Covalent immobilization of molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles using an epoxy silane (original) (raw)
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Electrochimica Acta, 2012
A novel strategy is described for the preparation of sensitive molecularly imprinted (MIPs) sensing layers based on the combination of diazonium salts as photoinitiators and graft photopolymerization on gold electrode. The MIPs were synthesized using methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a crosslinker in co-polymerization process, and dopamine (DA) as a template. The gold-grafted MIP (Au-MIP) electrodes were found to be specific and selective toward dopamine with a detection limit of 0.9 nmol L −1 as determined by square wave voltammetry (SWV). Selectivity was interrogated with l-DOPA which gave a flat response of Au-MIP. In the case of DA and ascorbic acid (AA) mixture (0.1/0.8 mmol L −1 ), the electrochemical detection gave an oxidation peak of same shape and quasi the same intensity for pure DA and DA/AA mixtures, therefore confirming the high selectivity of the MIP grafts. The same strategy can be extended to a broad range of templates, monomers and surfaces.
Sensors
The accurate detection of biological materials has remained at the forefront of scientific research for decades. This includes the detection of molecules, proteins, and bacteria. Biomimetic sensors look to replicate the sensitive and selective mechanisms that are found in biological systems and incorporate these properties into functional sensing platforms. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors that can form high affinity binding sites complementary to the specific analyte of interest. They utilise the shape, size, and functionality to produce sensitive and selective recognition of target analytes. One route of synthesizing MIPs is through electropolymerization, utilising predominantly constant potential methods or cyclic voltammetry. This methodology allows for the formation of a polymer directly onto the surface of a transducer. The thickness, morphology, and topography of the films can be manipulated specifically for each template. Recently, numerous revie...
Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry
With the help of molecular imprinting technology, artificial receptors can be made and used for identification. This technique's limitless application increases polymer technology and makes it adaptable to other technologies. In this study, examples of sensor applications are used to explain molecular imprinting technology (MIT) and its brief history. MIT can be used to create polymer-based artificial receptors with remarkable selectivity and affinity to detect any target molecules that can be imprinted on a polymer. A monomer is synthesized around a template molecule to create a selective cavity that serves as an artificial receptor. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) offer a wide range of uses and have recently garnered much attention. These polymers' production methods, production kinds, and molecular imprinting techniques are all thoroughly detailed. The outstanding properties of MIPs make a crucial contribution to sensor applications offering selective, fast, easy, an...
Molecularly imprinted polymers - towards electrochemical sensors and electronic tongues
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificially synthesized materials to mimic the molecular recognition process of biological macromolecules such as substrate-enzyme or antigen-antibody. The combination of these biomimetic materials with electrochemical techniques has allowed the development of advanced sensing devices, which significantly improve the performance of bare or catalyst-modified sensors, being able to unleash new applications. However, despite the high selectivity that MIPs exhibit, those can still show some cross-response towards other compounds, especially with chemically analogous (bio)molecules. Thus, the combination of MIPs with chemometric methods opens the room for the development of what could be considered a new type of electronic tongues, i.e. sensor array systems, based on its usage. In this direction, this review provides an overview of the more common synthetic approaches, as well as the strategies that can be used to achieve the integration of MIPs and electrochemical sensors, followed by some recent examples over different areas in order to illustrate the potential of such combination in very diverse applications.
Electrochemically Deposited Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors
Sensors, 2022
This review is dedicated to the development of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the application of MIPs in sensor design. MIP-based biological recognition parts can replace receptors or antibodies, which are rather expensive. Conducting polymers show unique properties that are applicable in sensor design. Therefore, MIP-based conducting polymers, including polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyaniline and ortho-phenylenediamine are frequently applied in sensor design. Some other materials that can be molecularly imprinted are also overviewed in this review. Among many imprintable materials conducting polymer, polypyrrole is one of the most suitable for molecular imprinting of various targets ranging from small organics up to rather large proteins. Some attention in this review is dedicated to overview methods applied to design MIP-based sensing structures. Some attention is dedicated to the physicochemical methods applied for the transduction of ...
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2012
Biosensors are already well established in modern analytical chemistry, and have become important tools for clinical diagnostics, environmental analysis, production monitoring, drug detection or screening. They are based on the specific molecular recognition of a target molecule by a biological receptor such as an antibody or an enzyme. Synthetic biomimetic receptors like molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been shown to be a potential alternative to biomolecules as recognition element for biosensing. Produced by a templating process at the molecular level, MIPs are capable of recognizing and binding target molecules with similar specificity and selectivity to their natural analogues. One of the main challenges in MIP sensor development is the miniaturization of MIP structures and their interfacing with the transducer or with a microchip. Photostructuring appears thereby as one of the most suitable methods for patterning MIPs at the micro and nano scale, directly on the transducer surface. In the present review, a general overview on MIPs in biosensing applications is given, and the photopolymerization and photopatterning of MIPs are particularly described.
MIP sensors on the way to biotech applications: Targeting selectivity
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2013
Molecular imprinting among others leads to recognition layers toward pharmaceutically or physiologically active compounds that can be applied for rugged mass-sensitive sensing. In the case of ephedrine, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements in aqueous solution result in a detection limit of ∼5 ppm. When assessing two folic acid metabolites, leucovorin yields LoD of 20 ppm and anhydroleucovorin even 1 ppm. Systematic selectivity studies reveal that acrylate-based molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) for ephedrine detection most of all address the secondary amino group of the compound, followed by the aromatic ring. In contrast to this, the aliphatic part and the hydroxyl group do not substantially contribute to sensing. In the case of the two folic acid metabolites, the present study to the best of our knowledge represents the first successful imprinting approach. Besides very appreciable selectivity between the two metabolites and folic acid, respectively, it also strongly indicates that applying solvent mixtures substantially increases the sensitivity of the resulting sensors.
Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Affinity Sensors (Review)
Polymers
Recent challenges in biomedical diagnostics show that the development of rapid affinity sensors is very important issue. Therefore, in this review we are aiming to outline the most important directions of affinity sensors where polymer-based semiconducting materials are applied. Progress in formation and development of such materials is overviewed and discussed. Some applicability aspects of conducting polymers in the design of affinity sensors are presented. The main attention is focused on bioanalytical application of conducting polymers such as polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) ortho-phenylenediamine. In addition, some other polymers and inorganic materials that are suitable for molecular imprinting technology are also overviewed. Polymerization techniques, which are the most suitable for the development of composite structures suitable for affinity sensors are presented. Analytical signal transduction methods applied in affinity sensors...
TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2012
Biological molecules (e.g., antibodies, enzymes and receptors) have been widely used as specific recognition elements in analytical assays, from homogeneous assays to biosensors, for applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring and industrial-process control. Limited stability, and difficulty and high cost of production are their main drawbacks. Artificial receptors and catalysts prepared by molecular imprinting technology are valuable in replacing biomolecules for molecular recognition in these kinds of assay.