Degradation and excretion of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol by an edible insect, the Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) (original) (raw)
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Toxins, 2019
The aim of this study was to determine the potential for accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) reared on high DON Fusarium-infected wheat and investigate the effects on production, survival and nutritional traits. Wheat containing 200 μg/kg DON was used as the control diet. A different source of wheat was sorted into six fractions and mixed to obtain low (2000 μg/kg), medium (10,000 μg/kg) and high (12,000 μg/kg) levels of DON. Each diet was replicated five times with 300 or 200 mealworms per replicate for the feeding and breeding trials, respectively. Trial termination occurred when the first two pupae were observed (32–34 days). There was no difference in the concentrations of DON detected in the larvae between diets that ranged from 122 ± 19.3 to 136 ± 40.5 μg/kg (p = 0.88). Excretion of DON was 131, 324, 230 and 742 μg/kg for control, low, medium and high, respectively. Nutritional analysis of larvae showed maximum crude protein of 52%...
Toxins, 2019
Insects are considered a suitable alternative feed for livestock production and their use is nowadays regulated in the European Union by the European Commission Regulation No. 893/2017. Insects have the ability to grow on a different spectrum of substrates, which could be naturally contaminated by mycotoxins. In the present work, the mycotoxin uptake and/or excretion in two different insect species, Alphitobius diaperinus (Lesser Mealworm, LM) and Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly, BSF), grown on naturally contaminated substrates, was evaluated. Among all the substrates of growth tested, the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin 1 and 2 (FB1 and FB2) and zearalenone (ZEN) were found in those based on wheat and/or corn. No mycotoxins were detected in BSF larvae, while quantifiable amount of DON and FB1 were found in LM larvae, although in lower concentration than those detected in the growing substrates and in the residual fractions. Mass balance calculations indicated t...
Redia, 2020
The industrial farming of edible insects for food and feed generally employs cultivated plants and derivatives as rearing diets. These feed substrates may contain toxins produced by different species of fungi which cause ad-verse health effects to consumers. Frequently found in cereals and cereal products, mycotoxins aflatoxins, ochra-toxins and fumonisins are harmful to human and animal health. In this study the uptake of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) and their elimination rates were investigated in T. molitor larvae fed on cereal-based diets contaminated with two concentration levels for each mycotoxin. New analytical methods for extraction and quantification of AFB1, OTA and FB1 residues in larvae were developed andvalidated.It has been demonstrated that T. molitor larvae did not accumulate in detectable or dangerous concentrations the three tested mycotoxins at the two tested concentration levels and that a fasting period of 24 hours ensured a su...
Physiological and behavioral effects of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in Tenebrio molitor larvae
2019
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent type B trichothecene mycotoxins present in cereals such as: wheat, rye, barley, oats and corn. It initiates a wide range of toxic effects on human and animal health. As an edible insect species for the growing human population, Tenebrio molitor is typically fed on cereal bran or flour. In the present study T. molitor L. larvae were grown for two weeks on wheat bran artificially contaminated with DON at four concentrations: 4.9 mg/g, 8 mg/g, 16 mg/g and 25 mg/g. The effects of DON intake on survival, growth, activity of the antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the phase II biotransformation enzyme-glutathione-S-transferase (GST), protein content and locomotor activity were monitored in two-month-old T. molitor larvae. The study revealed that DON at concentrations ranging from 4.9 to 25 mg/g wheat bran reduced larval body weight and protein content. Furthermore, it increased SOD and GST activity, had no effect on CAT activity. Also, this study showed that presence of DON in these concentrations has no direct detrimental effects on larval survival, but reduced locomotor activity. The observed effects were particularly pronounced in the larvae given the highest DON concentration 25 mg/g. These finding reveals that DON in artificially contaminated wheat bran at concentrations up to 25 mg/g is able to induce dose-dependent physiological and behavioral changes in T. molitor larvae.
Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 2021
This study determined if yellow mealworm larvae (YML) grown on deoxynivalenol (DON) contaminated wheat would affect broiler chicken performance. The YML were reared on wheat with low (LDW; 630 μg/kg) or high (HDW; 30,730 μg/kg) DON concentrations. The DON concentrations in the dried insect meals were 0 or 17.5 μg/kg for YML grown on LDW and HDW, respectively. Seventy-five male Ross 708 broilers were randomly placed into 15 cages and reared on one of three diets from day 1-35 (five replications/treatment). On day 14, broiler numbers were reduced to four per cage. The diets consisted of a control containing no YML meal (CD) and two diets containing 5% YML meal produced on either LDW (LMD) or HDW (HMD). Feed intake and body weight (BW) were measured over the duration of the experiment to calculate feed to gain ratio (F:G). On day 35, all birds were slaughtered and dissected to collect weights of the breasts, thighs, drums, wings, abdominal fat pads, and organs. Crude protein retention ...
Nutritional impact of mycotoxins in food animal production and strategies for mitigation
Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are commonly detected as natural contaminants in agricultural commodities worldwide. Mycotoxin exposure can lead to mycotoxicosis in both animals and humans when found in animal feeds and food products, and at lower concentrations can affect animal performance by disrupting nutrient digestion, absorption, metabolism, and animal physiology. Thus, mycotoxin contamination of animal feeds represents a significant issue to the livestock industry and is a health threat to food animals. Since prevention of mycotoxin formation is difficult to undertake to avoid contamination, mitigation strategies are needed. This review explores how the mycotoxins aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A impose nutritional and metabolic effects on food animals and summarizes mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of mycotoxicity.
The occurrence of mycotoxins in feed and food
2017
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, toxic to humans and animals. Toxigenic fungi often grow on edible plants, thereby contaminating food and feed. The most common mycotoxins are produced by the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium. While Fusarium species are plant pathogens producing mycotoxins (trichothecenes, fumonisins and zearalenone), before or after harvest, species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are frequent contaminants of food during processing and storage. The most toxic mycotoxins produced by the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus are aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Their occurrence is not only associated with plant commodities, but they are also found in products of animal origin. Plants, as living organisms, can alter the chemical structure of mycotoxins as part of their defence against xenobiotics. The extractable conjugated or non-extractable bound mycotoxins formed remain present in the plant tissue, but are currently neither routinely screen...
Mycotoxins in feeds and their fate in animals: a review
Animal Research, 2002
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites secreted by moulds, mostly belonging to the three genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. They are produced in cereal grains as well as forages before, during and after harvest, in various environmental conditions. Due to the diversity of their toxic effects and their synergetic properties, mycotoxins are considered as risky to the consumers of contaminated foods. Mycotoxin metabolism is complex and involves pathways of bioactivation and detoxification in both humans and animals. Detoxification occurs via biotransformation mediated by enzymes in the host cells and in the digestive microbial flora. Some of the toxins or their metabolites may become fixed in animal or human tissues. However, most are eliminated in the urine, faeces and milk. In animals, toxicity is generally revealed as chronic minor troubles and only rarely causes death. The presence of mycotoxins in feeds may decrease feed intake and affect animal performance. In addition, the possible presence of toxic residues in edible animal products (milk, meat, offal), may have some detrimental effects on human health. Maximum acceptable doses in feeds and milk have been set for certain mycotoxins by international authorities. The potential risks of mycotoxins may be controlled by checking plant material for fungal contamination, by improving methods of cultivation, harvest and storage, by eliminating or diluting toxins from the contaminated food or feeds, and by using adsorbents to reduce the bioavailability of toxins in the digestive tracts of animals. These measures will be assessed in the present paper. mycotoxins / feeds / ruminants / detoxification / rumen microbes Résumé-Les mycotoxines dans les aliments et leur devenir chez le ruminant. Les mycotoxines sont des métabolites secondaires produits par les moisissures appartenant principalement aux genres Aspergillus, Penicillium et Fusarium. Ces moisissures se développent sur les grains des céréales et dans les fourrages pendant la culture au champ, pendant la récolte et durant la période de conservation. Les mycotoxines sont souvent présentes en mélange et constituent un risque pour les consommateurs en raison de leur synergie. Le métabolisme des mycotoxines est complexe. Il implique chez l'homme et les animaux, des voies de bioactivation et de détoxication. La détoxication fait appel à des processus de biotransformation impliquant des enzymes de l'hôte et de l'écosystème microbien 81
Co-occurring mycotoxins in animal feeds
2008
Animal feeds, the raw ingredients used in their manufacture, namely, maize, wheat, sunflower seeds, cottonseeds, bagasse, wheaten bran, gluten feed and pet foods from South Africa were surveyed for contaminating mycotoxin-producing fungi and their toxins: aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone and ochratoxins. Toxins were extracted and analysed by high performance liquid chromatography and fluorometry. Twenty-one of the twenty-three samples were contaminated by Aspergillus flavus which cooccurred with A. parasiticus in two samples, A. tamarii in seven and Fusarium moniliforme in one. Rhizopus stolonifer, R. oryzae and yeast were also isolated. Aflatoxins were detected in seventeen samples, fumonisin in six and zearalenone in three. Aflatoxin levels ranged between 0.8 ± ± ± ± 0.2 and 156 ± ± ± ± 8 µg/kg (ppb), zearalenone between 100 ± ± ± ± 10.5 and 165 000 ± ± ± ± 200 µg/kg and fumonisin B 1 between 15 ± ± ± ± 3.0 and 5 900 ± ± ± ± 40 µg/kg. Ochratoxins were not detected in any of the samples. In most countries worldwide, legislated levels for aflatoxins and patulin are 20 µg/kg and 50 µg/kg, respectively, for human foods. Fumonisins, zearalenone and other toxins are not legislated in most of the countries. Ten of the feeds contain toxin levels above legislated limits (for Canada and the USA) and guidelines set by other countries. The results of this study highlight the need for mycotoxin legislation in the animal feed industry.