Basalt rock as an alternative raw material in Portland cement manufacture (original) (raw)
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The Effect of Addition Basalt Stone and Coal as Substitution Material for Producing Cement Clinker
Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 2021
National infrastructure development in Indonesia requires supporting materials, one of which is cement. This increases cement clinker production. The composition of limestone as the main raw material required in the manufacture of clinker is 81%. Basalt is used as an alternative raw material because it contains SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with a total of >70%. It meets the chemical requirements of ASTM C618 as a substitute material for cement making. This study aims to determine the effect of adding 10% basalt rock and coal variations as a limestone substitution in cement clinker manufacture. Coal is obtained from the Tanggamus district with the variations used, namely 5, 10, 15, and 20% outside the total mass. Raw materials such as limestone, silica stone, clay, basalt stone, coal, and iron sand are ground with a ball mill and formed into pellets followed by burning at sintering temperatures of 1100, 1200, and 1300 oC with a holding time of 2 h. The clinker was analyzed using XRF (X-...
Basalt as Pozzolana and Filler in Ordinary Portland Cement
American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2015
Pozzolana is defined as a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials which in itself possess little or no cementing properties, but will in a finally divided form and in the presence of moisture react with Ca(OH) 2 at ordinary temperature to form compound possessing cementious properties. Pozzolanic cement contains Portland cement as one of their main components in addition to natural or industrial by products. These include slag, fly ash, homra, silica fumes, rice husk ash, etc. The aim of the present investigation is to study the effect of fresh basalt on the properties of ordinary Portland cement pastes. The rate of hydration was studied from the determination of free lime, combined water and insoluble residue up to 90 days of hydration. The physicomechanical properties such as bulk density, apparent porosity and compressive strength of the hardened cement pastes were determined. The results revealed that the water of consistency increases with the basalt content whereas the setting time was slightly elongated. On the other side, the combined water increases with the basalt content and curing time. This is mainly due to the effect of nucleating of basalt as filler. The addition of 20 wt% basalt gives the higher compressive strength of the cement pastes in comparison to OPC and cement pastes containing 5, 10 and 15 wt% basalt at all curing times.
Delta Journal of Science, 2021
Mid-Tertiary volcanism in the Western Desert Egypt was associated with the opening of the Red Sea, a period of 30 Ma. Basalts are composed of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine minerals. Basalt used as natural volcanic pozzolans materials; represent large interest of researches as a real alternative to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The present work was performed on six samples of experimental cement clinker, one with ordinary raw materials (limestone & shale) as a reference sample, and five others with various substance (limestone & basalts), which show the possibility of the utilization of natural pozzolan for maintainable construction material. The chemical, mineralogical composition and texture produced clinkers were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). It is concluded that the produced clinkers which made from basalt are coincidence ordinary Portland cement clinker. They are characterized by increasing in setting time, compressive strength and resistance to sulfate attack.
Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 2022
resumo: Portland cement remains the main material of choice in construction due to its thermal, mechanical and durability properties. However, there is growing concern about the large amount of energy consumed and the environmental pollution generated during its production. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the potential of the fine residual material produced by crushing basalt rocks to form a supplementary cementitious matrix through alkaline activation. Basalt powder with a particle size of less than 53µm was prepared and activated with a sodium hydroxide solution, with a sodium silicate solution as an adjuvant. The curing process of the material was also carried out at 5 temperature levels, 75, 85, 100, 115, 125°C, according to the experimental design. The paste was dry curing at a standard digital laboratory oven for 24 hours. After curing, the compressive strength of the material was evaluated, reaching a mean value of 10.21 MPa for the H5S15T125 mixture a...
Effect of basalt powder addition on properties of mortar
MATEC Web of Conferences
The study evaluates the use of waste basalt powder as a replacement of cement to enhance hydration of cement and mortar properties. The basalt powder is a waste resulting from preparation of aggregate used in asphalt mixture production. Previous studies have shown that analysed waste used as a fine aggregate replacement has a beneficial effect on some properties of mortar and concrete, i.e. compressive strength, flexural strength and freeze resistance. The present study shows the results of the research concerning the modification of cement paste and mortar with basalt powder. The modification consists in adding the powder waste as a partial replacement of cement. The percentages of basalt powder in this research are 0-40% and 0-20% by mass of cement in the pastes and mortars respectively. The experiments were carried out to determine the influence of basalt powder on cement hydration, as well as compressive and flexural strength. Results indicate that addition of basalt powder as a...
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018
Domestic cement demand is increasing in line with the increase of development of property sector and construction sector. Cement is one of the important components in making a permanent building. The function of cement in a construction is as an adhesive material that affects the strength of a building. The process of making cement is divided into two groups, namely hydraulic cement and non-hydraulic cement. Hydraulic cement consists of Portland type cement and PCC type cement, PPC cement and slag cement. The type of PCC cement (Portland Composite Cement) is produced from grinding clinker with gypsum with the addition of third raw material. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of cement quality improvement with substitution of basalt scoria stone raw material as much as 0-10% as the third raw material. The source of basalt scoria stone originated from Lampung Timur, Indonesia. The fineness test showed cement fineness was 2983-3665 cm2/gr with minimum SNI standard 2800 ...
Nexo Revista Científica
This research was conducted to determine the effect of temperature on the chemical content and crystal structure of the cement clinker with 10% substitution of basalt on the mass of limestone. The cement clinker is made from the composition of limestone, basalt stone, clay, silica stone and iron sand. Basalt stone used came from the East Lampung area. The basalt stone has fulfilled ASTM C618 standard with a total compound of SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 of 79.2%. The raw material was then mixed, milled, formed into pellets with a size of 0.8 - 1.4 cm and continued with combustion at calcination temperatures of 1000 ℃, 1100 ℃ and 1200 with a holding time of 2 hours. Based on the results of the XRF test (X-Ray Fluorecence) of the three cement clinker samples with variations in temperature used, the sample is closer to the standard at a temperature of 1000 ℃. For the XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) test results, the three samples have tetragonal, monoclinic, rhombohedral, and orthorhombic crystal stru...
The use of selected secondary materials for improving the reactivity of cement raw mix, is a challenging subject. It is known that certain foreign elements exert a considerable effect on the cement raw mix burnability and clinker structure, even at low concentration. This work is part of a project on the use of selected minerals as a source of elements having a positive effect on the burnability of cement raw mix. The minerals, iron rich wolframite, stibnite and a wolframitestibnite assemblage, were selected in order to introduce W, Sb and S in the cement raw mix. One reference and twelve modified mixtures, prepared by mixing the reference sample with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 % w/w of the above minerals, were studied. Their effect on the burnability is discussed in Part I. The subject of this paper is their effect on the structure of the produced clinker. The XRD studies, performed in samples that were burned at 1450 o C, showed that the diffraction patterns correspond to a structure of a typical clinker, obtained at the above temperatures. In addition, samples sintered at lower temperature (1200-1400 o C) were examined in order to investigate the effect of the additives on the intermediate products. It is concluded that the added compounds affect mainly the structure of calcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite phases, due to their dissolution in the melt formed during the sintering. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used in order to examine the structure of the clinker and the distribution of the foreign elements in its main phases. It is shown that W and Sb are mainly concentrated in the solidified melt. In addition, bigger and more roundish alite crystals are found in these samples. These modifications are attributed to the effect of the added elements on the properties of the melt.
Basalt mine-tailings as raw-materials for Portland clinker
Cerâmica, 2010
Resulting pellets, known as clinker, are then milled with gypsum (CaSO 4 .5H 2 O) to form the Portland cement. Basalt is widely used as an aggregate for concrete, particularly in regions where quartz-feldspathic rocks are not available, and represents ca. 5% of the market for aggregates in Brazil [4]. Basalt quarries for aggregate production generate two types of large-scale residues: (a) quarry fines produced