GLUCOSINOLATES IN SOME BRASSICA SPECIES AS SOURCES OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AGAINST ROOT KNOT NEMATODES (original) (raw)
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VI International Symposium on Brassicas and XVIII Crucifer Genetics Workshop, 2013
Soil-borne diseases is a widespread problem in protected cultivation in Sicily especially after the prohibition of methyl bromide use. Secondary metabolites of some Brassica species are biofumigant able to contrast the main soil-borne agents in view to establish health and environmental friendly farming. In order to assess the effectiveness in nematodes control (Meloidogyne spp.) on tomatoes was carried out, adopting factorial design, a field trial in an representative farm of protected cultivation (Ragusa) using the flour of dry plants of Brassica juncea, Eruca sativa, Raphanus sativus and Brassica macrocarpa. The first three species were previously studied by some Authors as biofumigant, while B. macrocarpa is an endemic Sicilian wild species appearing interesting since recent scientific evidence showed high glucosinolate content in leaves, 90% represented by sinigrin, and the effectiveness of its dry leaves inserted into the soil to control root-knot nematodes in tomato crops, such as Meloidogyne spp. Tritated flour for the sinigrin content was distributed before planting (60 and 90 g m -2 ), the mean dose corresponded to the active molecules contained in the commercial formulate (Nemathorin) applied as 3 g m -2 following the instructions. Disease index detected on the tomato roots at the end of the growing cycle (Lamberti score, 1971), although low in general, resulted in all thesis lower than the control (1.2) and the commercial formulated (0.20), whereas it was between 0 (E. sativa 60 g m -2 and R. sativus 90 g m -2 ) and 0.13 (B. juncea 90 g m -2 ).
Trials on the Use of Brassica macrocarpa for the Control of Tomato Root-Knot Nematodes
Brassica macrocarpa contains a high concentration of glucosinolates, which after hydrolysis produce isothiocyanates with a chemical structure similar to the one of some soil fumigants. The paper reports the results of a series of experiments that suggest the possibility to control soil nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in cherry tomato crop by means of the application of Brassica macrocarpa dry biomass.
Nematode suppression with brassicaceous amendments: application based upon glucosinolate profiles
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2004
Glucosinolate profiles differ among plant species and their isothiocyanate (ITC) derivatives differ in toxicity to nematodes. Successful management of plant -parasitic nematodes by ITCs requires the incorporation of appropriate amounts of glucosinolate-containing biomass. Plant materials, containing glucosinolate-precursors of the ITCs most toxic to nematodes, were selected and applied to soil based upon ITC lethal concentration (LC) values. This provided a reliable and repeatable basis for application rates for suppression of Meloidogyne javanica and Tylenchulus semipenetrans by Brassica hirta and M. javanica by B. juncea. Sufficient biomass of B. hirta to potentially yield 0.03 -0.12 mmol ml 21 of glucotropeolin reduced nematode survival compared to similar amounts of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis). At biomass levels providing . 0.37 mmol ml 21 of glucotropeolin, mortality of M. javanica was 100% with B. hirta. Biomass of B. juncea potentially yielding 2.82 mmol ml 21 of sinigrin reduced M. javanica survival 65% below that obtained by a similar amount of broccoli. Rates of B. juncea to yield lethal levels of allyl ITC to reduce T. semipenetrans survival underestimated the glucosinolate application rates for this amendment. Application of plant biomass to soil .2.9% w/w reduced M. javanica survival regardless of the glucosinolate concentration of the amendment material. Application of brassicaceous amendments to soil initiates complex and dynamic biological and chemical processes. Despite the inherent complexity, we find that brassicaceous amendments can be applied to achieve consistent and repeatable nematode suppression when based upon the chemistry of the incorporated material. q (I.A. Zasada).
Plant and Soil, 2011
The wild mustard (Brassica juncea L.), an invasive weed of winter crops in Brazil, was evaluated for glucosinolate content of its plant tissues and nematicidal activity of its dry leaf meal (LM), whole seed meal (WSM) and hexane defatted seed meal (DSM) against Meloidogyne incognita on tomato plants. Sinigrin was the major glucosinolate in LM, WSM and DSM, occurring at concentration of 0.11, 12.2 and 21.9 mg/gdw, respectively. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) was the major degradation product and its concentration was highest in DSM followed by WSM and LM. The number of galls, egg masses and eggs on tomato plants was reduced by over 90% by amending soil with 1.6% LM, 0.2% WSM, or 0.05% DSM. Exposure to the volatiles from the amended soils reduced egg eclosion. The soil amendment with LM, WSM and DSM killed the second stage juveniles of M. javanica, M. enterolobii (=M. mayaguensis) and Heterodera glycines. The efficacy of the LM, WSM and DSM for nematode suppression was related to the amount of AITC released in soil. Keywords Allelochemicals . Isothiocyanate . Glucosinolate . Brassica juncea . Mustard meal . Rootknot nematode . Sinapis arvensis Czern. (Jham et al. 2009). Most plant species of Brassicaceae family contain glucosinolates (GLNs), Plant Soil (2011) 341:155-164
Nematicidal potential of Brassicaceae
Phytochemistry Reviews, 2013
Brassicaceae Burnett (syn. Cruciferae A. L. de Jussieu) include many important economic plants used as edibile or ornamental. They are commonly known as the ''mustard'' plant family due to the sharp, potent flavour of their main metabolites, the glucosinolates (GLSs) which contain sulfur. Glucosinolates coexist in vivo with glycosylated thioglucosidases, myrosinase(s), responsible of their hydrolysis with the production of bioactive cognate isothiocyanates (ITC). GLSs and ITCs function as defence bioactive metabolites against plant pathogens, insects and herbivores. The present review paper focus on GLSs role as bionematicides. The current knowledge on the efficacy of these phytochemicals against the most common phytoparasitic nematodes affecting crops of agriculture importance such as tomato, potato and grapevine is reported. Data from our ongoing research on the in vitro biocidal activity of glucosinolate extracts, and their main components, against the virus-vector nematode Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen and the carrot cyst nematode Heterodera carotae Jones are also described. Keywords Brassicaceae Á Glucosinolates Á Isothiocyanates Á Nematodes Á Globodera rostochiensis Á Meloidogyne incognita Á Xiphinema index Á Heterodera carotae Á Pratylenchus penetrans
Scientia Horticulturae, 2002
Plants of the family Brassicaceae are receiving increased attention within the policy of reducing pesticides towards a more friendly agricultural system. The effect of these plants has been attributed to glucosinolates and to their hydrolysis derivatives, particularly the isothiocyanates. Potatoes, the largest cultivated horticultural crop, is susceptible to the nematode Globodera rostochiensis which is controlled by the use of synthetic compounds, with subsequent environmental impact. The search for alternative control methods prompted this study in which is reported the effect of several concentrations (0.05, 0.3 and 1.0 mg/ml) of 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate on the mortality of juveniles of G. rostochiensis. The study was conducted over a period of 72 h with evaluations at every 8 h. The results showed no effect with the pure glucosinolate, whilst a 100% mortality occurred within 8 h for 2-phenylethyl glucosinolate (1 mg/ml) with added myrosinase (25%).
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004
The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitw. is responsible for large yield losses in several horticultural crops. Fumigation with chemicals has been efficient in fighting this soil pest, but it clearly shows a negative environmental impact. Thus, it is necessary to find an environmentally friendly alternative to control this nematode and meet the requirements imposed by world regulation to ban some chemical fumigants in the world after 2005. The glucosinolatemyrosinase system, typical of the Brassicaceae family, appears to be an important natural alternative for the control of several soilborne pests and pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the biocidal activity of 11 glucosinolates and their degradation products on second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode M. incognita expressed by the nematicidal (LD 50) and immobilization effects, after 24 and 48 h. None of the intact glucosinolates had any biological effect. After myrosinase addition, their hydrolysis products (essentially isothiocyanates) resulted in highly different biocidal activities. Among the hydrolysis products of the tested glucosinolates, 2-phenylethyl, benzyl, 4-methylthiobutyl, and prop-2-enyl isothiocyanate showed the stronger activity, with an LD 50 at concentrations of 11, 15, 21, and 34 µM, respectively. On the basis of the in vitro test results, new genotypes of Brassicaceae had been selected for high content in the roots of the glucosinolates generating the more active isothiocyanates and their agronomic performances verified in view of a full-field application as catch crop plants. With this aim, the qualitative and quantitative glucosinolate contents in the roots of these potentially nematicidal plants are also reported and discussed.
Efficacy of Brassica Tissue and Chalim TM on Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes
2013
Nematodes, as parasite, contributes to a high loses in crops. Brassica species produce general biocides called glucosinol ates which are nematocidal. Chalim TM (Calcium hypochlorite) is a chemical biofumigant. The study was carried out in three seasons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Brassica tissue and Chalim TM in the management of root knot nematodes. The effect on plant parasitic nematode ( PPN) populations was determined in the 24 plots upo n soil sampling. Data was then taken and analyzed for various parameters. The results showed that nematode loads reduce d significantly using Chalim TM 303.75 g and Brassica extract 5292 g compared to the control. The findin gs revealed that the population of plant parasitic nematode varied significantly (P 0.05) in RKN, Filenchus and Tylenchulus species. Brassica tissue improved moisture content and reduced PPN population at higher rates of applicati on.
Distilled water and acetone extracts from roots of Brassica kaber were tested in vitro as nematicides on J2 and J3 stage of nematodes recovered from soils from a field where barley and fava bean were growing. No effect on nematode motility was noted for up to 48 h. When carbofuran was added nematodes were rapidly (12 h or less) immobilized. Allyl, benzyl and phenylethyl isothiocyanates dissolved in acetone also showed strong nematicidal activity between 30-120 min, depending on concentration. Natural and sterile soil containing a known number of nematodes were used in bioassays to test the nematicidal properties of the extracts and volatiles from pure isothiocyanates. After exposure, a high number of nematodes became inactive in both natural and sterile soil, but numbers were greater in natural soil. The effect of root extracts was enhanced by carbofuran extract.