Physiological and behavioral effects of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in Tenebrio molitor larvae (original) (raw)
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Toxins, 2019
The aim of this study was to determine the potential for accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) reared on high DON Fusarium-infected wheat and investigate the effects on production, survival and nutritional traits. Wheat containing 200 μg/kg DON was used as the control diet. A different source of wheat was sorted into six fractions and mixed to obtain low (2000 μg/kg), medium (10,000 μg/kg) and high (12,000 μg/kg) levels of DON. Each diet was replicated five times with 300 or 200 mealworms per replicate for the feeding and breeding trials, respectively. Trial termination occurred when the first two pupae were observed (32–34 days). There was no difference in the concentrations of DON detected in the larvae between diets that ranged from 122 ± 19.3 to 136 ± 40.5 μg/kg (p = 0.88). Excretion of DON was 131, 324, 230 and 742 μg/kg for control, low, medium and high, respectively. Nutritional analysis of larvae showed maximum crude protein of 52%...
World Mycotoxin Journal, 2017
Insects could provide an alternative and more sustainable source of animal protein compared to conventional livestock. Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) can be grown on diets composed of organic by-products. However, these diets could be contaminated with mycotoxins. Thus far, little is known about possible retention, sequestration, excretion or detoxification of mycotoxins by edible insects. T. molitor larvae were grown on wheat flour naturally contaminated with mycotoxins among which deoxynivalenol (DON) was predominant (4.9 mg/kg), wheat flour spiked with 8 mg/kg pure DON, and uncontaminated wheat flour. Larval survival and weight gain on the three diets were compared. Survival was high for larvae on all dietary treatments (>98%) and no difference in weight gain was observed when comparing larvae grown on uncontaminated control diet with larvae grown on contaminated diets (P=0.091). Presence of mycotoxins in larvae and larval faeces was analysed using LC-MS/MS. No DON or ...
Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2021
This study determined if yellow mealworm larvae (YML) grown on deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated wheat would affect broiler chicken performance. The YML were reared on wheat with low (LDW; 630 μg/kg) or high (HDW; 30,730 μg/kg) DON concentrations. The DON concentrations in the dried insect meals were 0 or 17.5 μg/kg for YML grown on LDW and HDW, respectively. Seventy-five male Ross 708 broilers were randomly placed into 15 cages and reared on one of three diets from day 1-35 (five replications/treatment). On day 14, broiler numbers were reduced to four per cage. The diets consisted of a control containing no YML meal (CD) and two diets containing 5% YML meal produced on either LDW (LMD) or HDW (HMD). Feed intake and body weight (BW) were measured over the duration of the experiment to calculate feed to gain ratio (F:G). On day 35, all birds were slaughtered and dissected to collect weights of the breasts, thighs, drums, wings, abdominal fat pads, and organs. Crude protein retention ...
Redia, 2020
The industrial farming of edible insects for food and feed generally employs cultivated plants and derivatives as rearing diets. These feed substrates may contain toxins produced by different species of fungi which cause ad-verse health effects to consumers. Frequently found in cereals and cereal products, mycotoxins aflatoxins, ochra-toxins and fumonisins are harmful to human and animal health. In this study the uptake of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) and their elimination rates were investigated in T. molitor larvae fed on cereal-based diets contaminated with two concentration levels for each mycotoxin. New analytical methods for extraction and quantification of AFB1, OTA and FB1 residues in larvae were developed andvalidated.It has been demonstrated that T. molitor larvae did not accumulate in detectable or dangerous concentrations the three tested mycotoxins at the two tested concentration levels and that a fasting period of 24 hours ensured a su...
2017
This study aimed to evaluate different modified atmospheres (MAs) and ozone (O) on the adult 3 survival and larval development of Sitophilus oryzae (L) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in addition to quality analyses of wheat flour and safety of wheat grains to rats, at 30±1°C, 65 ±5% RH. Adults and larvae were exposed to two MAs containing CO (40% CO , 12% O & 48% N and 60% CO , 8% O & 32% N), two MAs 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 containing N (97% N & 3% O and 98% N & 2% O) and O (500 ppm). Flour and grains of wheat were exposed 2 2 2 2 2 3 to MAs containing 60% CO and 98% N and 500 ppm O to determine the quality analysis of wheat flour and 2 2 3 safety of wheat grains to rats. The MA containing 60% CO is suitable for controlling adults and larvae of 2 S. oryzae and T. castaneum in short time. Latent effect of O (7 days after exposure) was more preferable for 3 controlling adults and larvae of both S. oryzae and T. castaneum than only one day after exposure. MAs containing 60% CO and 500 ppm O did not affect the milling and baking qualities of wheat flour. Rats that were 2 3 fed wheat grains exposed to MAs and O grew normally without any significant alterations in body weights, 3 internal organ weights (brain, kidney and liver) and biochemical analyses (total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and total lipids). It could be concluded that MAs containing 60% CO for 5 days and 500 ppm ozone for 7 days 2 are adequate to eliminate the adults and larvae of S. oryzae and T. castaneum from stored wheat grains and their products. Also, they did not have adverse effects on the quality of wheat flour and grains.
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2019
The yellow mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is a noxious insect that causes serious damages to stored products worldwide. In the present study, pirimiphos-methyl, deltamethrin, spinosad and silicoSec were evaluated as grain protectans against adults, small and large larvae of this species on wheat, barley and maize at label doses. Mortalities were estimated after 1, 3, 7 and 14 days of exposure. All tested insecticides were able to control T. molitor adults. Complete (100%) mortality of adults was noted after 14 days of exposure on wheat and maize treated with pirimiphos-methyl or silicoSec and barley treated with pirimiphos-methyl, silicoSec and spinosad. Larvae were more tolerant than adults to insecticidal treatments. However, pirimiphos-methyl caused high levels of mortality to small larvae that were 71.1, 91.1 and 60% on wheat, barley and maize respectively after 14 days post exposure. The type of commodity played a significant role on the performance of the tested insecticides. Mortality was higher on barley and wheat than on maize for all tested stages and insecticides. Our results indicate that the life stage of T. molitor and the type of commodity should be taken into account for the management of this species.
Pesticide contamination of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) for human consumption
The use of pesticides contributes to the productivity and the quality of the cultivated crop. A large portion of the agricultural produce is not consumed as it is not an edible part or the quality of the product is too low. This waste of agricultural produce can be valorised as a substrate for the production of certain insects for human consumption. However, pesticides applied on the plants might accumulate during the life cycle of the insects fed on the waste materials and may cause a health risk to humans consuming the insects. Pesticide residues in larvae of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, were investigated. We monitored the accumulation of pesticides in the larvae upon consumption of contaminated fresh produce. An increased uptake rate by the insects was found for pesticides with higher K ow-values. Excretion of pesticides by the insect was inversely related to the log(K ow) values of the pesticides.
PLoS ONE, 2014
Species of Fusarium have significant agro-economical and human health-related impact by infecting diverse crop plants and synthesizing diverse mycotoxins. Here, we investigated interactions of grain-feeding Tenebrio molitor larvae with four graincolonizing Fusarium species on wheat kernels. Since numerous metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. are toxic to insects, we tested the hypothesis that the insect senses and avoids Fusarium-colonized grains. We found that only kernels colonized with F. avenaceum or Beauveria bassiana (an insect-pathogenic fungal control) were avoided by the larvae as expected. Kernels colonized with F. proliferatum, F. poae or F. culmorum attracted T. molitor larvae significantly more than control kernels. The avoidance/preference correlated with larval feeding behaviors and weight gain. Interestingly, larvae that had consumed F. proliferatum-or F. poae-colonized kernels had similar survival rates as control. Larvae fed on F. culmorum-, F. avenaceum-or B. bassiana-colonized kernels had elevated mortality rates. HPLC analyses confirmed the following mycotoxins produced by the fungal strains on the kernels: fumonisins, enniatins and beauvericin by F. proliferatum, enniatins and beauvericin by F. poae, enniatins by F. avenaceum, and deoxynivalenol and zearalenone by F. culmorum. Our results indicate that T. molitor larvae have the ability to sense potential survival threats of kernels colonized with F. avenaceum or B. bassiana, but not with F. culmorum. Volatiles potentially along with gustatory cues produced by these fungi may represent survival threat signals for the larvae resulting in their avoidance. Although F. proliferatum or F. poae produced fumonisins, enniatins and beauvericin during kernel colonization, the larvae were able to use those kernels as diet without exhibiting increased mortality. Consumption of F. avenaceum-colonized kernels, however, increased larval mortality; these kernels had higher enniatin levels than F. proliferatum or F. poae-colonized ones suggesting that T. molitor can tolerate or metabolize those toxins. Citation: Guo Z, Dö ll K, Dastjerdi R, Karlovsky P, Dehne H-W, et al. (2014) Effect of Fungal Colonization of Wheat Grains with Fusarium spp. on Food Choice, Weight Gain and Mortality of Meal Beetle Larvae (Tenebrio molitor). PLoS ONE 9(6): e100112.
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 1988
The maize-derived secondary chemical 6-methyoxybenzoxazoii-none (MBOA) and a tritiated derivative were prepared synthetically for a detailed examination of their toxicity and toxicokinetics in the European corn borer (ECB),Ostrinia nubilalis. During feeding trials with MBOA incorporated into meridic diets (at 0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 4.0 mg/g diet), the mean time to pupation and adult emergence was significantly lengthened at concentrations of 1.5 mg MBOA/g diet and above. Increased mortality occurred at concentrations at 1.5 mg/g and above. A decrease in the sex ratio (female/ total) and fecundity was observed at concentrations of 0.5 mg/g and above. The latter observations represent new biological effects related to MBOA. In tracer studies, both uptake and excretion of MBOA administered in diets to larvae increased linearly with concentration. Body burden values indicated that the ECB larvae were capable of excreting enough compound to maintain total tissue levels at approximately 50% of the dietary concentration. Total amount of label increased with larval stage, but decreased in adults due to a large amount of label eliminated in the pupal case. In topical application studies, elimination of the label in the frass was rapid, reaching 60% by 6 hr and 82% of applied dose by 24 hr. Accumulation of label in tissues other than hemolymph was small. The results show that MBOA is toxic to ECB, but the insect has efficient methods for minimizing these effects.