Dialyzability of iron, zinc, and copper of different types of infant formulas marketed in Spain (original) (raw)
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Bioaccessibility of some minerals in infant formulas
Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2021
To guarantee the adequate intake of nutrients a variety of food supplementation (including infant formulas) has been used to ensure the nutrition of infants. Considering that the total concentration of nutrients is not enough to determine whether the food provides all the nutritional needs, the objective of this study was to evaluate the total concentration and bioaccessibility of some elements in thirty commercial infant formulas consumed in Brazil. A standardized in vitro gastrointestinal digestion method was used to obtain the soluble fraction of each mineral, which was analyzed by ICP OES after microwave oxidative digestion to obtain the bioaccessibility values. The total concentration and the bioaccessibility of the elements varied considerably according to the sample type (traditional infant formulas, formulas for infants with gastrointestinal problems, formulas for premature and soy-based). The bioaccessibility values are 3–43% (Ca), 53–97% (Cu), 35–100% (Fe), 70–114% (K), 47–90% (Mg), 52–95% (P), 31–92% (Zn). In general, the total concentration values for the elements were higher than that declared by the manufacturers, also than the current legislation as well, regarding the DRI. Although these results, it is important to emphasize that the consumption of infant formulas can provide an adequate intake of minerals for the infants.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05215-0.
International Dairy Journal, 2004
Five different iron salts-sulphate, lactate, diphosphate, encapsulated sulphate, and EDTA-Fe(III)-were used to fortify an infant formula to study possible differences in iron bioavailability. The effect of iron fortification at two levels (0.5 mg Fe 100 kcal À1 and 1.5 mg Fe 100 kcal À1 ) on the bioavailability of other important trace elements such as copper and zinc were also evaluated. An in vitro method based on element dialysability (i.e., the fraction available by absorption) to simulate newborn digestion was applied to study iron, copper and zinc bioavailability. Enzyme treatment was carried out in two stages involving pepsin at pH 5.0 followed by pancreatin at pH 7.0. The incubation times were short to mimic the transit of meal in an infant's gastrointestinal tract. Iron, copper and zinc were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using an axially configured device. The percentages of Fe, Cu and Zn dialysable at both iron fortification levels are discussed. From these results, EDTA-Fe (III) appears to be the most adequate salt for iron fortification of infant formulas. r
The Content of Elements in Infant Formulas and Drinks Against Mineral Requirements of Children
Biological Trace Element Research, 2014
The present study aimed at analysing the content of fluorine (F), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in the drinks for children and infant formulas, a popular supplement or substitute for breast milk produced from cow milk on an industrial scale. Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer, while F levels using a potentiometric method. F levels in the examined formula samples increased with the intended age range, until the intended age of 1 year, and then decreased. A lower content of Ca, Mg and Zn was observed in formulas intended for children <1 year of age and higher for older children. Fe content increased with the age range. A statistically significant higher content of Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe in samples intended for children with phenylketonuria in comparison to those intended for healthy children or children with food allergies was noted. The content of the analysed elements in juices and nectars showed the highest contents in products intended for infants (under 6 months of age). The lowest levels of elements tested were found in drinks for children over 6 months of age. In conclusion, the concentrations of the examined elements in infant formulas and juices for children were decidedly greater than the standards for the individual age groups. Although the absorption of these elements from artificial products is far lower than from breast milk, there is still the fear of consequences of excessive concentrations of these minerals.
In Vitro Dialyzability of Zinc from Different Salts Used in the Supplementation of Infant Formulas
Biological Trace Element Research, 2000
Seven zinc salts-acetate, chloride, lactate, sulfate, citrate, gluconate, and oxide-were added to milk-and soy-based infant formulas to estimate possible differences in zinc availability depending on the type of salt used. For this purpose, an in vitro method that estimates the dialyzability of the element (i.e., the fraction available for absorption) was applied. Zinc dialyzability is always higher in milk-based products than in soy products, even when the total zinc contents are higher in the latter.
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 1996
The calcium, magnesium, sodium. potassium and iron content of a total of 22 different infant formulas marketed in Spain were measured by atomic spectrometry. and the mineral intake of infants fed exclusively with these formulas was estimated. The contents (mg/IOOkJ) are in the following ranges: Ca, 14-24; Mg, l.l-2.8; Na, 5.6-9.8; K, 19-35: Fe. 0.02-0.50. These values coincide with those recommended by the Codex and European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGAN), and do not exceed the limits established by the European Union (EU). The mean values and ranges of estimated intakes for each formula type and period of infancy (0-1, 1-2. 2-3,3-4 and 4-5 months) expressed in mg element/kg body weight are tabulated. The mean Ca. Mg. Na. K and Fe daily intakes of infants (0-5months) fed with infant formulas meet the recommended values (RDA), except for the iron intake when non-iron supplemented formulas were used.
In Vitro Availability of Calcium, Iron, and Zinc from First-Age Infant Formulae and Human Milk
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2001
Background: Variation in the bioavailability of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) occurs because of interactions of food components in the gastrointestinal microenvironment. Bioavailability is preferably determined by in vivo tests, but these are expensive, labor-intensive, time consuming, and often unethical. As an alternative, in vitro methods can be used to predict bioavailability of nutrients from foodstuffs. Methods: A continuous-flow dialysis model with preliminary intraluminal digestive phase, adapted to the gastrointestinal conditions of infants younger than 6 months, was used. Human milk was the reference standard. Ca, Fe, and Zn content of samples and dialysates after digestion were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: Ca availability is similar in human milk (13.1% ± 0.8%), whey (13.3% ± 1.2%), and soy-based formulae (13.0% ± 1.2%; P > 0.05), and higher in casein-predominant formula (21.2% ± 0.6%; P < 0.05). Availability of Fe is highest in human milk (8.12% ± 0.27%; P < 0.05). Fe availability in whey (1.28% ± 0.28%) and soy formulae (1.48% ± 0.28%) is similar (P > 0.05), but availability is lower in casein-predominant formula (0.48% ± 0.22%; P < 0.05). Zn availability is also highest in human milk (13.1% ± 0.7%; P < 0.05). However, Zn availability is similar in whey (6.7% ± 0.6%) and casein formulae (8.5% ± 1.6%; P > 0.05), but lower in soy formula (2.3% ± 0.4%; P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our observations are in agreement with previous data from in vivo studies in term infants. This in vitro procedure is an inexpensive, simple, rapid, and reliable method that predicts the bioavailability of Ca, Fe, and Zn in foods. JPGN 32:54-58, 2001.
Journal of Food Science, 2006
ABSTRA ABSTRA ABSTRA ABSTRA ABSTRACT CT CT CT CT: I : I : I : I : Ir r r r ron, zinc, and calcium dialyzability fr on, zinc, and calcium dialyzability fr on, zinc, and calcium dialyzability fr on, zinc, and calcium dialyzability fr on, zinc, and calcium dialyzability from pr om pr om pr om pr om preter eter eter eter eterm and ter m and ter m and ter m and ter m and term star m star m star m star m starting infant for ting infant for ting infant for ting infant for ting infant formulas w mulas w mulas w mulas w mulas wer er er er ere deter e deter e deter e deter e determined mined mined mined mined after in vitro digestion, using special gastric conditions prevailing in preterm and newborn infants. Mineral after in vitro digestion, using special gastric conditions prevailing in preterm and newborn infants. Mineral after in vitro digestion, using special gastric conditions prevailing in preterm and newborn infants. Mineral after in vitro digestion, using special gastric conditions prevailing in preterm and newborn infants. Mineral after in vitro digestion, using special gastric conditions prevailing in preterm and newborn infants. Mineral dialyzability was studied using pH 2.0, 3.5, and 4.5 for gastric digestion. The effect of gastric pH was more important dialyzability was studied using pH 2.0, 3.5, and 4.5 for gastric digestion. The effect of gastric pH was more important dialyzability was studied using pH 2.0, 3.5, and 4.5 for gastric digestion. The effect of gastric pH was more important dialyzability was studied using pH 2.0, 3.5, and 4.5 for gastric digestion. The effect of gastric pH was more important dialyzability was studied using pH 2.0, 3.5, and 4.5 for gastric digestion. The effect of gastric pH was more important on iron dialyzability (FeD) and zinc dialyzability (ZnD) than on calcium dialyzability (CaD). The effect on iron on iron dialyzability (FeD) and zinc dialyzability (ZnD) than on calcium dialyzability (CaD). The effect on iron on iron dialyzability (FeD) and zinc dialyzability (ZnD) than on calcium dialyzability (CaD). The effect on iron on iron dialyzability (FeD) and zinc dialyzability (ZnD) than on calcium dialyzability (CaD). The effect on iron on iron dialyzability (FeD) and zinc dialyzability (ZnD) than on calcium dialyzability (CaD). The effect on iron dialyzability was remarkable in fluid formulations with high digestibility: FeD was 18% to 20% when gastric diges-dialyzability was remarkable in fluid formulations with high digestibility: FeD was 18% to 20% when gastric diges-dialyzability was remarkable in fluid formulations with high digestibility: FeD was 18% to 20% when gastric diges-dialyzability was remarkable in fluid formulations with high digestibility: FeD was 18% to 20% when gastric digesdialyzability was remarkable in fluid formulations with high digestibility: FeD was 18% to 20% when gastric digestion was made at pH 2, decreasing to 3% when made at pH 4.5. In most powder infant formulas with the lowest tion was made at pH 2, decreasing to 3% when made at pH 4.5. In most powder infant formulas with the lowest tion was made at pH 2, decreasing to 3% when made at pH 4.5. In most powder infant formulas with the lowest tion was made at pH 2, decreasing to 3% when made at pH 4.5. In most powder infant formulas with the lowest tion was made at pH 2, decreasing to 3% when made at pH 4.5. In most powder infant formulas with the lowest digestibility digestibility digestibility digestibility digestibility, F , F , F , F , FeD r eD r eD r eD r eD remained close to 10% despite v emained close to 10% despite v emained close to 10% despite v emained close to 10% despite v emained close to 10% despite var ar ar ar ariations in gastr iations in gastr iations in gastr iations in gastr iations in gastric digestion pH. P ic digestion pH. P ic digestion pH. P ic digestion pH. P ic digestion pH. Per er er er ercent zinc dialyzability cent zinc dialyzability cent zinc dialyzability cent zinc dialyzability cent zinc dialyzability (ZnD%) steadily decreased when gastric digestion pH increased. At each pH, percent iron dialyzability (FeD%) and (ZnD%) steadily decreased when gastric digestion pH increased. At each pH, percent iron dialyzability (FeD%) and (ZnD%) steadily decreased when gastric digestion pH increased. At each pH, percent iron dialyzability (FeD%) and (ZnD%) steadily decreased when gastric digestion pH increased. At each pH, percent iron dialyzability (FeD%) and (ZnD%) steadily decreased when gastric digestion pH increased. At each pH, percent iron dialyzability (FeD%) and ZnD% from human milk were higher than those from infant formulas. Evaluation of mineral dialyzability from ZnD% from human milk were higher than those from infant formulas. Evaluation of mineral dialyzability from ZnD% from human milk were higher than those from infant formulas. Evaluation of mineral dialyzability from ZnD% from human milk were higher than those from infant formulas. Evaluation of mineral dialyzability from ZnD% from human milk were higher than those from infant formulas. Evaluation of mineral dialyzability from these infant formulas, using a gastric digestion pH prevailing in preterm and newborn infants, can provide valu-these infant formulas, using a gastric digestion pH prevailing in preterm and newborn infants, can provide valu-these infant formulas, using a gastric digestion pH prevailing in preterm and newborn infants, can provide valu-these infant formulas, using a gastric digestion pH prevailing in preterm and newborn infants, can provide valuthese infant formulas, using a gastric digestion pH prevailing in preterm and newborn infants, can provide valuable infor able infor able infor able infor able
Food Additives and Contaminants, 2006
That chromium is an essential element for humans is well documented. Trivalent chromium, the main chemical form found in foods, is essential for maintaining normal glucose metabolism. Because of analytical difficulties, several literature reports of chromium content of foods, especially for the lower levels, show large variability and they should be interpreted with caution for a valid interpretation of reliable results. A Zeeman background correction transversely-heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the chromium content of 104 different infant formulae (cow's milk and soy protein based) marketed in Spain following an acid digestion sample preparation procedure in a closed, pressurized and microwave digestion unit. The mean and range of chromium values, regarding types and main protein-based infant formulae are presented. Additionally, the influence of the type of the type of container used, the impact of industrial process from different manufacturers and the physical state (powder and liquid formulae) on chromium levels is also discussed. In general, the infant formulae contain a higher chromium concentration than that found in human milk (reference range: 0.20-8.18 µg l-1), particularly in the case of hypoallergenic (18.16 ± 7.89 µg l-1), lactose-free (11.37 ± 3.07 µg l-1), pre-term (11.48 ± 3.15 µg l-1) and soya (10.43 ± 4.05 µg l-1) formulae. The maximum theoretical estimated intake of infants fed on the studied formulae was lower than the upper limit safety for trivalent chromium of 1 mg kg-1 (14 µg kg-1 b.w. day-1) recommended by the experts of Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN ULS, 2004), amounting to about 10 %, 15-18 % and 26 % of the standard (adapted and follow-up) and toddler; soya, lactose-free and pre-term; and hypoallergenic formulae, respectively. Therefore, manufacturers are called upon to make continued efforts to routinely monitor chromium levels, mainly for specialised and pre-term formulae, and at the same time, might consider the inclusion of labelling the levels of chromium at least in these complex formulations.
Evaluation of the mineral content of infant formulas consumed in Brazil
Journal of Dairy Science, 2013
The mineral content of 10 commercially available milk-based infant formulas widely consumed in Brazil was investigated. The levels of elements (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn) were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after microwave-assisted wet digestion. The results were compared with the producers' label declarations and levels proposed by the Codex Alimentarius and the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency. The obtained results were in good agreement with certified reference materials, and the relative standard deviation of the measurements was always below 10%, with the exception of Cu (up to 14%). A high degree of variation between the experimental and producers' data was found for trace elements among different brands, with differences as high as 41 and 68% for Cu and Zn, respectively. The content of minerals in the starting formulas was in accordance with levels established by the Codex Alimentarius, with the exception of 1 brand that had a Zn level that was not in agreement with the Codex minimum value. Among follow-up formulas, 2 brands contained levels of Ca and K that were higher than the maximum established by Brazilian standards, and 1 brand contained less than the minimum value recommended for Zn. The guidance upper levels have not been established in the Codex Alimentarius for follow-up formulas, and the maximum value has been established for only 2 of the analyzed minerals. This lack of a standard could be a problem; as shown in the present study, if the Brazilian standard is used, several formulas could be considered out of specification. Despite the limited number of samples evaluated in this work, the levels of some elements were out of specification and special attention by the Brazilian government on the content of minerals in infant formulas is needed.
Fe, Cu and Zn distribution in different components of commercial infant formulas
European Food Research and Technology, 2005
Fe, Cu and Zn determination by AAS was performed in 35 infant formula samples from different manufacturers. The trace element content was studied in whole, fat and whey milk, and different chemometric tools have been used in order to observe differences or correlations between infant formulas fortified with inorganic salts (iron, copper and zinc sulphates) or with organic and inorganic salts (iron and copper gluconates, or zinc and iron lactates and zinc oxides). Principal-components analysis (PCA) achieved a reduction from nine variables to three (accounting for 80.8% of the total variability), and some differences between infant formula from the two groups were observed.Cluster analysis gave similar results as PCA. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) allowed the classification of infant formulas in two categories or classes: the first class formed by samples fortified with inorganic salts (category A) and the second one by samples fortified with organic and inorganic salts (category B). The percentages of samples correctly classified were 96.1 and 100.0 for the categories A and B, respectively. After the application of the soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) approach, percentages of cases correctly assigned of 87.5 and 12.5 were achieved for the categories A and B, respectively. However, it must be said that the application of SIMCA led to bad results because of the small number of sample used, mainly in category B.