Pesticides and Health Effects: Karpati et al. Respond (original) (raw)
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Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects
Science of The Total Environment, 2017
• Pesticides are designed to function with reasonable certainty and minimal risk to human health. • Pesticide exposure is however turned out to be linked with various diseases including cancer. • In light of the significance of pesticide pollution, the general aspects of pesticides are assessed. • The current state of knowledge regarding pesticide use and its detrimental impacts is described.
PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AND HUMAN HEALTH: A REVIEW
This study was conducted at Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan during 2014-2015. The data for the last two decades regarding pesticide exposure and human health was compiled through a thorough review of thirty three research articles published in various journals of international repute. The way of pesticide exposure and their health outcomes, including the neurological, fetal growth, birth and cancerous outcome. Several pesticides are effect as neurotoxins and cause neuronal disorder and degenerative diseases, some effect fetal growth and cause congenital anomalies and other are carcinogenic for human. The data analysis of international researcher revealed that due to extensive use of pesticide increase their exposure to human which result greatly increase the risk of cancer, neural and birth defects.
Non-cancer health effects of pesticides Systematic review and implications for family doctors
2000
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether there are associations between exposure to pesticides and 4 chronic non- cancer health effects: dermatologic, neurologic, reproductive, and genotoxic effects. DaTa sOuRCEs We searched PreMedline, MEDLINE, and LILACS using the key word pesticide combined with the term for the specific health effect being searched. Reviewers scanned the references of all articles for additional relevant studies. sTuDY
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 2010
Keywords pesticides reproductive health fertility preconception nursing implications environment ABSTRACT Pesticides are a category of chemicals formulated to kill or repel a pest or halt its reproduction. In this article we review the toxicological and epidemiological literature; describe common potential pesticide exposures; and focus on the associated health risks to fetal development. Clinical implications are reviewed, and recommendations are made regarding the integration of this environmental health concern into nursing education, practice, research, and policy/ advocacy work. Recommendations for pesticide elimination and reduction in health care settings are included.
Chapter 1 Pesticides , Environmental Pollution , and Health
2018
In recent years, people have been exposed to several types of substances with broad spectrum due to the rapidly evolving technology. One of these chemical substance groups are pesticides. Pesticides have been an essential part of agriculture to protect crops and livestock from pest infestations and yield reduction for many decades. Despite their usefulness, pesticides could pose potential risks to food safety, the environment, and all living things. Concern about the environmental impact of repeated pesticide use has prompted research into the environmental fate of these agents, which can emigrate from treated fields to air, other land, and water bodies. The importance of agricultural pesticides for developing countries is undeniable. However, the issue of human health and environmental risks has emerged as a key problem for these countries in accordance to a number of studies. In the last five decades, pesticide usages increased the quantity and improved the quality of food. Howeve...
Pesticide usage and their potential adverse impacts on living organisms
Anadolu Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü dergisi, 2001
Agrochemicals are toxic chemical substances used to prevent the crop from diseases, pests and weeds. Some of these chemicals are much more toxic than that of others. However, when they are applied imroperly, all agrochemicals could pose to unwanted various negative effects to non-target warm blooded organizms and environment. Pesticides are inevitable agricultural input in crop protection to control of pests, diseases and weeds. The fact that pesticides are intensively used or misused in agriculture could give rise to potential environmental pollution and food contamination. Exposure of humans and animals to some pesticides is difficult to avoid in developing countries. Because of the high incidence of acute toxicities, some pesticides could be the possible reason of death for the higher organisms. More importantly, pesticides can produce a wide spectrum of adverse biological effects as the result of chronic toxicities in various organisms. Some commonly used pesticides in Turkey (such as chlorinated hydrocarbons) can persist for a long period in environment (soil, water, plants) without degradation into harmless products. So, they can be responsible for chronic toxicity by being accumulated in non-target organisms through biomagification. Moreover, various abnormalities can occur related to metabolic alterations due to chronic toxicities. Mutagenic, teratogenic, carsinogenic and neurotoxic effects are the basic criteria of chronic toxicities in ecotoxicological studies. Effects on mitotic activity of pesticides especially herbicides and fungicides are well documented in several researches. They may cause chromosomal abnormalities and aberrations in mitotic cycle such as micronuclei, chromosome bridges, abnormal configuration, restitution nuclei and polyploidy. Furthermore, as carcinogenic effects, tumor formations in liver and thyroid tissues are some of the hottest issues in human health. The most known example is ethylenethiourea (ETU) which is a degradation product of EBDC fungicides that was classified by EPA as a probable human carcinogen. Public concern on negative effects of pesticides is increasing in developed countries. In this paper, some information will be given on the usage of pesticide in Turkey and in the world. Also, overall and the latest studies on toxic effects of pesticides were reviewed as to mainly their possible chronic effects and beneficals of the pesticides over their possible toxic effects.
All groups of pesticides are toxic substances added deliberately to the micro and macro environment for their toxicity and biocidal effects to kill and harm living things. They do get added as their fall out to the environment. This unintentional act has had all the damaging effects not only on the microenvironment where they are used but also the macro and the global environment since their use has become immensely widespread, and they and their degraded or biotransformed products can be carried by air and water to far off distances. They can now be found anywhere on earth, contaminating soil, air, groundwater, surface water, rain, snow, and fog. Even the Arctic ice pack and the deep beds of the ocean are not spared from their presence. They and their residues, which are often more toxic than the parent compounds, have found their pathway into the food chain and have poisoned the birds, fish, wildlife, domestic animals, livestock, and human beings, including newborn babies. The impact of toxicity of pesticides is heavy as well as pervasive owing mainly to a wide range of their application for crop protection and home use as may be estimated from the share of their different classes in the market viz. herbicides 51%, insecticides 25%, fungicides 20% and others 4%. Herbicides have a larger market in the industrialized countries for home use for maintaining the lawns and for managing golf courses, parks and recreation areas. The use of insecticides and fungicides is extensive in crop protection but their home use has grown substantially during the last two decades. Homeowners and urban dwellers are thus at great risk of exposure to the toxic trail of chemical pesticides. The indiscriminate use of these chemicals on a massive scale such as that mentioned above has had profound impact on the living environment. According to a report by UNICEF, UNEP and WHO, the impact of the use of highly toxic chemicals takes the toll of about 5,500 children each day around the world from diseases caused by polluted air, water, food and environmental contaminants, which include the pesticides. Since the 1970s, the incidence of cancers, learning disabilities, autism, diabetes, early puberty, and abnormal penile development has skyrocketed among the children who comprise the most vulnerable group of citizens(ENS, May 10, 2002). It has been pointed out earlier that synthetic chemical pesticides had not been adequately tested for their chronic toxicity and not evaluated at all for their developmental toxicity. The study of developmental toxicology did not make such enviable progress as development of chemicals and that created a complete lack of understanding on how life processes may be affected by potentially toxic chemicals such as the pesticides. Although hazards of chemical poisoning had taken toll of hundreds of lives in the past yet it was not until the mid-1960s that chronic toxicity of the pesticides became a matter of concern. In the mean time evidences continued to pile up on the linkage of many of the hitherto unknown disorders with exposure to chemical pesticides that are carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and hormone disrupting. Damages done to the health of individuals by chemical pesticides have a wide range starting from acute toxicity with a single dose or exposure, to sub-chronic toxicity resulting from a few exposures and finally to chronic toxicity due to long term persistent exposures for each possible toxic end point. The toxic end points include cancer, damage to organs like the liver, kidney or heart, developmental disorders, damage to the immune system, central nervous system, reproductive system, and to the genes. Organisms, including test animals and man, react differently at different stages of development, particularly while in the womb, where scores of endpoints can be established, depending on the toxicity trail of the chemical pesticides and their end points. Such endpoints were either unknown for reasons of lack of understanding on developmental toxicology or were ignored when the pesticides and other toxic chemicals were introduced into the living systems.
Pesticides, Environmental Pollution, and Health
Environmental Health Risk - Hazardous Factors to Living Species, 2016
In recent years, people have been exposed to several types of substances with broad spectrum due to the rapidly evolving technology. One of these chemical substance groups are pesticides. Pesticides have been an essential part of agriculture to protect crops and livestock from pest infestations and yield reduction for many decades. Despite their usefulness, pesticides could pose potential risks to food safety, the environment, and all living things. Concern about the environmental impact of repeated pesticide use has prompted research into the environmental fate of these agents, which can emigrate from treated fields to air, other land, and water bodies. The importance of agricultural pesticides for developing countries is undeniable. However, the issue of human health and environmental risks has emerged as a key problem for these countries in accordance to a number of studies. In the last five decades, pesticide usages increased the quantity and improved the quality of food. However, with the increasing amounts of their usage, concern about their adverse effects on nontarget organisms, including human beings, has also grown. The purpose of this publication is to explain the nature of pesticides and their history, classification, risks, and effects on health and the environment.