Mechanical and structural characteristics of cement mortars blended with locust bean pod ash (original) (raw)
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Path of Science
An increase in the generation of biogenic wastes such as locust bean pods and eggshells coupled with the need to drive sustainability in the cement industry has led the use of these wastes as cement replacement materials. The paper aims to investigate the effect of locust bean pod ash (LBPA) and eggshell ash (ESA) on the mortar compressive and flexural strength of ternary cement blends. The LBPA was obtained by calcining locust bean pod (LBP) at various temperatures of 800-900 °C and time of 60-120 minutes at an interval of 50 °C and 30 minutes respectively to determine the optimal conditions. The chemical composition of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), LBPA and ESA were obtained via X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometer and LBPA chemical composition did not satisfy one of the requirements specified by ASTM C618-01 (2001) with SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 +Fe 2 O 3 of 30.42 wt. % which is less than 50 wt. %, but satisfies SO 3 content requirement of 0.7 wt. % and Loss on Ignition (LOI) of 7.12 wt. % and contains 19.42 wt. % CaO which is within the range of 10-30 wt. % CaO is class C pozzolan. The compressive strength of blended cement mortars at the early age of 2 and 7 days produced better strengths for cement blends with higher ESA content than LBPA especially at LBPA/LBPA-ESA ratio of 0, 0.4 and 0.6 for 2.5 wt. % cement replacement respectively. The early strength gain could be attributed to the provision of more nucleation sites by ESA inclusion which results in the acceleration of cement hydration rate. On the other hand, the enhanced strengths at 28 days of cement blended with various replacement from 2.5-10 wt. % could be attributed to the pozzolanic reaction between the available lime and reactive silica from LBPA despite clinker diminution which was close to control. Another reason for enhanced strength' could be attributed to the increased potassium content by an increase in LBPA content resulting in a gradual strength gain (retarder) muscovite formation K 2 Al 2 Si 6 Al 4 O 20 (OH) 4. All cement blends experienced an increase in the mortar compressive and flexural strengths as the curing day progressed with some blends producing enhanced strength compared to control especially with 1.5 ESA1LBPA produced the best strength at 50.15 (6.82) N/mm 2 against 48.80 (6.80) N/mm 2. This enhanced strength could be related to the pozzolanic activity and the high potassium content from LBPA despite clinker diminution, especially at 28 days.
Properties of Concrete and Mortar Containing Locust Bean Pod Ash as Cement Replacement: A Review
Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2023
Global infrastructural development is one of the causes of environmental degradation resulting from the high usage of cement and other nonrenewable materials. These activities have led to a shift in research in the building industry towards the employment of abundant natural raw materials. Locust bean pod (LBP) is a waste product gotten from the harvest of African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa). Existing literatures have shown the immense potentials of using locust bean pod ash (LBPA) as a substitute for cement in cement-based products, thus drawing research attention on the subject. This paper presents a conspectus of previous researches on the use of LBPA for concrete and mortar production. Consequently, the effects of LBPA on slump, compressive, flexural, tensile strength as well as some durability properties are discussed. It was concluded that LBPA is pozzolanic and can be satisfactorily utilized as a supplementary cementing material (SCM) to enhance concrete properties with an optimum replacement range of 5 to 15%. The study highlights areas of further research and recommends the adoption of this emerging innovation as a result of its established performance and its potentials for sustainable concrete manufacture.
On the Utilization of Pozzolanic Wastes as an Alternative Resource of Cement
Materials, 2014
Recently, as a supplement of cement, the utilization of pozzolanic materials in cement and concrete manufacturing has increased significantly. This study investigates the scope to use pozzolanic wastes (slag, palm oil fuel ash and rice husk ash) as an alkali activated binder (AAB) that can be used as an alternative to cement. To activate these materials, sodium hydroxide solution was used at 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 molar concentration added into the mortar, separately. The required solution was used to maintain the flow of mortar at 110% ± 5%. The consistency and setting time of the AAB-paste were determined. Mortar was tested for its flow, compressive strength, porosity, water absorption and thermal resistance (heating at 700 °C) and investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results reveal that AAB-mortar exhibits less flow than that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Surprisingly, AAB-mortars (with 2.5 molar solution) achieved a compressive strength of 34.3 MPa at 28 days, while OPC shows that of 43.9 MPa under the same conditions. Although water absorption and porosity of the AAB-mortar are slightly
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2017
Pozzolans have been discovered recently to be of various benefits to the construction industries and various researches are on the high gear to further discover, proof and established their suitability as substitute to cement. This research work has therefore work on the effectiveness of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) and locust beans pod ash (LPBA) as pozzolans with reference to crystal and microstructure of its hydrated paste. Ordinary Portland cement was partially replaced with BLA and LPBA at different percentages, concrete pastes were made and cured at 7 and 28 days for the tests. The research work has been carried out using compressive strength test, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, X-ray diffraction analysis as well as scanning electron microscopy to discover, present and analyze the quality and quantity of composition and hydration behavior of the different paste. The tests established BLA and LBPA as capable of successfully replacing cement in concrete production with added advantages in the properties of such concrete in term of mineral composition and microstructure interlocking. © JASEM
Performance of Pozzolanic Concrete Using Different Mineral Admixtures
Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2016
Concrete is probably the most extensively used construction material in the world. However, environmental concerns regarding rapid consumption of natural resources and CO2 emission during cement manufacturing process have brought pressure to reduce cement consumption by the use of cement replacement materials (CRMs). The utilization of calcined clay (metakaolin) and silica fume in concrete has received considerable attention in recent years. Brick powder has not got much popularity with respect to strength enhancement but it is effective to reduce drying shrinkage. The following study has been focused to determine the performance of locally available metakaolin, silica fume and brick powder as CRMs in concrete. This study focuses on compressive strength, drying shrinkage and sulfate attack properties of the concrete. Concrete cubes were used for compressive strength determination and mortar prisms for determination of drying-shrinkage and sulfate attack. 5%, 10% and 15% replacement ...
World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences, 2023
The possibility of using Plantain Peel Ash (PPA) as a cementitious or filler material in partial replacement of cement for mortar and concrete was investigated in this research work. Plantain peels were collected in Idah in Kogi state and carbonated in the open air to reduce the carbon content after which it was calcined in a muffled furnace at 600 o C for 3 hours. Samples were taken for oxide composition using XRF analysis. Ordinary Portland cement was partially replaced with PPA at 0, 5, 15, 20 and 25% replacement levels and the OPC-PPA mix used as binder material to produce mortar cubes at 0.5% Water to binder ratio and binder-aggregates ratio of 1:6, which were cured for 7, 14 and 28 days respectively and tested for compressive strength. Durability of the PPA blended mortar was evaluated using water absorption, Sorptivity and apparent porosity tests. The result shows that while specific gravity decreased with increasing percentage replacement from 3.1 to 1.2 for 0 to 25% PPA replacement respectively, standard consistency and setting times increased with increasing percentage replacement. The oxide composition of PPA gives a combined SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 of 22.44%, which is less than the 50% required for pozzolanas. The compressive strength at 7, 14 and 28 days curing all increased with curing age but decreased as the percentage of ash increases, with only the mortar with 0% ash meeting the strength requirement for a class M mortar; and while the sorptivity increases with curing age and percentage replacement, water absorption and apparent porosity decreases with age but increases with percentage replacement. However, PPA blended mortars showed higher performance in acidic curing environment as compared to normal OPC mortars. It can be concluded on the basis of this research that while PPA does not meet the requirement of ASTM C618 for pozzolanas, it can be used as a filler material in concrete and mortar at up to 10% replacement of OPC to increase concrete durability when in acidic environment.
IRJET, 2022
The high cost of building materials such as cement has been a source of concern to stakeholders in the building industry. One way of bringing down the cost of concrete is to source for alternative materials for its production. Saw dust and Banana leaves are agricultural waste produced after being processed for human consumption. These agricultural wastes are largely discarded, thus causing pollution to the environment. Incorporating these wastes in concrete could be an effective way of recycling them. Thus, this paper investigate the effect of partial replacement of Limestone Portland cement with Saw dust ash (SDA) and Banana leaves ash (BLA) at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% by weight in concrete production. The SDA and BLA were obtained by calcinations of saw dust and banana leaves into ash using open burning method. Chemical composition and specific gravity test were carried out on the SDA and BLA. A total of 72 concrete cubes were casted and cured up to 28days. The SDA and BLA concrete were subjected to slump, density and compressive strength test. From the test results, the BLA paste has a slow reaction rate, high specific gravity compared to SDA. The best 28days compressive strength of the cement-SDA Concrete was examined at 2.5% with a value of 23.41 N/mm 2 an approximate 98.9% of the strength of control sample. The best 28days compressive strength of the cement-BLA Concrete was also examined at 2.5% with a value 22.81 N/mm 2 an approximate 94.6% of the strength of the control sample. Thus, both SDA and BLA concrete have lower compressive strength compared to the control sample at all corresponding curing ages. It can be concluded that the SDA and BLA can be classified as a good pozzolan but requires ample time to chemically react and bond with other constituent materials of the concrete to achieve a significant structural strength.
Pozzolanic Characteristics of a Natural Raw Material for Use in Blended Cements
2009
In this study, the potential use of a natural raw material in the manufacture of blended cements was investigated. Mineralogical, petrographic and chemical analyses of the samples showed that the natural raw material was a porphyritic volcanic rock close to trachyandesite composition with a SiO 2 +Al 2 O 3 +Fe 2 O 3 content of 79.86%. Further experiments were also designed to determine the physical properties and pozzolanic activity of the raw material. The mortar samples, made with a binder of ground trachyandesite and lime, developed compressive and flexural strengths of 2.5 and 3.3 times respectively higher than those required for a natural pozzolan. Further tests revealed that when the ground trachyandesite replaced 30% w/w of Portland cement, the blended cements produced had the desired physical and chemical characteristics with compressive strengths higher than 32.9 N/mm 2 . These findings suggest that this material can be used in the production of blended cements.
Epistemics in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 7, No.2, 2017, 558-566, 2017
The production of cement, one of the major binders in the construction industry has adverse effect on the environment, contributes to global warming, and leads to depletion of limestone. On the other hand, burning of Brewer dry grain (BDG) in the open pollutes the atmosphere with attendant health consequences. To overcome the adverse effect associated with cement production and the burning of waste material, the use Brewer dry grain ash (BDGA) as partial replacement of cement in concrete production was investigated. Cement was partially replaced with BDGA at 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % in concrete. A water-cement ratio and mix ratio of 0.61 and 1:1.5:3.2 was adopted. Chemical analysis test on the ash sample was carried out in accordance with ASTM C618 (1999). The consistency, initial and final setting time test was carried out in accordance with BS EN 196-3 (1994). Eighty-five cubes of the size of 150 ×150×150 mm were cast and tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days curing. The test was carried out in accordance with BS EN 12390-1(2000). For tensile strength test, twenty-five specimens of size 100 × 100 × 200 mm were cast and tested after 28 days curing. This test was carried out in accordance with ASTM C 496-11. BDGA had a silica content of 74%, which was above the minimum of 50 % specified in ASTM C618 (1999) for any material to be classified as a pozzolan. An increase in setting time was observed with BDGA addition. A maximum compressive strength of 36.4 MPa was attained at 10 % cement replacement with BDGA ash, and the result obtained was higher than the strength of plain concrete by 25.6 %. For tensile strength, a maximum compressive strength of 3.03 was obtained at 10% replacement. This was higher than the strength of plain concrete by 13.5 %.
Heliyon
The aim of this study was to investigate the pozzolanic effect (PE) and filler effect (FE) of rice husk ash (RHA) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of brick aggregate concrete (BAC). For this, concrete cylinders (100 mm  200 mm) were prepared with 0-25% RHA with water-to-binder ratios of 0.50 at a constant mix-ratio of 1:1.5:3 and cured in water. Test results revealed that the mean particle size of RHA decreases with increasing grinding time. The compressive strength (f ' c) of BAC due to filler effect are 58.56-94.62% less compared to the pozzolanic effect of RHA for the 10%-25% replacement of cement. Meanwhile, the 15% RHA showed the maximum f ' c of BAC due to pozzolanic effect of RHA. The tensile strength (f sp) and flexural strength (f r) of BAC due to pozzolanic effect are 60%-150% and 25%-150% higher than that of filler effect of RHA for the 10%-25% replacement of cement respectively. The modulus of elasticity (E c) and Poisson's ratio ðν) of BAC due to pozzolanic effect are 2%-29% and 27%-43% greater than that of filler effect of RHA for the 10%-25% replacement of cement respectively. BAC with 10-20% RHA shows a dense and homogeneous microstructure. Therefore, inclusion of RHA as a partial replacement of cement possesses a significant pozzolanic effect than the filler effect on the mechanical properties and microstructure of BAC.