The Matter of an “A” (original) (raw)
Related papers
STUDY ON THE NATURE OF THE PROTON AND THE NEUTRON
STUDY ON THE NATURE OF THE PROTON AND THE NEUTRON, 2019
In this essay we propose to investigate the nature of the two non-elementary particles, the proton and the neutron, which are the only ones, stable, enclosed in a gluonic field. Before starting it is necessary to remember that, as already said, the protoni is a kind of "bubble" inside which is present the material coming from the continuum, called C2, from which the Big Bang originated, for this reason the proton must be treated in a particular way. The points that are reasonably certain to proceed are: 1. Quarks and gluons are C2 particles; 2. The electric charges behave in the opposite way to ours: those of equal sign attract each other and the ones repel each other; 3. To the electron only, being the only quark with full charge, it is allowed to pass from C2 to C1; 4. These behaviors are reversed when the interface between the proton's internal and our continuum is passed. Starting from these points, which are not certain data but only hypotheses , even if reasonably reliable,let us examine a proton isolated. THE PROTON Based on the previously exposed theory (see the essay A NEW MODEL OF BIG BANG etc), the quark +lq collects matter untili t reaches the know mass of the proton; this mass is the one necessary for the proton to be protected from degradation. The growth process is interrupted by the fact that the proton, progressively collapsing due to the increase in mass, reaches the point where a part of the accumulated mass comes out due to the internal pressure, forming a film on the surface of the proton itself; (it should be noted that this could be composed of particles accumulated in the growth process: but, in that case, they would be arranged randomly, exerting an irregular effect); the formation of the film causes not only the arrest of the process, but also implies the fact that this is endowed with negative charge, a binding necessity for the continuum to "accept" its presence, being allowed only to particles with negative charge to exist permanently. Immediately after the quark +lq decomposes itself in th three quarks present inside the particle, two u and one d. What is this film made of? Probably from outside gluons emerging from the gluonic field of the proton and becoming something else. Again, not to invent new particles, since the simplest solution is always the best, the most likely candidate is the neutrino. It follows that on the internal surface of the proton must be present an equivalent layer positively charged with the same value as the outer one to cancel the overall effects of the total charge close to the interface between proton and the continuum. This layer is certainly composed of gluons, wich implies that they too have an electric charge both positive and negative, presumably of the same value as that of the neutrino also because, based on the fourth point, in passing through the interface the gluons from positive becomes a negative neutrino thus maintaining the logic of reasoning. It is not surprising that the proton is
Quarks Electrons and the Atomic Nucleus.
According to the Standard Model, nucleons consist of three quarks bound together by three strong-force bonds, with protons containing two up-quarks and one down-quark, and neutrons two down-quarks and one up-quark. However, this model involves a strong-force bond between the two same-charge quarks, which is most unlikely. A quark-chain nucleon model involving two strong-force bonds connecting a central quark with a pair of oppositely charged quarks is much more feasible and leads to some interesting possibilities for the structure of atomic nuclei, their electron orbitals and for covalent bonding patterns.
Neutron is a composit particle, made up of proton and electron
preprint, 2022
In the paper „ Physics is easy“ we showed, that leptons ( electron, muon, tau ), W + - Z bosons and neutrinos ( electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino) can be replaced with electron moving at different speeds from 0.1c up to 0.999.. c . Similarly hyperons, mesons and quarks can be replaced by proton and neutron (or alpha particle respectively ) moving at different speeds from 0.1c up to 0.999.. c . While, the neutron is composed of proton and electron orbiting around it. Thus, all particles, which are currently known, can be replaced by the various fast moving electron or proton. Electron and proton are the only stable fundamental elementary particles. We show, that neutron is source β rays - β electrons ( bosons Zo, W+- too) , γ rays, electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos, tauon neutrinos.
The Discovery of the Subatomic Particles : From Atoms to Quarks
2021
This paper was written in order to examine the order of discovery of significant developments in the history of humankind. It is part of my efforts to put the study of social and cultural history and social change on a scientific basis capable of rational analysis and understanding. This has resulted in a hard copy book How Change Happens: A Theory of Philosophy of History, Social Change and Cultural Evolution and a website How Change Happens Rochelle Forrester's Social Change, Cultural Evolution and Philosophy of History website. There are also philosophy of history papers such as The Course of History , The Scientific Study of History , Guttman Scale Analysis and its use to explain Cultural Evolution and Social Change and the Philosophy of History and papers on Academia.edu , Figshare ,
Nuclear Physics & Radioactivity 1 Rutherford's -scattering experiment established that the mass of atom is concentrated with small positively charged region at the centre which is called 'nucleus'. Nuclei are made up of proton and neutron. The number of protons in a nucleus (called the atomic number or proton number) is represented by the symbol Z. The number of neutrons (neutron number) is represented by N. The total number of neutrons and protons in a nucleus is called it's mass number A so A = Z + N. Neutrons and proton, when described collectively are called nucleons.
Proton and Neutron Electric Charges
« The pressure for compliance is enormous. I have experienced this in the rejection by editors of articles submitted, based on venomous criticism from anonymous referees. The replacement of impartial reviewing by censorship will be the death of science ». Julian Schwinger, Nobel prize in physics (1965) The electric charges of the proton and the neutron, constituents of atoms nuclei, are explained in quantum mechanics in the so called “standard model” and this explanation is rather strange, with a combination of “quarks” having charges which are not an integer, and can change from one to another during radioactive transformation. It is a fact that quarks are deduced from experimental data, like scattering of a proton by high energy electrons, but they can’t be observed as a free object: "Basically, you can't see an isolated quark because the color force does not let them go, and the energy required to separate them produces quark-antiquark pairs long before they are far enough apart to observe separately”! In this paper, we will construct a model for the electric charges of proton and neutron with the presence of “electron-positron pair” inside the components of an atom nuclei, neutron and proton. In modern physics, whereas the existence of “electron-positron pair” is known since the sixties, still few scientists have explored the potential of such an existence. There were however attempts to explain some situations in quantum mechanics, and to describe the vacuum (ether) as a sea of “electron-positron pairs”. We will present and validate this model with all the disintegration phenomenon observed, and even the disintegration of a proton inside an atom, which is not totally explained in the “standard model”.
Structure of particles, nuclei and atoms in the vortex model of the microworld, 2023
All particles in an atom (electrons, protons and neutrons) are composite. They are composed of neutrinos and antineutrinos-vortices of the electromagnetic field medium. Electrons are made up of a pair of neutrinos. Protons are made up of six muon neutrinos, which are connected in pairs to form muons. Neutrons are made up of protons, electrons and anti-neutrinos. Vortex protons and neutrons are pushed towards each other in the nuclei of atoms by the pressure of the external environment. The nuclei of chemical elements are formed by the addition of protons and neutrons to helium nuclei-alpha particles. Electrons are connected to the protons of the nucleus by charge tubes-radial rotating flows of gravitons of the electromagnetic field, which we identify with the concept of charge. An atom contains as many neutrinos as antineutrinos. Strong, electromagnetic and gravitational fundamental interactions have the same mechanism of action. The force of attraction or repulsion of bodies is created by the pressure gradient in vortex disturbances of the external environment of the electromagnetic field in accordance with the Bernoulli effect.
The Discovery of the Atomic World and the Constituents of Matter
The change from the traditional Western and Chinese view of the elements involving materials such as water, air, earth, wood, metal and fire, to the chemical elements making up the periodic table, to atoms, to particles such as protons, neutrons and electrons, and then to quarks was inevitable. The order of discovery of these ideas of the ultimate constituents of matter was necessary, in that they could not have been discovered in any other order. This was because nature has a particular structure and we have a particular place in nature. The traditional view of the elements could be obtained by naked eye observation, and the view of nature as being made up of the chemical elements in the periodic table was next discovered, as it involved the decomposition of traditional elements, such as air and water. This led to the idea there was a separate atom for each element which explained the differences between the elements. The sub atomic particles were discovered in a necessary order with the outer particles like the electron being discovered earlier, and inner particles such as quarks being discovered later. The order of discovery of particles is also affected by the properties of the particles. The charges of particles, their mass and ability to survive outside the particles they make up, and other properties will make a particle harder or easier to discover. The order of discover is inevitable and set by the structure of the universe. The structure of the universe includes the structure of the atom, and of the particles making up the atom, and the properties of the atom, and of the particles making up the atom.