Fungal Exopolysaccharide: Production, Composition and Applications (original) (raw)
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Exopolysaccharides of Fungal Origin: Properties and Pharmaceutical Applications
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Fungal exopolysaccharides (EPSs) represent an important group of bioactive compounds secreted by fungi. These biopolymers can be utilized individually or in combination with different bioactive substances for a broad range of pharmaceutical field applications, due to their various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and anticoagulant effects. The paper presents an up-to-date review of the main fungal polysaccharides (pullulan, schizophyllan, scleroglucan, botryosphaeran, lentinan, grifolan, and lasiodiplodan), highlighting their structures, producing strains, and useful properties in a double position, as controlled release (rate and selectively targeting) drug carriers, but mostly as active immunomodulating and antitumor compounds in cancer therapy.
ABSTRACT: A great deal of recent interest has been shown in the ability of some microbes to synthesize exopolysaccharides. Most attention has been directed toward the prokaryote producers, yet many filamentous fungi also produce exopolysaccharides that have chemical and physical properties of considerable commercial potential. Surprisingly little is known about how and why fungi overproduce these metabolites and how yields are affected by both the physical and chemical environments. This review attempts to critically appraise the current literature on fungal exopolysaccharides, considers their chemical diversity, and examines factors that seem to affect their production. Although much of the published work has been carried out with the alpha-glucan pullulan, there is considerable literature on the beta-glucans and, hence, both of these are discussed.
Production of Exopolysaccharide from Local Fungal Isolate Article history
The study investigated in isolation of 26 fungal isolates belonging to 6 different genera viz., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp.,Alternaria sp., Rhizopus sp. and Phoma sp. Were screened for exopolysaccharide production. Glucose in culture media was studied to select the medium that gives a maximum production of exopolysaccharide by Penicillium sp., Exopolysaccharide was isolated by ethanol precipitation. The medium which contains glucose had been selected to get the heights production of exopolysaccharide. Fermentation conditions were further investigated to optimize exopolysaccharide production by Penicillium sp., The optimum substitution ratio, temperatures, pH and incubation periods for the maximum production of the polysaccharide were 100% , 30˚C , pH 5 and 9 days respectively. Characteristic of exopolysaccharide compounds were observed in the FTIR spectrum. Thin layer chromatography of the hydrolyzed polysaccharide showed that the exopolysaccharide production was heteropolysaccharide consists of galactose, glucose and mannose.
Fermentative production of exopolysaccharide by bioprospecting fungus, Aspergillus niger was studied. Sucrose and maltose were used as carbon sources. Polysaccharide production was maximum in 8 & 10% of substrates. Polysaccharide production was increased with increase in growth of mycelium of A. niger in both the substrates. The optimum pH and incubation periods for the maximum production of polysaccharide were pH 7 and 15 days respectively. The polysaccharide produced by A. niger was the polyol of 3,4,6 tri-o-methyl D glucose with β -1-3 glycosidic linkage commonly known as glucan. The polysaccharide produced by this species may be composed of glucose and little amount of galactose and other oligosaccharides. Polarimetric studies revealed that the fractions containing glucose gave laevorotatory values of the optical rotation. Total acidity was maximum in pH 4 and total carbohydrate, reducing sugar was maximum in pH 7, protein and nitrogen values were varied as per experimental conditions.
Exopolysaccharides enriched in rare sugars: bacterial sources, production, and applications
Frontiers in Microbiology, 2015
Microbial extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), produced by a wide range of bacteria, are high molecular weight biopolymers, presenting an extreme diversity in terms of chemical structure and composition. They may be used in many applications, depending on their chemical and physical properties. A rather unexplored aspect is the presence of rare sugars in the composition of some EPS. Rare sugars, such as rhamnose or fucose, may provide EPS with additional biological properties compared to those composed of more common sugar monomers. This review gives a brief overview of these specific EPS and their producing bacteria. Cultivation conditions are summarized, demonstrating their impact on the EPS composition, together with downstream processing. Finally, their use in different areas, including cosmetics, food products, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical applications, are discussed.
Isolation, Screening and Quantification of Exopolysaccharide Produce by Plant Pathogenic Fungi
2019
Exopolysaccharides are polymers of carbohydrates secreted by some bacteria and fungi outside their cell walls. Exopolysaccharides extracted from plant pathogenic fungi have wide applications. Four species of fungi i.e. Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp. and Candida sp. were isolated from different plants sources ( chilli, tomato and mazie) and each species were tested for their polysaccharide producing ability. Polysaccharide production was recorded in incubating all four species in shaking flask, incubation condition of 28°C at 150 rpm for 14 days was found most suitable for exopolysaccharide secretion from each test species. Among all four species, Alternaria alternata produces maximum exopolysaccharide & minimum production was seen with Penicillium notaum. Total biomass (dry weight and wet weight) was also recorded. Maximum biomass was found to be in Fusarium equisetum. Total carbohydrate and protein produced was found to be highest in Alternaria alter...
intracellular sugars condensation occurring during the growth and metabolic processes of the microorganisms [1, 4, 5]. Among the natural sources of polysaccharides, microbial ones are superior to other sources in several ways, including outstanding structural consistency. Additionally, the probability of accomplishing a high EPS output by applying synthetic biology techniques and improving culture conditions is a promising and emerging research field [6, 7]. Microorganisms within numerous taxonomic groups can produce EPS with remarkable physicochemical and functional characteristics [8]. However, yeast-produced EPS exhibit various preferences such as low expense, Microbial Cell Factories
Biotechnological challenges and perspectives of using exopolysaccharides
Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research, 2018
Exopolysaccharides have several biotechnological applications fields including food industry, cosmetic, agricultural, pharmaceutical, medical, chemical and others. The main molecules come from plants, bacteria, fungi and algae. Although these substances are already used industrially, only a small portion of the biopolymers market is represented by them. In order to have a greater market share of these molecules, it is necessary to optimize several technological stages of EPS production on a large scale. Considering that the processes of extraction, isolation and purification of these polysaccharides can affect their physicochemical, structural and techno-functional properties, their gradual yield with maximum efficiency becomes a challenging objective. In this paper, the EPSs will be concisely addressed as regards their functional biotechnological applications and their productive aspects.
Recent Trends in the Characterization of Microbial Exopolysaccharides
Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 2014
Bacterial polysaccharides that are secreted into the environment are termed as exopolysaccharides (EPSs). Depending on the monosaccharide composition, EPSs can be classified into homo (HoPSs) and heteropolysaccharides (HePSs). HoPSs consist of only one type of monosaccharide, mostly glucose or fructose. In the recent years, EPSs have drawn increasing attention of the researchers worldwide, not only for their thickening, texturizing and viscosifying properties, but also for their health promoting applications. These EPSs constitute an alternative class of biothickeners, which have also been proved to have good emulsifying property, apart from their texture promoting ability in various foods. The biochemical properties of the EPSs depend on the primary structure of the EPSs. Hence it is very important to know the monomeric composition of the EPSs and their gycosidic bonds. HPLC, GC, GC-MS, NMR, Capillary electrophoresis and various bioinformatics tools can be used to determine the chemical characteristics of the EPSs.