Cytogenotoxic Effects of Spent Pot Liner (SPL) and Its Main Components on Human Leukocytes and Meristematic Cells of Allium cepa (original) (raw)
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Spent pot liner from aluminum industry: genotoxic and mutagenic action on human leukocytes
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019
Spent pot liner (SPL) is a toxic solid waste generated in the aluminum mining and processing industry. SPL is considered as an environmental pollution agent when is dumped on environment. Thus, it is important to access its toxicological risk for the exposed organisms. The comet assay and micronucleus test are efficient tests to detect genotoxic/mutagenic compounds by DNA damage observation. Therefore, in the present study, the genotoxic potential of SPL was evaluated through the micronucleus and comet assay on human leukocytes. After ethics committee approval (COEP-UFLA n°. CAAE 11355312.8.0000.5060), blood aliquots collected from healthy volunteers were exposed to increasing concentrations of SPL (from 0.1 to 80 g L −1). All SPL treatments, including the lowest concentration applied (0.1 g L −1), significantly increased the micronucleus frequency. The frequency of DNA damage was determined by visual scores (from 0 to 4) and the results were expressed on percentage of damage and arbitrary units (AU). CaCl 2 (0.01 M) was applied as negative control (NC) and doxorubicin (10 μg mL −1) as positive control (PC). It was observed a dose-dependency between SPL treatments: as SPL concentration for cell incubation increases, the frequency of damage on DNA also increases. Cells incubated on the NC presented nucleoids class 0 to 2, while those exposed to SPL presents nucleoids class 0 to 4. SPL-incubated cells increasing significantly the frequency of nucleoids class 4. For the PC, the UA of damage was 267.74, which is lower than the one observed for the treatments with high doses of SPL (40-287.40 g L −1 and 80-315.30 g L −1). Thus, it was demonstrated that the SPL is a genotoxic agent that induces DNA damage on exposed organisms.
The genotoxic and cytotoxic activities of inorganic fluoride in cultured rat bone marrow cells
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1994
The effects of sodium and potassium fluoride (NaF and KF) at concentrations ranging from 10-7 tO 10-2 M for 12, 24, or 36 h on cultured rat bone marrow cells have been studied with respect to cytotoxicity an_d induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE). At the three exposure times, cell survival progressively decreased with increasing concentrations. Treatment with 10-2 M fluoride resulted in a statistically significant death (62-65%) of cells. Similarly, no dividing cells were encountered at concentrations of 10-3 M and 10-2 M, and significant reductions in mitotic index (MI) were calculated at 10-4 M. In contrast, cell kinetics, expressed as cell proliferation index (CPI), revealed no significant inhibitory effect of fluoride on cell proliferation. Furthermore, the mean SCE score reached a maximum (7.64 SCE/cell) in the 24-h-treated cultures. This value was not significantly different from that observed in sodium chloride (NaC1) at 10-2 M (5.42 SCE/cell) and distilled water (4.86 SCE/cell) controls. In comparison, mitomycin-C (MMC, positive control) at 5 × 10-8 M caused an average of 22.13 SCE/cell. These results indicated an inhibition of cell division and death of cells with high doses of fluoride with no effect on SCE frequencies.
Cytogenotoxicity evaluation of two industrial effluents using Allium cepa assay
The cytogenotoxic effects of the industrial effluents from paint (0, 7.2, 18, 36 and 72%) and textile (0, 1.6, 4, 8 and 16%) manufacturing were evaluated using root tip cells of Allium cepa. In this study, root length and chromosomal aberration assays were used to determine the 96 h effective concentration (96 h EC 50 ), root growth inhibition, mitotic index and chromosome aberration rate. Based on the 96 h EC 50 , textile effluent was 4.5 times more toxic than the paint effluent. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in the mean root length of A.
Fluoride
: In an in vivo genotoxicity investigation of the action of fluoride (F) on bone marrow cells, sodium fluoride (NaF) was administered through the drinking water of 2–3 month old Swiss albino mice for 30 days at lower (7.5, 15, and 30 mg/L) and higher concentrations (100 and 150 mg/L). Mitotic inhibition, chromosomal aberrations, and chromatid breaks were most pronounced in mice that received the relatively low dose of 15 mg NaF/L. The effects became obvious after the first week of treatment and were maximal after 3 months of sustained exposure. Chromosome aberrations induced by one month treatment with 15 mg NaF/L was significantly higher than those found with the 100 and 150 mg NaF/L concentrations. The total number of femur bone marrow cells remained unchanged in all the treatment groups except in the 150 mg NaF/L group, in which it declined significantly. F treatment did not elicit any change in the percentage of viable cells in the bone marrow. Depletion of S-phase fraction of b...
Journal of Environmental Management, 2012
Industrial waste usually contains complex mixtures of mutagenic chemicals. Spent Pot Liner (SPL) is a complex solid waste from the aluminum industry, which is composed of organics, fluoride salts, inorganic cyanides, metals, and sodium. Due to the toxicity of these compounds, this study sought to use cytogenetics and flow cytometry to assess the effects of SPL on cell cycle parameters and DNA content in meristematic cells of Allium cepa. Three concentrations of leachates from SPL-soil mixtures were used for the study: 0, 10, and 25%. Roots were collected and analyzed after 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 h of exposure to the above SPL leachates. The results showed an overall mitodepressive effect accompanied by an increased percentage of condensed nuclei and genomic instability as evidenced by the presence of cellular/chromosomal abnormalities. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling revealed nuclei with fragmented DNA, a marker of programmed cell death. This study also addressed the question of reversibility of the effects of SPL and found that 36 h of exposure to 25% SPL seemed to be the point at which the effects on the induction of apoptosis became irreversible.
Putative mechanisms of genotoxicity induced by fluoride: a comprehensive review
Environmental science and pollution research international, 2017
Genotoxicity is the ability of an agent to produce damage on the DNA molecule. Considering the strong evidence for a relationship between genetic damage and carcinogenesis, to elucidate the putative mechanisms of genotoxicity induced by fluoride are important to measure the degree of risk involved to human populations. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on genotoxicity induced by fluoride on the basis of its mechanisms of action. In the last 10 years, all published data showed some evidence related to genotoxicity, which is due to mitochondrial disruption, oxidative stress, and cell cycle disturbances. However, this is an area that still requires a lot of investigation since the published data are not sufficient for clarifying the genotoxicity induced by fluoride. Certainly, the new information will be added to those already established for regulatory purposes as a safe way to promote oral healthcare and prevent oral carcinogenesis.
Genotoxicity assessment of three industrial effluents using the Allium cepa bioassay
African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
The Allium cepa assay was employed, in conjunction with physico-chemical analysis, to investigate the potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of three industrial effluents (soap, beverage and paint) from the southeast of Nigeria. For in situ monitoring of cytotoxicity level, inhibition of mitotic division was investigated and for genotoxicity evaluation, chromosomal aberration assay was carried out. The results showed certain sample-constituents of the wastewaters (e.g. pH, turbidity) to be at concentrations beyond the maximum permissible limits required by international regulatory authorities. On the basis of the 72 h effective concentration (72 h EC 50), the paint effluent was the most toxic while the beverage effluent was the least toxic. The mean root lengths of A. cepa exposed to different concentrations of the industrial effluents, when compared to the control, were shown by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to be significantly (p<0.05) concentration dependent. The three industrial effluents were observed to induce chromosomal aberrations, laggards and sticky chromosomes being the most frequently seen. The findings show that a combination of physico-chemical analysis and genotoxicity assay is effective in assessing industrial effluents for the environmental monitoring of pollutants.
Genotoxicity of industrial wastes and effluents
Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation …, 1998
In excess of several million pounds of genotoxic and/or carcinogenic industrial wastes are released into the U.S. environment each year. Chemical characterization of these waste materials can rarely provide an adequate assessment of their genotoxicity and potential hazard. Bioassays do not require prior information about chemical composition and can effectively assess the genotoxicity of complex waste materials. The most commonly used genotoxicity assay has been the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Results with this system have shown that the genotoxic potency of industrial wastes can vary over 10 orders of magnitude, from virtually nondetectable to highly potent. Industries employing similar industrial processes generally release wastes of similar potency. Extremely high potency wastes include those from furazolidone and nitrofurfural production. Pulp and paper mills, steel foundries, and organic chemical manufacturing facilities also discharge wastes of noteworthy potency. Treatment and remediation of some wastes, such as pulp and paper mill effluents, have been shown to reduce or eliminate genotoxicity. However, in other cases, treatment and remediation have been shown to enhance genotoxicity, such as for fungal treatment of oils. Analyses of samples collected from areas known to receive industrial wastes and effluents have shown that genotoxins can accumulate in the receiving environment and have adverse effects on indigenous biota. The evaluation of hazardous wastes and effluents by genotoxicity assays may provide data useful not only for hazard identification but for comparative risk assessment.
Genotoxic effects of fluoride evaluated by sister-chromatid exchange
Mutation Research Letters, 1987
The purpose of this investigation was to study the genotoxic potential of fluoride (in the form of sodium fluoride, NaF) using in vitro and in vivo sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) assays with Chinese hamster cells. The NaF concentrations used in cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells ranged from 0 to 6.3 mM, both with and without 9activation.Fluorideanalysisoftheculturemediumdemonstratedthatitcontainedlittleindigenousfluoride,andtheconcentrationofaddedfluoridewasnotaffectedbythecomponentsofthemediumorthe9 activation. Fluoride analysis of the culture medium demonstrated that it contained little indigenous fluoride, and the concentration of added fluoride was not affected by the components of the medium or the 9activation.Fluorideanalysisoftheculturemediumdemonstratedthatitcontainedlittleindigenousfluoride,andtheconcentrationofaddedfluoridewasnotaffectedbythecomponentsofthemediumorthe9 mix. The CHO cells cultured in 6.3 mM NaF almost vanished, and at the concentration of 5.3 mM NaF in cultures without $9 microsome, only MI cells were observed. In in vivo studies, Chinese hamsters were intubated with NaF dosages of 0, 0.1, 1.0, 10, 60 and 130 mg/kg, and the bone marrow (CHBM) cells were examined for SCE frequencies. Bone fluoride data showed that the intubated NaF was effectively absorbed. Death occurred in 3 of the 8 animals given 130 mg NaF/kg. The results indicated that NaF, in dosages up to 5.3 mM in CHO cell cultures and 130 mg/kg in in vivo CHBM cells, did not significantly increase the SCE frequencies over those observed in the negative (distilled water) controls. However, examination of the cell cycle revealed an inhibitory effect of NaF on cell proliferation with doses of NaF at or greater than 1.0 mM in cultured CHO cells and at or greater than 60 mg NaF/kg in in vivo CHMB cells.
Toxicology and Industrial Health, 2020
In this study, the cytotoxic potential of fluoride and endosulfan in combination was investigated in Swiss albino mice bone marrow cells using the chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) test systems. Fluoride (25.1 mg kg−1 body weight [bw] in water) and endosulfan (1.8 mg kg−1 bw by oral intubation) were administered orally alone and in combination (fluoride 25.1 mg kg−1 bw + endosulfan 1.8 mg kg−1 bw) to male Swiss albino mice daily for 30 days. A significant ( p < 0.01) increase in micronuclei (MNs) induction and decreased ratio ( p < 0.01) of polychromatic to normonochromatic erythrocytes (indicators of cytotoxicity) were observed compared with saline controls when animals were given the combination of fluoride and endosulfan. A significant ( p < 0.01) increase in MNs induction and no change in the polychromatic erythrocytes to erythrocyte ratio were also observed when endosulfan was given alone. CAs such as gaps, breaks, fragments, rings, exchanges, and polyp...