Dietary levamisole modulates the immune response and disease resistance of Asian catfish Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) (original) (raw)
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The Effect of Levamisole on the Immune Response Fingerling Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
Immunostimulants are the most valuable elements for the control of fish diseases in fish culture. Also, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most contributors to warm water fish culture and hatcheries throughout the world.So , this study was conducted to determine the effects of levamisole hydrochlorideas as an immunostimulator agent on daily bath at the doses 3, 5 and 10 mg/l for 15 minutes in fingerlings differential blood cell counts were examined in fingerlings on days 18 and 35.Statistical analyses of the parameters in blood showed significant differences in neutrophils at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/l on days 18, although this response peaked at the dose of 3 mg/l by the end of project. Similarly the numbers of monocyte at the dose of 3 mg/l was higher than the other experimental groups and control group at both time. The present results suggest that the introduction of levamisole of lower doses in longer time and the higher doses in short time could stimulate fish ...
The Effect of Levamisole on the Immune Response of Fingerling Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)
Immunostimulants are the most valuable elements for the control of fish diseases in fish culture. Also, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most contributors to warm water fish culture and hatcheries throughout the world.So , this study was conducted to determine the effects of levamisole hydrochlorideas as an immunostimulator agent on daily bath at the doses 3, 5 and 10 mg/l for 15 minutes in fingerlings differential blood cell counts were examined in fingerlings on days 18 and 35.Statistical analyses of the parameters in blood showed significant differences in neutrophils at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/l on days 18, although this response peaked at the dose of 3 mg/l by the end of project. Similarly the numbers of monocyte at the dose of 3 mg/l was higher than the other experimental groups and control group at both time. The present results suggest that the introduction of levamisole of lower doses in longer time and the higher doses in short time could stimulate fish immune response.
Mediterranean Aquaculture Journal, 2010
The effect of Levamisole on the immune response of 200 catfish (Clarias gariepenus) was evaluated. Fish were divided into 4 equal groups, reared in glass aquaria and fed on a basal diet. The 1 st group served as a control. Fish of the 2 nd group were fed Levamisole incorporated with diet (150mg/kg diet fed-1) for 2 months. The 3 rd and 4 th groups were vaccinated using Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin, at the first day of experiment, but fish of 4 th group were fed on diet containing same dose of levamisole throughout the 2 months of experiment. At 1 st , 3 rd and 5 th week, blood samples were collected from all groups for hematological, immunological and serum biochemistry studies while fish of 2 nd group were subjected to histopathological investigations. Challenge was done to all groups, at 30 th day of experiment, through immersion of fish in virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (1 g bacterial cells/liter) for 10 min, the mortalities recorded and the dead fish used for the bacterial re-isolation. Catfish of 1 st group showed normal values throughout the period of the experiment. Fish of 2 nd group showed activation of melanomacrophages. Hyperplasia of hematopoietic tissue was evident at 3 rd-4 th week. Degenerative changes were mild at 1 st-2 nd week and became prominent at 5 th week. Fish of 3 rd group showed a significant gradual increase of leucocytes, phagocytosis, antibody titer, total protein and globulin, at 1 st-5 th week post-vaccination. Fish of 4 th group showed higher hematological and immunological values than those of 3 rd group. The relative level of protection after the challenge infection was 30, 85 and 90% for the 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th groups; respectively. The histopathological finding of this experiment showed the safety of the selected dose of levamisole on catfish. The other findings indicate its efficiency as immunostimulant in improving the immune response of catfish to Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine.
In order to determine the immunomodulatory effect of dietary intake of levamisole in the common carp, specimen were fed diets containing 0 (control), 125, 250 and 500 mg levamisole kg -1 of dry diet for a period of 70 days. Experimental stock was challenged intra-peritoneally with Aeromonas hydrophila on 30 th and 58 th day. Hematobiochemical parameters were determined on day 0, 57 and day 70. The total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content, hematocrit value, total serum protein, albumin and globulin content were significantly (P<0.05) enhanced in levamisole supplemented groups particularly in 250 mg kg -1 group; however the TLC was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control (infected) group. Lysozyme activity and NBT assay were significantly stimulated in levamisole supplemented groups displaying the highest value in 250 mg kg -1 group on day 57. After the stock in all the groups had been challenged intra-peritoneally with Aeromonas hydrophila on 30 th and 58 th day, the relative percentage survival was significantly higher in 250 mg kg -1 group (89.6%), followed by 500 mg kg -1 group (81.3%) and 100 mg kg -1 group (47.9%). Specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly (P<0.05) the highest in 250 mg kg -1 group (2.67%) and the lowest in control group (1.82%) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) value was found to be the best in 250 mg kg -1 group (1.81), followed by 500 mg kg -1 group (1.85), 100 mg kg -1 group (2.02) and control group (2.32). The findings of the present investigation suggest that the incorporation of levamisole in the diet of common carp fingerlings certainly enhances the non-specific immunity, increases their resistance to infection, and reduces the mortality and enhances the growth of fish.
I s p i r U . , M . E . Yo n a r : Effects of Levamisole on Phagocytic Activity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.). Acta Vet. Brno 2007, 76: 493-497. In this study, activation of phagocytic cells was examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W.) exposed to 1, 5 and 10 µg·ml -1 concentrations of levamisole solution. For this purpose, blood samples were taken from fish on days 1, 7 and 14 of exposure. Potential killing activity was determined by measuring oxidative radical production and phagocytic activity of neutrophils and superoxide anion production of phagocytic cells against Y. ruckeri. The activity of phagocytic cells in fish exposed to each of three concentrations was found higher than that in controls and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Although no activation in oxidative radical production, phagocytes and bactericidal killing activity in fish exposed to 5 and 10 µg·ml -1 concentrations of levamisole solution was determined on day 7, it was observed that all indicators increased on day 14 of exposure. The present results suggest that the application of levamisole in fish farms could increase non-specific immunity and resistance to infection of fish and offer economics benefits.
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2005
Studies were conducted to determine the immunomodulatory effects of high dietary ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on growth, serum concentration, non-specific immune response and disease resistance of a commercially important Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus. Four practical diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg ascorbic acid (AA) equivalent/kg diet, supplied as L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (LAPP) and were fed for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of catfish with initial body weight of 15.47 ± 0.59 g. After 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, growth, serum concentration of AA, oxidative respiratory burst, lysozyme and natural hemolytic complement activities, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content and natural haemagglutination titre were measured. Ten numbers of fish in duplicate were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila to measure the level of protection against aeromoniasis at each one of the assayed times. The results showed that AA concentration in serum correlated positively with those in the diets and reached its saturation level after the time period directly proportional to the increase in dose level. Fish fed AA-supplemented diets showed significantly ( p < 0.05) higher specific growth rate after 2 weeks of feeding. The superoxide production was enhanced after 8 weeks of feeding fish at a supplemented dose level of 2000 mg/kg. Similarly, MPO content, haemagglutination titre and alternative complement activity in serum enhanced with the increase of dietary AA levels at different duration of feeding. The lysozyme activity was not affected by the dietary AA treatment. On the other hand, feeding of AA at all concentrations significantly increased percent survival against A. hydrophila challenge after 4 weeks compared to control. The non-specific immune parameters as well as percent survival were enhanced as a result of high AA supply particularly at 500 mg/kg diet, although the increase was not maintained but returned to the initial levels after 4 weeks. These results support the possible use of AA as an immunostimulant at a dose of 500 mg/kg diet for a period of 4 weeks in catfish farming. (Mol Cell Biochem 280: 2005)
Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2024
Background: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary levamisole supplementation feed on the growth, hemato-biochemical parameters, disease resistance and the expression of genes related to growth and immunity in Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. Methods: Triplicate groups of fish (n=20) with an average weight of 3.29±0.4 g were fed with feed supplemented with levamisole (C, 0.0 mg/Kg; LVT1, 75 mg/Kg; LVT2, 150 mg/Kg; LVT3, 300 mg/Kg; LVT4, 600 mg/Kg) for 60 days. At the end of the experiment growth, haemato-biochemical parameters and disease resistance to Aeromonas veronii were assessed. Relative expressions of growth and immune genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Result: Dietary incorporation with levamisole in the range of 75-600 mg/Kg diet improved the haemato-biochemical indices, survival rates and resistance to Aeromonas veronii challenge (CAK4/SRLAAH/2022) at a concentration of 2.5 10 4 cfu/ml. Levamisole incorporation at 300 mg/Kg feed (LVT3) resulted in significant (p<0.05) improvements in various parameters such as feed efficiency, growth rate, increased disease resistance and upregulated expression of both growth and immune-related genes in comparison to the control (C). Significant improvements in haemato-biochemical indices such as hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (W BC), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocytes (Ery), glucose (GLU), cholesterol (Cho) and triglyceride (TG) levels were also recorded.
Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 2010
Diseases outbreaks are a major concern in intensive fish farming because fish are exposed to stressors which may negatively affect their physiology. This study set out to determine effects of dietary levamisole (Levamisole HCl; SIGMA®) on performance and hematology of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, juveniles. Fish (55.94 g) were stocked into 24 plastic aquaria (500 L; 15 fish per aquarium) and fed for 30 d with a commercial diet with 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg levamisole, and for an extra 15 d, with a control diet in a totally randomized design trial (n = 4). Biometrical and hematological data were collected. No significant differences in growth parameters were recorded for either control or supplemented diets. Hematological parameters, such as hemoglobin, plasma glucose, white blood count (WBC), and differential leukocyte count were influenced (P < 0.05) levamisole. WBC, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and special granulocytic cell numbers decreased significantly after 15 d. Dietary levamisole at 100 mg/kg diet for 15 d increased leukocyte production in juvenile pacu. However, levamisole administration for more than 15 d presented toxicity to lymphopoietic tissues. Information about long-period administration, mode of action in weight gain, effects on hematology of levamisole in freshwater fish nutrition are scarce and necessary for its safe use in aquaculture.
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An in vitro cultivation method for spleen and head kidney organ section were used to investigate the eff ects of levamisole on the immune response. After 10 days of culture with 10 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml or no levamisole in the culture media, the non specific defense reaction were measured by glass-adherent NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium) positive cells activation and phagocytic activity. Elevation in phagocytic activity was found for 10 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml levels of levamisole (P<0.001), but no diff erences were found at levels of phagocytic activity in between 100 μg/ml levamisole groups and control groups (P>0.05). In the spleen and head kidney leucocytes, increased response to levamisole was shawn for all doses in the glass-adherent NBT positive cells activation.