagram was done and a p<0.05 was considered significant (with 95% CI). Conclusions: A significant positive correlation exists between fasting blood glucose and fasting salivary glucose in both the test groups.
A pilot study on utility of salivary glucose levels to monitor diabetes mellitus
IP Innovative Publication Pvt. Ltd., 2018
Aim: To utilize salivary glucose levels as a measure to monitor Diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: The fasting whole saliva and serum was collected from 100 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and were analyzed for glucose. The results were analyzed statistically. Results: In this study a good correlation was observed between salivary and serum glucose levels. Conclusion: Salivary glucose levels can serve as a marker in diagnosing and monitoring type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Salivary glucose, Serum glucose
International journal of scientific research, 2021
Aim & Objective: To estimate and compare of serum and salivary glucose level in diabetic and non-diabetic patient and saliva can be used as a non invasive diagnostic uid in Diabetic Mellitus patients. Material and method: This comparative cross-sectional study conducted in Department of Dentistry & orthopaedic, Government medical college Jalaun (Orai) U.P. included 100 subjects aged between 30-60 years including both genders (Male & Female) , which were divided into two groups; Group-I (Control): 50 Non-Diabetic Mellitus patients Group-II (Study): 50 Diabetic Mellitus patients. Serum and saliva collected from all participants and analyzed by auto-analyzer, followed by standard solution and the readings were noted, noted reading used for tabulation master chart and statistical analysis done. Results: One way ANOVA student t test with Tukey HSD applied and found highly signicant value in all groups. Mean age was calculated in group I & II respectively ±43.94 & ±44.64 years. In group I, mean value of serum ±90.1 mg/dl & in group II serum glucose level mean was 188.32 mg/dl and salivary glucose level in group I, ±0.34 mg/dl and group II, ±4.52 mg/dl. When comparison was done between group I and group II on the bases of Fasting Serum glucose level respectively 90.1 mg/dl and 188.32 mg/dl and salivary fasting glucose level 0.34 mg/dl and 4.52 mg/dl respectively. Conclusion: On the behalf of present study saliva is non-invasive, cost effective and multiple sampling in one patient diagnostic biological uid in diabetic mellitus, it can also use on large population, easy to collect and process.
Correlation of Salivary Glucose Level with Blood Glucose Level in Diabetes Mellitus
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Research, 2012
Objectives: There is alarming rise in number of people with diabetes mellitus over these years. If glucose in saliva is linked to glucose in blood it can be used to detect diabetes mellitus at an early stage. The present study is undertaken with the aim to assess the correlation of salivary glucose level with blood glucose level in people with diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: For investigations, 2 sets of samples of people with diabetes and the age and sex matched nondiabetic subjects were recruited. The salivary glucose was analyzed in unstimulated whole saliva samples using glucose oxidase method. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was applied to assess the correlation between salivary glucose level and blood glucose level. Results: The significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation of salivary glucose level and fasting blood glucose level was observed in people with uncontrolled diabetes in both the sets of samples. Conclusions: Although study suggests some potential for saliva as a marker in monitoring of diabetes mellitus, there are many aspects that need clarification before we reach to a conclusion.
Salivary and Serum Glucose in relation to HbA1c Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
2016
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) regularly requires blood investigation. Investigation which can efficiently measure the common parameters without painful collection procedure can be beneficial for the patients. The study aimed at measuring and correlating salivary and serum glucose along with serum HbA1C in patients of type 2 DM. The study was an observational case control study carried over a period of one year and four months. It included 42 type 2 DM patients as cases and 41 non diabetic patients as controls, from 35 to 70 years of age. Blood and saliva samples were collected. Serum and salivary glucose with serum HbA1C levels were measured and analysed using SPSS version 16. 55% of study subjects were < 45 years. M: F ratio was 3:2. The mean FBS, mean salivary glucose and HbA1C in type 2DM was 155.8 mg/dl, 20.4 mg/dl and 8.35 where as in control group they were 88.9 mg/dl, 9.35 mg/dl and 5.5 respectively. The FBS and the salivary glucose correlated significantly (p<0.001) and HbA1c...
Correlations between Fasting Salivary Glucose and Fasting Plasma Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Background : Early detection & screening of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is essential to delay its complications. However, testing for DM often requires invasive and painful blood testing which deters the people from undergoing an investigation and they remain undetected for a very long time. So, there is a need for non-invasive testing. Aim : This study aimed at estimating and correlating fasting salivary glucose and fasting plasma glucose in type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics; so as to assess if salivary glucose can be used as a non-invasive tool, to evaluate blood glucose levels, and could it also be used as a biomarker for large scale screening of diabetes. Method : 50 type 2 diabetic and 50 non-diabetic participants were selected according to inclusion & exclusion criteria. Quantitative estimation of blood and salivary glucose were performed by glucose oxidase method. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was applied to assess the correlation between salivary glucose level and plasma glucose level. Result : The mean salivary glucose was significantly greater in type 2 diabetics (1.45 ± 0.91 mg/dL) as compared to non-diabetic participants (0.41 ± 0.29 mg/dL). A positive, significant but moderate correlation was seen in both type-2 DM patients (r = 0.43; p = 0.002) and in non-diabetics (r = 0.44; p = 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity were 66% and 96% at 1mg/dl respectively. Conclusion : Fasting salivary glucose could potentially be used as a non-invasive tool for monitoring and for large scale screening of type 2 DM.
Salivary Glucose Level in Diabetic Patients: A Comparative Cross Sectional Study
2014
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by hyperglycemic state owing to insulin deficiency or its resistance. Its diagnosis and monitoring requires regular measurement of blood glucose level, which is very apprehensive and painful to the patients. Therefore it necessitates the need of less invasive body fluid like saliva, whose collection is easy, economical, and painless and doesn’t require expertise. Hence this study was carried out to correlate the fasting salivary glucose with fasting serum glucose and glycated hemoglobin in diabetes patients and compare it with healthy control and to substantiate the role of saliva as a diagnostic tool. This was a hospital based comparative cross sectional study. We included 50 newly diagnosed case of diabetes and 50 healthy age and sex matched control after taking their informed consent. Five ml fasting unstimulated saliva and 5 ml fasting blood was collected under standard conditions and the sample were processed immedi...