Effects of Male Labour Rural to Urban Migration on Women Farmers Left-behind in Imo State Nigeria (original) (raw)
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Migration has a deep effect on families, and small-holder family farms. When men migrate for economic opportunities, the “left-behind” women family members, already burdened with time poverty, often fill the gap to manage the farm without the resources, knowledge, or farm inputs required to succeed. Using the agricultural policy of Ghana as an example, this paper addresses the need for better agricultural policy to address the challenges that these invisible women farmers face is necessary to ensure global food security.
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Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2020
Studies have shown that women contribute 50-60% labour to agricultural production in Nigeria. They are however, confronted with monumental constraints which hinder their performances in agricultural production. The aim of this research is to analyze rural and urban women farmers with respect to farming constraints and the coping strategies adopted by them in Kwara State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examines the sociodemographic characteristics and farm activities of women; analyzes the problems facing them in their farm activities and coping strategies adopted to mitigate the constraints. A total of 400 women farmers were sampled with copies of questionnaire in Otun-Oro and Ahun. In order to explore their opinions further on the constraints faced and the coping strategies adopted by them, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were organized for them. Matrix ranking was employed to rank their problems in order of most pressing. The urban women farmers sampled in Otun-Oro ranked land tenure problem (46.4%), poor access to credit facilities (19.5%) and inadequate farm input (17.5%) among others as the most pressing problems confronting them. The rural women famers in Ahun ranked poor access to credit facilities (46.0%), lack of farm input (32.5%) and bad roads (20.0%) among others as the most pressing problems confronting their increased production. Some of the coping strategies adopted include participating in farmers' cooperative societies with relaxed conditions, multiple cropping to diversify production, early or late planting and praying to God. Hence, an average urban woman farmer has lots of potentials that can be developed to assist in urban planning for proper agricultural development and management. Recommendations were made appropriately and these include: when taking agricultural/farming decisions, women should be part of the group and production resources should be made available especially for women farmers both at the rural and urban areas. This will enhance increased agricultural production by women.
Rural-urban migration of farmers in Delta and Edo States, Nigeria: policy implications
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This study examined the agricultural causes and effects of ruralurban migration in Nigeria and its policy implications. A simple random sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size 111. A semi-structured questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. Data analyzed revealed that major migration cause was unemployment (x = 83%) and effect was drop in agricultural output (x = 90.1%). The study inferred that there were no functional implementation of policy-based agricultural and rural development programs in actuality to reduce the exodus of ruralurban migration. The implication is that rural dwellers particularly farming youths will continue out-migration to urban areas leaving the rural environmental resources untapped. The major effect of migration was a decrease in farmers' income. The inclusion of policy formulation and implementation in this study will boost rural agricultural productivity.
This work was carried out to analyze the effect of rural-urban migration by youths on agricultural labour supply in Aniocha South local government area of Delta State. This was done by identifying the 14 communities that make up the study area, from the six communities, 90 respondents were randomly selected. Data obtained were analyzed using discriptive statistical tools such as frequency distribution table and percentages. The result of the analysis showed that males migrate more than the females in the study area. It was observed that most of the migrants have different levels of educational qualification and area mostly single. It was observed also that the major causes of rural -urban migration in the study area are lack of social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water, lack of communication facilities, lack of good road network and no established agro-allied industry e.t.c. It was also shown that some of the problems of rural-urban migration are loss of agricultural labour force, decline in agricultural output, reduction in population of the rural dweller etc. Therefore recommendations such establishment of industries, provision of social amenities such as electricity and good communication facilities etc, in the study area will help curb this rural-urban migrations.
Rural women and Agricultural Production in Imo State South-Eastern Nigeria: Problems and Prospects
Despite rural women's immense contribution to agriculture and food security in Imo State, they still face the challenge of lack of access to and control over productive resources. Productive resources such as Land, labour and capital are the bedrock of agricultural production. Land Inheritance right in rural areas generally favours men over women (Mutangadura, 2014). Women rarely own land in rural areas and when they do; it is only small holding plots, which they do not have control over (Afolabi, 2008). As a result, they have limitation over the choice of crop portfolio, investment on input because they lack tenure security that provides motivation and certification for such long term investments. Thus, these lacks inhibit their productive capacity and affect their livelihood. There is need to expand, reform and democratize access to productive resources in rural areas so that rural women can access them without hindrances. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations opines that if women had the same access to productive resources as men, they will be more likely to increase yields on their farms by 20-30 percent (FOA,2007).