The fortress of Bačvice and the war of Candia. Project, motivations and implications, in M. Rimac (edited by), Dalmatia and the creatan war. On the 350th anniversary end of the Creatan War (1669-2019), International Scientific Conference, Book of abstracts, Split 26th-27th September 2019. (original) (raw)
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Dalmatia and the Candian War, Commemorating 350 years since the end of the War (1669-2019)
Željana Parčina - Rešić, Vjeran Kursar, Marko Rimac, Marco Romio, Nikša Varezić, Francesco Cerea, Elma Koric, Lovre Lucic, Özgür Kolçak, Josip Pavic, Ayşe Nükhet & Nuri Adiyeke, Filip Novosel, Federico Bulfone Gransinigh, Duje Jerkovic, Roberto Vaccher, Katerina B. Korrè, Domagoj Madunic, Aleksandar Jakovljevic, Marija Andric
Nukhet ADIYEKE Crete in the Ottoman Administration Before The Population Exchange.pdf
Associate Professor A. Nükhet ADIYEKE With the beginning of the Crete Occupation in 1645 the two large centers of the island Chania and Rethymno befell under Ottoman rule. Yet, the Ottoman rule over Candia would only take place in the autumn of the year 1669. Ottoman soldiers fought with Venetians in Crete for over twenty-five years. The Turks completed their efforts of Ottoman Sovereignty over Crete in 1669 with the take-over of Candia. However, the establishment of Ottoman Sovereignty began much early in line with the capturing of Rethymno and Chania 1 . The Island of Crete, from the first moment, was organized with a different method and was established with a unique structure.
To the most Illustrious and Excellent noble, known for every honor and worthy of every praise, Sir Antonio Bernardo Governor General in Dalmatia and Albania, bow and warmest salutations. After the fortunate victory of Your Excellency, who has, accompanied by his potent army, come to (aid) the noble City [Kotor], where Your valorous prudence has made Your enemies retreat shamefully, with furled banners, and shame on their faces, whom the Lord, Holy Virgin and the glorious St. Trifun had not permitted the fulfillment of their desires, … This is the excerpt from the letter received by the Venetian governor-general in Dalmatia, Antonio Bernardo in September 1657, after the end of two month long unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Venetian town of Kotor. Bernardo personally supervised defense and this is one of the typical letters, written in flowery baroque style that congratulate him on victory. However, what makes this letter interesting is the fact that it was written by Ali-paša Čengić, sandjak bey of Hercegovina, one of the two commanders that were in charge of the besieging force. Moreover, the commander that did practically everything that was in his power, short of attacking the forces of other sandjak bey, to undermine the success of this siege: from sabotage of artillery to the reveling the plans of attacks to the defenders. The goal of this paper is to attempt to shed some light on the events that led one Ottoman sandjak bey to put himself so openly in the Venetian service. By doing so this paper also aims to address one more general issues. That is: the relationship between the periphery and center, or more concretely between the local elites and the central government in the time of prolonged warfare.
2010
The Greek Revolution of 1821 constituted a crucial step towards the establishment of the Modern Greek State in 1830. The revolutionary upheaval, which extended to the island of Crete in 1821 and dominated the Cretan domestic affairs till 1828, did not produce the much desired by the Christians secession of Crete and its incorporation into the Greek State. However, the prolonged revolution of 1821 resulted in radical socio-economic transformations. Perhaps the most indicative of the aforementioned transformations consisted of the remodeling of the population along the following axes: 1) the radical decrease of the population and the eventual numerical superiority of the Christian over the Muslim population that upset the pre-1821 numerical balance, and 2) the decline of the Muslim landed aristocracy in the countryside and the subsequent decrease of its political and economic power. The revolution-induced transformations accentuated between 1830 and 1840 when the Sultan ceded the island to the Egypt regent Mohammed Ali in recompense for his assistance in quelling the Greek revolution. Thus, on most of the island, large estates were partitioned, and smaller (mainly Christian) properties became the norm. Moreover, it was during this period that the bases were laid for the economic development of the island, the tanzimat political transformations that followed the return of the island to the Sultan in 1840 and finally the dominance of the Christians over the Muslims. The final result of the long-term procedures set forth by the Greek Revolution of 1821 was the achievement of autonomy in 1898 and eventually the incorporation of Crete into the Greek State in 1913.
The study gives an insight into the histor ical and economic geography of the Southeast Peloponnese frorm the mid-fifteenth century until the morrow of the second Ottoma ill conquest in 1715. It necessa rily covers also the period of Venetialll rule, whiciL was the intermezzo between the first and second perio.ds of Ottoman rule. By utilizing the data of an Ottoman archivrul material, I try to compose, as far as possible, the picture ())f that part of the Peloponnese occupied by Mount Pamon, which begins to t he south of the District of Mantineia, extends througlhout the D:istrict of Kynouria (in the Prefecture of Arcadia) , includes the east poart of the District of Lacedaimon and the entire District of Epidavros Limira . Or. Evangelia Balta,
2018
The paper is a preliminary study of the register Tapu Tahrir 798 located in the Ottoman Archives (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi) in Istanbul. In 1669 it surveys the newly conquered town of Candia (Crete) in great detail, from quarter to quarter and from building to building. The register provides rich information for the Venetian Candia, since it includes the public buildings of the town that passed to the Ottomans, as well as the names of the previous owners of the town dwellings, who had evacuated the town after its surrender, and the names of the current owners. Thus, this source provides us with the tools to study the spatial transformation of the town during the transition from the Venetian to the Ottoman rule, the settlement patterns of the religious and social groups, and the social use of space.
2016
In the course charted by Late Ottoman Crete after 1840, the year 1889 marks a key point, as radical change to the institutional context created by the Halepa Pact from November 1878 threatened the powerful political and social status of Christians, which had consolidated over the eleven years from 1879 to 1889. Under the weight of the economic and fiscal crisis from 1889-1895, a strong anti-Ottoman consciousness formed in the greater part of the Cretan population, playing a decisive role in Crete’s route to secession from the Ottoman Empire. This study draws on British consular reports, the limited –due to ban- and censored local press (Mesogeios and Herakleion newspapers), and Kriti, the official gazette containing decisions and decrees by institutions on the island and at the Porte, as well as the proceedings of the General Assembly meetings at the 1895 and 1896 sessions.