Antimicrobial activity of Garcinia kola against human upper respiratory tract pathogens (original) (raw)
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Antibacterial activity of Garcinia kola seed and leaf extracts on some selected clinical isolates
Garcinia kola seeds and leaves were screened for their anti bacterial activities using 1% hydrochloric acid, diethylether, acetic acid (ethanoic acid) and acetone. The seeds and leaves were dried and ground into powdered form. 10g of the ground seeds and leaves were in four sets. 90ml of the extraction solvents was added to each set. The seed and leaf extracts were tested on clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pyogenes using Agar Diffusion Method. Acetic acid seed and leaf extract showed the highest degree of zones of inhibition of 44mm and 37mm respectively against all the test organisms. The other extracts showed no inhibitory effect on the test organisms. The mechanism of action of the seed and leaf extract on the four bacteria had leakage of both protein and potassium (K+) ions. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of some bioactive components like alkaloids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. These components determine the antibacterial activity of the seed and leaf extracts. The results from this study, provides scientific evidence that Garcinia kola has the capability of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic micro organisms; thus it will be useful in tropical medicine for the treatment of microbial infections.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigations on the Antibacterial Activities of Garcinia Kola Seed
2019
The antibacterial activity of Garcinia kola seed extract against Staphyloccoccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae of was investigated. Garcinia kola Seeds were purchased from Okitipupa local market in okitipupa metropolis of Ondo State. The seeds were dehusked, chopped, air dried, pulverized and stored in a clean air tight bottle sample. 100 g of pulverized Garcinia kola seed was extracted with 900 mL of analytical grade methanol. The mixture was filtered and concentrated to obtain a crude extract. Agar-gel diffusion inhibition technique was adopted for the antimicrobial screening of Garcinia kola seed. 2.0 ml of 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml and l00 mg/ml of Garcinia kola seed extract was gently poured into each of the wells in the agar plates. Agar plates of ampiclox were also prepared as control. The agar plates of both extract and antibiotic were then incubated at a temperature of 37°C for 24 hours. The zones of inhibition around the well were measured. The zones of inhibition of the extract against selected bacteria range from 00 mm to 21 mm. The control (ampilox) showed zones of inhibition of 22, 30, 32 and 29 mm against Staphyloccoccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. Based on the zones of inhibition the order of susceptibility of the bacterial to the extract was Staphyloccoccus aureus>Escherichia coli>Bacillus subtilis>Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results obtained from this study, provides scientific evidence that can help in validation of Garcinia kola seed as antibacterial agent for the treatment of bacteria infections. Also, the insilico docking study showed that kolaviron have the highest tendency to inhibit all the studied bacterial cell lines.
AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, 2012
The study was conducted to screen for in vitro antibacterial activity of crude ethanol, acetone and aqueous seeds extract of Garcinia kola at different treatment regimes against some selected clinical bacterial isolates comprising of Gram positive and negative organisms namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the major chemical groups responsible for the activity were determined. The agar well diffusion method was employed to determine the inhibitory effects of the seeds extract on the test microorganisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration exerted by the extracts against the bacterial isolates ranged between 3.125 and 25 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts against the tested bacterial isolates ranged between 4.0 and 10.5 mm. The crude ethanol extract was found to exhibit more significant (P<0.01) inhibitory action against all the bacterial isolates at the various treatment regime. Also, compared to crude acetone and aqueous extracts, it was also notably found to exhibit significant (P<0.05) effects against the bacterial isolates. The preliminary phytochemical test revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sterols and terpenes as the major chemical groups in the plant extracts. The results of this study revealed that the in vitro antibacterial activity exhibited by the seeds extract may be attributed to the presence of these phytochemical compounds.
2016
The study was conducted to screen in-vitro antibacterial activity of crude ethanol and aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola seed against some selected bacteri al solates composing of Gram positive and Gram negative organi sms namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The disc diffusion method was employed to determine the inhibitory effects of the seed extract on the test micro-organisms. The ethanol and aqueous extract of the seed at concentration of 4g/ 40ml were diluted at the concentration of 0.1g/ml, O.2g/ml, 0 .4g/ml, 0.6g/ml and 0.8g/ml, then impregnated into a steril e filter paper disc. Also ethanol alone was impregnated into the sterile filter paper disc and used as control. The zones of inhibition obtained for ethanol extract (4g/40ml) of Garcinia kola seed ranged between 12mm-15mm. The zone of inhibition obtained for diluted ethanol extract (4g/40ml) of Garcinia kola seed at concentration 0.1g/ml, 0.2g/m l, 0.4g/ml, 0.6g/ml and 0.8glml range...
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GARCINIA KOLA AND COLA NITIDA SEED EXTRACTS
Antibacterial activity of Garcinia kola (Bitter Kola) and Cola nitida (Kola nut) against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae was studied. Results showed that alcohol extract of Garcinia kola was active against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae at various concentrations, with the latter displaying the lowest sensitivity. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were completely resistant. Hot water extract of the same plant was however, active against Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The other organisms showed sensitivity to the alcohol extract of Cola nitida, but higher sensitivity was observed with the hot water extract of the plant. Some of the results provided scientific evidence for the use of the plants by traditional herbalists in the treatment of microbial infections.
2020
The different parts of plants such as seed, leaves, barks and root contain medicinal substances. These substances produce definite physiological action in the human body. This present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The phytochemical constituents were carried out using standard methods. The antibacterial activities of the plant extracts was determined using agar-well diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by micro-broth dilution method. Phytochemical analysis shows that Phenols, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, saponin, alkaloids and anthraquinolones were present in varying concentrations of the different extracts. The methanol extract of G. kola seed possesses more antimicrobial activity (17-...
The effects of Diethyl ether and Aqueous Garcinia kola seeds extracts on some bacterial isolates
sciencepub.net
The antibacterial activity of Garcinia Kola seeds Diethyl ether and Aqueous extracts were tested against selected clinical bacterial isolates; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 50, 100, 150mg/ml. Agar well diffusion method was employed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (mm) of the extracts against test isolates. The results showed that Diethyl ether exhibit more significant activity at P<0.01 and Aqueous extracts at P<0.05, at the different treatment regimes.Similarly, the concentration of 150mg/ml produced the highest zone of inhibition (mm), while, 50mg/ml gave the least against the test isolates.Also, phytochemical compounds (Flavonoids,tannin,Saponins,Sterols, and terpenes) possibly responsible for the antibacterial activity in the plant extracts were determined. Implication of results is that Diethyl ether and Aqueous Garcinia kola seed extracts posses strong antibacterial and potentially chemotherapeutic activity and it can be useful in the treatment of bacterial infections in humans. [Ghamba, P. E. Agbo, E. B. Umar, A. F. and Bukbuk, D. N. The effects of Diethyl ether and Aqueous Garcinia kola seeds extracts on some bacterial isolates.
Scientific Research Journal, 2019
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of fractionation of the crude methanol extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds on phytochemical constituents and in vitro antimicrobial activity. Method: Fractionation was carried out using the solvent portioning method with solvents of different polarities. Phytochemical analysis was done by use of specific analytical test for each constituent. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the broth microdilution assay while the minimum bactericidal concentration was carried out using the agar well diffusion method. Results: The different fractions exhibited differences in their composition of the phytochemical constituents. This observation was however not dependent on the sequence of the polarity of the solvents. The acetone fraction presented similar phytochemicals compared with those of the crude methanol extract. The n-hexane fraction presented the least phytochemicals. The crude methanol fraction exhibited antibacterial activity against all the isolates at the concentration of 200 mg/ml, suggesting that fractionation may not be of any added advantage on the antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity exhibited by the fractions against all the isolates were significant lower compared to that due to the standard antibiotic, gentamicin, 4 mg/ml (P < 0.05). Similarly, it was shown that the antibacterial activity of each of the fraction was dose-dependent, with larger zones of inhibition corresponding to higher concentrations (P < 0.05). The acetone fraction exhibited highest antibacterial activity on S aureus with a zone of inhibition of inhibition of 20.5 ± 7.1 mm at the concentration of 200 mg/ml. This was significantly lower compared to 31.5 ± 6.2 mm due to gentamicin, 4 mg/ml (P < 0.05). The lowest antibacterial activity was exhibited at 200 mg/ml was seen with the methanol fraction on E coli with a zone of inhibition of 4.3 ± 1.2 mm and it was the only fraction with effect against this isolate. The n-hexane fraction did not exhibit any visible antimicrobial activity on all the isolates. Conclusion: Fractionation of the crude methanol extract revealed the antibacterial activity of the fractions with the acetone fraction more effective on S aureus than the crude extract. The finding generally confirms and validate the traditional claims and other scientific findings that Garcinia kola possesses principles that are antibacterial. This could therefore justify its traditional use in some infectious diseases and the need for further investigations.
Effects of teguments on phytochemistry and antimicrobial activities of Garcinia kola seeds
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2020
Many studies have been done on Garcinia kola seeds. They have not indicated the importance of the coats on biological activities of these seeds. Thus, we studied the impact of the use of Garcinia kola seeds with its teguments. We studied the comparative phytochemical and antibacterial activities of Garcinia kola seeds with and without tegument. First, the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of peeled and unpeeled seeds revealed the presence of large families of molecules such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds consisting of catechic and gallic tannins in both extracts. Additional compounds namely anthocyanins and O-heterosides had been identified in unpeeled seeds extract. The difference noted during the quantitative analysis of the two extracts is not significant (p ˃ 0.05). Then, antimicrobial tests had shown higher inhibition diameters with peeled seeds in 70% of the cases. The largest inhibition diameter was 35 mm obtained against Proteus vulgaris. T...
The bioactive and phytochemical properties of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seed extract on some pathogens
African Journal of Biotechnology, 2010
In vitro antimicrobial activities of crude extract of Garcinia kola was investigated against some bacterial isolates comprising of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The methanolic crude extract exhibited significant inhibitory action against eleven out of fifteen bacterial isolates tested at a final concentration of 20 mg/ml. The zones of inhibition exhibited by the extract against the tested organisms ranged between 10 and 23 mm, while the zones of inhibition exhibited by streptomycin and tetracycline used as standard antibiotics ranged between 15 and 25 mm; 12 and 25 mm respectively. On the other hand, the minimum inhibitory concentrations exerted by the extract against the bacterial isolates ranged between 0.079 and 5.00 mg/ml while the ranged exhibited by streptomycin was between 0.0157 and 0.50 mg/ml. The plant extract compared favourably with the two standard antibiotics used in this study. The following phytochemical compounds were present in the plant extract: flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycoside, saponins, steroids and reducing sugars.