Innovative drug nanocarriers by incorporating thermoresponsive polymer in phospholipid bilayers (original) (raw)
LIPID-POLYMER HYBRID NANOCARRIERS AS A NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY PLATFORM
International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022
The main aim of my review to discuss the most prominent nanocarrier, "Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticle" (LPHNPs) that overcomes the limitation of lipid and polymeric nanoparticles. That consists of polymeric core and lipid outer layer. The polymeric core encapsulates both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and lipid shell provides a coat that gives a barrier to prevent drug leakage and easily penetrate into the skin. The LPHNPs has significant application in drug delivery, drug targeting, cancer treatment, brain drug delivery, multiple drug delivery, delivery of diagnostic imaging agent and Small interfering Ribonucleic acid (siRNA). This session is based on literature information in which LPHNPs were prepared by Two-step and Single-step method. Most of the researcher use the Single-step method by emulsification solvent evaporation and Nanoprecipitation method that are easy to prepare LPHNPs. The Polylactic Glycolic acid (PLGA), Poly € caprolactone, Chitosan, Alginate, Dextron, Sodium Alginate, etc used as polymeric core and Stearic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Cetyl Alcohol, Behenol Alcohol, etc used as lipid core. All results were analyzed by us according to the literature and authors' expertise. The drug release depends on diffusion processes, followed by erosion, then swelling of the matrix. The lipid shell provides a biocompatible shield that acts as the phospholipid bilayer of skin and easily penetrates into the skin. That also capable to deliver the multidrug and diagnostic imaging agent for the treatment of cancer. The Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles are the most prominent nanocarrier for drug delivery. That is capable to deliver both Hydrophilic and Lipophilic drugs and show high bioavailability.
Scientific Reports, 2017
With recent advances in the field of diagnostics and theranostics, liposomal technology has secured a fortified position as a potential nanocarrier. Specifically, radiation/photo-sensitive liposomes containing photo-polymerizable cross-linking lipids are intriguing as they can impart the vesicles with highly interesting properties such as response to stimulus and improved shell stability. In this work, 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DTPE) is used as a photo-polymerizable lipid to form functional hybrid-liposomes as it can form intermolecular crosslinking through the diacetylenic groups. Hybrid-liposomes were formulated using mixtures of DTPE and saturated lipids of different chain lengths (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dimirystoilphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)) at different molar ratios. The physico-chemical characteristics of the liposomes has been studied before and after UV irradiation using a combination of techniques: DSC, QCM-D and solid-state NMR. The results signify the importance of a subtle modification in alkyl chain length on the phase behavior of the hybrid-liposomes and on the degree of crosslinking in the shell. Over decades liposomes have emerged as versatile and promising nanocarrier platforms in the biomedical field as they can be used for encapsulating hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic payloads 1. Despite offering several attractive qualities such as convenient surface functionality incorporation, carrier for wide range of cargo molecules (drugs, vaccines, imaging markers) and possibilities for various routes of administration, the mechanical stability and the inherent leaky nature of the liposomes hinders their potential in the nanomedicine field 2,3. Therefore, improving the shell properties of liposomes and incorporation of controlled release with site-specific delivery aspects have stimulated lot of interests where design of nanocarriers with useful properties has been of great focus 4-7. In this regard, efforts to safely transport drugs/other payloads to the target site by improving shell stability has been paralled by attempts to impart better control on release by rendering liposomes with properties such as response to stimulus or release on trigger 1,8-10. The properties of the liposomes depend on lipid composition, surface charge, size, and the method of preparation 11,12. The 'rigidity' or 'fluidity' of the liposomes depends on the composition of the bilayer 13,14. As compared to conventional liposomes, photo-polymerized vesicles (containing unsaturated phosphatidylcholine species) display enhanced mechanical stability and enhanced retention of lipophilic compounds 15,16. The photo-polymerizable lipids in liposomes upon UV exposure are crosslinked and form polymeric chains which restrict the fluid nature of the membrane 8. Although membrane fluidity of liposomes is an essential cell membrane characteristic for functional interaction with extracellular proteins, rigidity is in turn also important for delivery of drugs at a specific rate 17,18. Generally the polymerization is related to rigidity which gives the membrane enhanced stability 19. In this regard, polymer conjugation or crosslinking of lipids in the membrane can enhance the impermeability of the shell against leakage of active ingredients from the carriers. The latter aspect is very crucial in the design of nanocarriers for drug delivery. As an advantage for the crosslinking lipids, previously, Chen et al. with their liposomal formulation have shown that polymerized liposomes have significantly improved
Functionalized Nanocarriers for Drug delivery: Amalgam of Biopolymers and Lipids
2021
Biopolymer–lipid nanocarriers as hybrids are upcoming and have been most assuring frontiers in both pharmaceutical and biomedical research areas. In last decade, great focus is oriented in the development of functionalized nanocarriers by amalgamation of biopolymer and lipids with inherit specific properties of organic, inorganic nanocarriers and the lipid structured particles (liposome, lipoprotein, solid lipid nanoparticle, and nanoemulsion, nanocrystals) for specialized properties and functions. By combining polymer-lipid composites these, functionalized nanocarriers gain futuristic properties that have a potential to numerous drug delivery and biomedical application ranging from stimuli/pH-triggered drug release, photothermal therapy, bioimaging and magnetic delivery). The presence of various nanoparticles within the polymer or lipid assemblies determines the final the properties and functions of the hybrid nanocarriers. Further can be classified as liposomes with surface-bound ...
Pharmaceutics, 2021
Some issues in pharmaceutical therapies such as instability, poor membrane permeability, and bioavailability of drugs can be solved by the design of suitable delivery systems based on the combination of two pillar classes of ingredients: polymers and lipids. At the same time, modern technologies are required to overcome production limitations (low productivity, high energy consumption, expensive setup, long process times) to pass at the industrial level. In this paper, a summary of applications of polymeric and lipid materials combined as nanostructures (hybrid nanocarriers) is reported. Then, recent techniques adopted in the production of hybrid nanoparticles are discussed, highlighting limitations still present that hold back the industrial implementation.
The state of the art in core-shell type lipid polymer hybrid nanocarriers and beyond
The need to enhance the therapeutic effect of drugs and thus reduce their side effects is the reason for the emergence of today's drug delivery systems. With the advent of nanotechnology, numerous molecular structures - from carbon nanotubes to polymeric materials - have been developed, and significant progress has been made. However, all these promising results do not mean that drug delivery systems are a solution to all problems in pharmaceutical technology. This is because any drug delivery system, while having its advantages, also suffers from certain limitations. Therefore, new and hybrid structures are created by combining different materials. In this respect, lipid-polymer hybrid particles emerged as a core-shell structure, where the polymer core is covered with a layer of phospholipids, and have attracted attention in the academic community. This manuscript, which provides an overview of the fundamentals of these molecular architectures, begins with a description of lipi...
“SMART” Drug Delivery Systems: Double-Targeted pH-Responsive Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers
Bioconjugate Chemistry, 2006
In order to develop targeted pharmaceutical carriers additionally capable of responding certain local stimuli, such as decreased pH values in tumors or infarcts, targeted long-circulating PEGylated liposomes and PEG-phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE)-based micelles have been prepared with several functions. First, they are capable of targeting a specific cell or organ by attaching the monoclonal antimyosin antibody 2G4 to their surface via pNP-PEG-PE moieties. Second, these liposomes and micelles were additionally modified with biotin or TAT peptide (TATp) moieties attached to the surface of the nanocarrier by using biotin-PE or TATp-PE or TATp-short PEG-PE derivatives. PEG-PE used for liposome surface modification or for micelle preparation was made degradable by inserting the pH-sensitive hydrazone bond between PEG and PE (PEG-Hz-PE). Under normal pH values, biotin and TATp functions on the surface of nanocarriers were "shielded" by long protecting PEG chains (pH-degradable PEG 2000-PE or PEG 5000-PE) or by even longer pNP-PEG-PE moieties used to attach antibodies to the nanocarrier (non-pH-degradable PEG 3400-PE or PEG 5000-PE). At pH 7.5-8.0, both liposomes and micelles demonstrated high specific binding with 2G4 antibody substrate, myosin, but very limited binding on an avidin column (biotin-containing nanocarriers) or internalization by NIH/3T3 or U-87 cells (TATp-containing nanocarriers). However, upon brief incubation (15-to-30 min) at lower pH values (pH 5.0-6.0) nanocarriers lost their protective PEG shell because of acidic hydrolysis of PEG-Hz-PE and acquired the ability to become strongly retained on avidin-column (biotin-containing nanocarriers) or effectively internalized by cells via TATp moieties (TATp-containing nanocarriers). We consider this result as the first step in the development of multifunctional stimuli-sensitive pharmaceutical nanocarriers.
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2017
This study is focused on mixed/chimeric advanced drug delivery nanosystems and specifically on pH-sensitive liposomes, combining lipids and pH-responsive amphiphilic block copolymers. Chimeric liposomes are composed of hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) and two different poly(n-butylacrylate)-b-poly (acrylic acid) (PnBA-b-PAA) block copolymers with 85 and 70% content of PAA, at six different molar ratios. PAA block exhibits pH responsiveness, because of the regulative group of-COOH. Chimeric bilayers are composed of HSPC and PnBA-b-PAA. Experiments are carried out by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in order to investigate their thermotropic properties. DSC indicated disappearance of the pretransition effect in all chimeric lipid bilayers, at both buffers [phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and citrate buffer], and slight changes of the main transition temperature (T m). Contrariwise, the cooperativity (T 1/2) presented alterations between the two different buffers. Chimeric liposomes have been prepared and their physicochemical characteristics have been explored in PBS and citrate buffer by measuring the size, size distribution and f-potential. Liposomes are found to retain the mean value of their size during the stability studies. The physicochemical characteristics and the stability assessment of chimeric liposomes are correlated with DSC measurements of mixed bilayers. The incorporation of the appropriate amount of these novel pH-responsive block copolymers affects the cooperativity and the liposomal stabilization and imparts pH responsiveness (functionality), which was confirmed by performing experiments in acidic environment (citrate buffer). In conclusion, the results from DSC measurements provide useful information regarding the quality by design process for rationally preparing mixed/chimeric liposomal platforms to incorporate bioactive molecules. Keywords pH-sensitive liposomes Á DSC Á Block copolymer Á Polyacrylic acid Á Drug delivery systems Á HSPC lipid Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (
Improvement of drug safety by the use of lipid-based nanocarriers
Journal of Controlled Release, 2012
Drug toxicity is an important factor that contributes significantly to adverse drug events in current healthcare practice. Application of lipid-based nanocarriers in drug formulation is one approach to improve drug safety. Lipid-based delivery systems include micelles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions and nanosuspensions. These carriers are generally composed of physiological lipids welltolerated by human body. Delivery of water-insoluble drugs in these formulations increases their solubility and stability in aqueous media and eliminates the need for toxic co-solvents or pH adjustment to solubilize hydrophobic drugs. Association or encapsulation of peptides/proteins within lipid-based carriers protects the labile biologics against enzymatic degradation, hence reducing the therapeutic dose required and risk of dose-dependent toxicity. Most importantly, lipid-based nanocarriers alter the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of drugs through passive and active targeting, leading to increased drug accumulation at target sites while significantly decreasing non-specific distribution to other tissues. Furthermore, surface modification of these nanocarriers reduces immunogenicity of drug-carrier complexes, imparts stealth by preventing opsonization and removal by phagocytes and minimizes interaction with circulating blood components. In view of heightening attention on drug safety in patient treatment, lipid-based nanocarrier is therefore an important and promising option for formulation of pharmaceutical products to improve treatment safety and efficacy.
A dual-stimuli-responsive polymer into phospholipid membranes A thermotropic approach
In this study, we investigate the thermotropic effects of diblock copolymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PNIPAM-b-PAA) on fully hydra-ted 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) lipid bilayers and its ability to alter the membranes' organization , fluidity and phase behavior. The composition of the diblock copolymer and the nature of dispersion medium (pH and ionic strength) were also examined. For these purposes, pure DPPC lipid and polymer–lipid mixed systems, hydrated in three different dispersion media (i.e., HPLC-grade water, phosphate buffer saline and hydrochloric acid solution of pH 4.5), were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Two compositions of PNIPAM-b-PAA with different molar ratio of the polymeric blocks were used. PNIPAM-b-PAA presents great scientific interest due to the combination of the special characteristics of its homopolymer components; it is dual responsive both in temperature and in pH changes. The incorporation of the PNIPAM-b-PAA into the DPPC bilay-ers causes particularly significant perturbations in their thermotropic behavior, slightly different in each dispersion medium. The results indicated the ordering of the polymer guest near the polar head group surface probably by its PAA block and, on the other hand, the penetration of the PNIPAM block into the hydrophobic bilayer core, causing membrane disruption in a temperature-depended manner. We can conclude that the lipid–polymer interactions seem to be affected by the pH and the ionic strength of the hydration medium, as well as the polymer content incorporated in the DPPC bilayer. These studies could be a roadmap in order to rationally design and develop chimeric liposomes.
Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of lipid-based nanocarriers
Pharmaceutical patent analyst, 2014
Increasing attention is being given to lipid nanocarriers (LNs) as drug delivery systems, due to the advantages offered of a higher biocompatibility and lower toxicity compared with polymeric nanoparticles. Many administration routes are being investigated for LNs, including topical, oral and parenteral ones. LNs are also proposed for specific applications such as cancer treatment, gene therapy, diagnosis and medical devices production. However, the high number of published research articles does not match an equal amount of patents. A recent Review of ours, published in Pharmaceutical Patent Analyst, reported the patents proposing novel methods for the production of LNs. This review work discusses recent patents, filed in 2007-2013 and dealing with the industrial applications of lipid-based nanocarriers for the vectorization of therapeutically relevant molecules, as well as biotech products such as proteins, gene material and vaccines, in the pharmaceutical, diagnostic and biomedic...
What We Need to Know about Liposomes as Drug Nanocarriers: An Updated Review
Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin
Liposomes have been attracted considerable attention as phospholipid spherical vesicles, over the past 40 years. These lipid vesicles are valued in biomedical application due to their ability to carry both hydrophobic and hydrophilic agents, high biocompatibility and biodegradability. Various methods have been used for the synthesis of liposomes, so far and numerous modifications have been performed to introduce liposomes with different characteristics like surface charge, size, number of their layers, and length of circulation in biological fluids. This article provides an overview of the significant advances in synthesis of liposomes via active or passive drug loading methods, as well as describes some strategies developed to fabricate their targeted formulations to overcome limitations of the "first-generation" liposomes.
Overview Of Liposomes: Versatile Nanocarriers For Drug Delivery And Beyond
International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2023
Liposomes, microscopic lipid-based vesicles, represent a versatile platform in the realm of drug delivery and biomedical research. This review article provides a concise overview of liposomes, encompassing their historical evolution, structural intricacies, multifaceted applications, and recent strides in the field. Historically, Dr. Alec D. Bangham's groundbreaking work in 1961 laid the foundation for liposome research. These nanoscale structures consist of lipid bilayers, formed by amphipathic phospholipids, enveloping an aqueous core. Variations in size and lamellarity allow for tailoring liposomes to specific applications. Small Unilamellar Liposomes (SUVs), Large Unilamellar Liposomes (LUVs), and Stealth Liposomes are just a few of the types with unique attributes. Liposomes have revolutionized drug delivery. They encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds, enhancing drug solubility and stability. The controlled release minimizes side effects and maximizes therapeutic efficacy. Pharmaceutical formulations employ liposomes for a spectrum of drugs, including anticancer agents, antibiotics, and antifungals. Beyond drug delivery, liposomes are invaluable in biological research. They mimic cell membranes, serving as crucial tools for studying cell membrane behavior and isolating membrane proteins. They are also used for developing assays to assess various biological processes. In cosmetics and skincare, liposomes improve the penetration of active ingredients into the epidermis. Additionally, liposomes are explored as carriers for vaccines, which can enhance the immune response and vaccine effectiveness. Recent developments encompass advanced targeting mechanisms, encapsulation of multiple drugs, and drug conjugation, advancing liposomes toward multipurpose drug delivery platforms. Integration with nanotechnology, applications in immunotherapy, and a focus on biocompatible materials are indicative of the evolving landscape. While liposomes present numerous advantages, they face challenges related to stability and manufacturing complexity.
Synthesis and characterization of hydrophilic lipopolymers for the support of lipid bilayers
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 1999
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized via emulsion polymerization techniques using different critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant, temperature and time of polymerization. The effects of surfactant concentrations on emulsion polymerization of PNIPAM nanoparticles have been discussed. Potassium persulfate (KPS) and N,N'methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA) were used as initiator and cross-linker, respectively throughout the emulsion polymerization. The formation of PNIPAM nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with absorption peaks observed at 2997 and 2930 cm-1 for C-H stretching of CH3 and CH2 groups, 1459 cm-1 for 2• amide C=O stretch , 3310 cm-1 and 3275 cm-1 for N-H stretching band. The particle size and morphology of PNIPAM nanoparticles were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) where large aggregation of PNIPAM nanoparticles were observed with average diameters in the range of 20-50 µm and the appearance of pore structure on the hydrogel surface. Thermal stability of PNIPAM nanoparticles were obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) where it showed the percentage of mass loss at certain temperature.
Deleted Journal, 2024
Lipid-based colloidal carriers, particularly Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), offer a versatile platform for formulating hydrophobic drugs, presenting significant pharmaceutical implications across diverse fields. This paper explores methodologies utilized in SLN production, ranging from high-pressure homogenization to microemulsion techniques, with each method influencing the characteristics and efficacy of the resultant nanoparticles. Various administration routes for SLNs exist, leveraging the lipid matrix's protective properties to shield encapsulated drugs, thus minimizing degradation and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, SLNs exhibit sustained release properties, facilitating prolonged drug delivery and reducing the need for frequent dosing. Their small size and high surface area contribute to improved drug dissolution, enhanced bioavailability, and extended retention within the body. The existence of multiple patents underscores the substantial research conducted in the domain of SLNs, with numerous commercial formulations available globally. In conclusion, this work highlights the intricate nature of SLNs and their pivotal role in advancing drug delivery techniques. Ongoing efforts are directed toward overcoming challenges and exploring novel therapeutic avenues, highlighting the dynamic and evolving landscape of SLN research and application. • Solid Lipid particles, typically ranging from 50 to 1000 nm, are composed of biocompatible and biodegradable lipids, offering numerous benefits over conventional drug delivery systems. • Recent advancements in preparation techniques have further enhanced the capabilities and applications of SLNs, making them a promising platform for delivering various therapeutic agents. • In the present article, we discuss various evaluation techniques tailored to assess different aspects of SLNs.
A dual-stimuli-responsive polymer into phospholipid membranes
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2015
In this study, we investigate the thermotropic effects of diblock copolymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)block-poly(acrylic acid) (PNIPAM-b-PAA) on fully hydrated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) lipid bilayers and its ability to alter the membranes' organization, fluidity and phase behavior. The composition of the diblock copolymer and the nature of dispersion medium (pH and ionic strength) were also examined. For these purposes, pure DPPC lipid and polymer-lipid mixed systems, hydrated in three different dispersion media (i.e., HPLC-grade water, phosphate buffer saline and hydrochloric acid solution of pH 4.5), were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Two compositions of PNIPAM-b-PAA with different molar ratio of the polymeric blocks were used. PNIPAM-b-PAA presents great scientific interest due to the combination of the special characteristics of its homopolymer components; it is dual responsive both in temperature and in pH changes. The incorporation of the PNIPAM-b-PAA into the DPPC bilayers causes particularly significant perturbations in their thermotropic behavior, slightly different in each dispersion medium. The results indicated the ordering of the polymer guest near the polar head group surface probably by its PAA block and, on the other hand, the penetration of the PNIPAM block into the hydrophobic bilayer core, causing membrane disruption in a temperature-depended manner. We can conclude that the lipid-polymer interactions seem to be affected by the pH and the ionic strength of the hydration medium, as well as the polymer content incorporated in the DPPC bilayer. These studies could be a roadmap in order to rationally design and develop chimeric liposomes. Keywords Block copolymer Á Poly(N-isopropy lacrylamide)-block-poly(acrylic acid) Á Lipid bilayers Á Interdigitation Abbreviations PNIPAM-b-PAA Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-blockpoly(acrylic acid) DPPC 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3phosphocholine PBS Phosphate buffer saline DSC Differential scanning calorimetry LCST Lower critical solution temperature & Costas Demetzos
Liposomal drug delivery systems: From concept to clinical applications ☆
The first closed bilayer phospholipid systems, called liposomes, were described in 1965 and soon were proposed as drug delivery systems. The pioneering work of countless liposome researchers over almost 5 decades led to the development of important technical advances such as remote drug loading, extrusion for homogeneous size, long-circulating (PEGylated) liposomes, triggered release liposomes, liposomes containing nucleic acid polymers, ligand-targeted liposomes and liposomes containing combinations of drugs. These advances have led to numerous clinical trials in such diverse areas as the delivery of anti-cancer, anti-fungal and antibiotic drugs, the delivery of gene medicines, and the delivery of anesthetics and anti-inflammatory drugs. A number of liposomes (lipidic nanoparticles) are on the market, and many more are in the pipeline. Lipidic nanoparticles are the first nanomedicine delivery system to make the transition from concept to clinical application, and they are now an established technology platform with considerable clinical acceptance. We can look forward to many more clinical products in the future.
Design and characterization of a new drug nanocarrier made from solid–liquid lipid mixtures
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2005
The classical lipid nanoparticles that have been proposed for drug delivery are composed of solid lipids. Due to their composition, these nanoparticles have a limited drug loading and controlled release capacity. The present work was aimed at modifying the inner structure of nanoparticles made of tripalmitin, lecithin, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-stearate with the incorporation of a liquid lipid (Miglyol 812 oil). The composition and structural organization of the components of the resulting nanoparticles were characterized by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. Any possible changes in the crystalline domains of individual components when in the form of the nanoparticles were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The results of the NMR analysis indicated a significant incorporation of the oil to the solid nanoparticle matrix. Furthermore, the relaxation time constants as well as the peak width of the 1 H NMR spectrum of the nanoparticles suggest the presence of the oil in the form of phase-separated liquid nanoreservoirs within the nanoparticles. This conclusion was supported by the observation of restricted diffusion dynamics for the oil molecules. Interestingly, the incorporation of the oil did not interfere with the crystallization of the solid lipids (tripalmitin and PEG-stearate). In conclusion, a new nanostructure consisting of solid lipids and oily nanodomains was developed. This structural modification of the solid lipid nanoparticles may have an effect on their encapsulation capacity and controlled release properties. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
RECENT ADVANCES ON LIPOSOMAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: A REVIEW
A liposome is an artificially-prepared vesicle composed of a lipid bilayer. The liposome can be used as a vehicle for administration of nutrients and pharmaceutical. Liposomes are composed of natural phospholipids, and may also contain mixed lipid chains with surfactant properties. The major types of liposomes are the multilamellar vesicle, the small unilamellar vesicle, and the large unilamellar vesicle. Liposomal formulations were significantly explored over the last decade for the Anticancer Therapy, Respiratory drug delivery system, Nucleic acid therapy, ophthalmic drug delivery applications, Vaccine adjuvant, Anti-infective, Brain Targeting therapy. These formulations are mainly composed of phosphatidylcholine and other constituents such as cholesterol and lipid-conjugated hydrophilic polymers. Liposomes are biodegradable and biocompatible in nature. In this review article we summarize information about some of the key advantages of liposome, mechanism of liposomal formation, classification of liposomes, and application of liposome.
Nanocarriers for Biomedicine: From Lipid Formulations to Inorganic and Hybrid Nanoparticles
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Encapsulation of cargoes in nanocontainers is widely used in different fields to solve the problems of their solubility, homogeneity, stability, protection from unwanted chemical and biological destructive effects, and functional activity improvement. This approach is of special importance in biomedicine, since this makes it possible to reduce the limitations of drug delivery related to the toxicity and side effects of therapeutics, their low bioavailability and biocompatibility. This review highlights current progress in the use of lipid systems to deliver active substances to the human body. Various lipid compositions modified with amphiphilic open-chain and macrocyclic compounds, peptide molecules and alternative target ligands are discussed. Liposome modification also evolves by creating new hybrid structures consisting of organic and inorganic parts. Such nanohybrid platforms include cerasomes, which are considered as alternative nanocarriers allowing to reduce inherent limitat...