Profile of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases in Punjab, Northern India: Results of a State-Wide STEPS Survey (original) (raw)
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2018
BackgroundRecent studies have documented high variation in epidemiologic transition levels among Indian states with noncommunicable disease epidemic rising swiftly. However, the estimates suffer from non-availability of reliable data for NCDs from sub populations. In order to fill the knowledge gap, the distribution and determinants of NCD risk factors were studied along with awareness, treatment and control of NCDs among the adult population in Haryana, India.MethodsNCD risk factors survey was conducted among 5078 residents, aged 18-69 years during 2016-17. Behavioural risk factors were assessed using STEPS instrument, administered through an android software (mSTEPS). This was followed by physical measurements using standard protocols. Finally, biological risk factors were determined through the analysis of serum and urine samples.ResultsMales were found to be consuming tobacco and alcohol at higher rates of 38.9% (95% CI: 35.3-42.4) and 18.8% (95% CI: 15.8-21.8). One-tenth (11%) ...
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2018
Previous studies have reported the prevalence of common NCD risk factors in Pakistan. According to the NHSP, tobacco consumption was 34% in men and 12.5% in women, 24% and 14% of the urban and rural populations, respectively, were overweight, and 17.9% of the rural population had hypertension (6). A recent study in Karachi showed that 53% of the population had abdominal obesity and 45% were tobacco users (7). It is estimated that by 2025, 3.87 million premature deaths caused by NCDs will occur in Pakistan, with serious economic consequences (8). Since the NHSP, no national survey on the prevalence of NCDs and their risk factors has been conducted in Pakistan. The STEPS survey 2013-2014 was conducted to determine the prevalence and magnitude of common NCD risk factors in 2 large provinces of Pakistan-Punjab and Sindh. This paper describes the key finding of this survey and compares the findings with local, regional and international data. Methods Survey instrument The STEPS survey was conducted from November 2013 to April 2014. Data were collected on NCD risk factors using World Health Organization (WHO) STEP 1 and 2 instruments of the standard STEPS methodology (9). The NCD risk factors included in the study were: tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, overweight/obesity and raised blood pressure (10-12). Target population and sample size The target population was all men and women aged 18 years or above living in Punjab and Sindh; this covers Background: Pakistan lacks data on the prevalence of risk factors for common noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of risk factors for NCDs among a population-based sample in Punjab and Sindh provinces, Pakistan. Methods: This study was conducted in 2013-2014. The NCD risk factors examined were: current daily smoking, eating fewer than 5 servings of fruits/vegetable a day, low physical activity, overweight and obesity. A total of 7 710 households were selected and 1 adult was enrolled from each household. Data were collected using the WHO STEPS instrument (Step 1 and 2), and analysed according to the STEPS statistical plan. Results: The prevalence of tobacco use was 19.7%. The majority of the respondents (96.5%) consumed fewer than 5 servings of fruits/vegetables a day, 41.5% had a low level of physical activity, 26.3% were overweight and 14.9% were obese. The prevalence of stage I and stage II hypertension, including those on medication, was 37% and 15.9% respectively. The prevalence of NCD risk factors differed significantly by sex and occupation (P = 0.0001) but not by age group (P = 0.118), level of education (P = 0.668) and province (P = 0.056). Only 0.6% of the sample had none of the 5 NCD risk factors while 40% had 3-5. Conclusion: The high prevalence of NCD risk factors in Punjab and Sindh provinces is of concern. Urgent public health interventions are needed to reduce them, especially in youth and young adults.
International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health
Background: Increasing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) across the globe is largely due to the rise in prevalence of various risk factors. These risk factors are measurable and largely modifiable. Quantifying the present levels of risk factors exposure in a community is helpful in predicting the future risk and driving the public health policy for prevention and control of NCDs. Keeping this in mind, present study was planned to estimate the prevalence of NCDs risk factors in an urban settlement of Bangalore.Methods: A community based cross-sectional survey was done with 600 individuals aged 15-64 years in Hegganahalli locality of Bangalore city from April to October 2017. Systematic random sampling technique was applied to obtain the desired sample size. Information on NCD risk factors was collected by using STEPS questionnaire.Results: Tobacco and alcohol consumption was observed in 27.2% and 11.8% of respondents respectively. Low level of physical activity was recorded ...
A community based study of NCD risk factors among adult population in Dehradun, India
Indian Journal of Community Health, 2016
Background: A Non-Communicable disease (NCD) is one which is non-infectious and non-transmissible among people. NCDs account for leading causes of death and disease burden worldwide. To decrease the burden of NCDs experts stress on the importance of prevention and control with respect to modifiable risk factors. The World Health Organization's World Health Report 2002 identified tobacco use, alcohol consumption, overweight, physical inactivity, high blood pressure and high cholesterol as the most important risk factors for NCDs.(1) Aims & Objectives: 1. To know the prevalence of risk factors leading to NCDs in the study population. 2. To know the socio-demographic correlates associated with risk factors of NCDs. 3. To suggest appropriate recommendations regarding modifiable risk factors of NCDs in study population. Material & Methods: A Cross-sectional study, Community-based study among 18+ population in field practice areas of Community Medicine Department, SGRRIM&HS, Dehradun....
Abstract: Introduction: Non-communicable diseases are undoubtedly one of the most prominent public health challenges faced by the countries worldwide. NCDs are expected to raise exponentially in South east Asian countries and India holds no excuse for it. With continuously ageing population, demographic transition, changing life style pattern, globalization and trade India is in the verge of witnessing NCD epidemic which already accounts for more than 53% of deaths in the country each year. Several NCD prevention programmes have their prime focus on the four modifiable risk factors of NCDs. With the knowledge that Social Determinants Influence the individual’s vulnerability to NCDs we tried to look in to how various social determinants might influence vulnerability to various NCD risk factors. Methodology: The Study basis on the secondary data analysis of India’s Data of WHO SAGE Study Wave 1. The Variables of Interest are selected and the Data is Analysed Using Statistical package for social sciences version 21. Descriptive Statistics, Chi-square tests and Regression models are the statistical tests used for analysing the Data. Results: Total number of 12198 in sample, with 4709 males and 7489 females, mean age 49.97 (SD 16.765) NCD risk factors: 4714 (42%) admitted tobacco use, 1457 (13%) informed alcohol use, 567 (4.6%) of the respondents replied that they do vigorous fitness exercise, whereas 1582 individuals responded that they do moderate physical activity. servings of fruits per day, 4215(38.3%) had 1 serving per day, 1977 (16.2%) had 2 servings per day, 303 (2.8%) had three servings per day; servings of vegetables per day 3028 (27%) had 1 serving per day, 5999 (53.5%) had two servings per day, 1487 (13.3%) had 3 servings per day. Chi-square tests: tobacco use: rural and urban areas X2(3, N= 11226) = 151.0, p < 0.01, Gender X2(3, N=11226) = 2411.6, p < 0.01, Marital Status, X2(15, N= 11226) = 154.43, p < 0.01, Highest education attained, X2 (21, N= 11226) = 144.36, p < 0.01, Social background (caste), X2 (12, N= 11183) = 88.76, P < 0.01, Mother’s education, X2 (21, N= 11226) = 298.50, p < 0.01, Income Quintile, X2(12, N= 11155) = 266.45, p < 0.01. alcohol use: rural and urban areas X2(2, N= 11226) = 32.38, p < 0.01, Gender X2 (2, N= 11226) = 1742.40, p < 0.01, Marital status X2 (10, N= 11226) = 57.78, p < 0.01, Highest education attained X2 (14, N= 11226) = 46.79, p < 0.01, social background (caste) X2 (8, N= 11183) = 391.91, p < 0.01, Mother’s education X2 (14, N= 11226) = 41.23, p < 0.01, Income quintile X2 (8, N= 11155) = 35.03, p < 0.0. Physical activity: rural and urban areas X2 (2, N= 11226) = 30.74, p < 0.01, Gender X2 (2, N= 11226) = 124.59, p < 0.01, Marital status X2 (8, N= 11226) = 143.99, p < 0.01, Highest level of education attained X2 (5, N= 6146) = 61.24, p < 0.01, Social background X2 (8, N= 11183) = 19.24, p < 0.05, Mother’s education X2 (14, N= 11226) = 78.63, p < 0.01, Income quintile X2 (8, N= 11155) = 62.48, p < 0.01. Servings of Fruit (Diet): place of stay (urban/rural) X2 (5, N= 11008) = 485.90, p < 0.01, Gender X2 (5, 11008) = 50.84, p < 0.01, marital status X2 (20, N= 11008) = 101.78, p < 0.01, Highest level of education X2 (25, N = 6025) = 348.76, p < 0.01, Social background (caste) X2 (20, N= 10974) = 615.47, p < 0.01, Mother’s education X2 (35, N= 11008) = 437.99, p < 0.01, Income quintile X2 (20, N= 10937) = 1101.86, p < 0.01. Discussion: Social determinants had a significant influence on the various risk factors for NCDs. It can be seen that the place of residence had a significant effect on tobacco and alcohol use and unlike famous idea that urban areas are more prone to have the issues of alcohol and tobacco it can be seen that individuals of rural areas are more vulnerable to alcohol and tobacco. Further those who belong to ST and SC which are considered as lower social status are more likely to have the issues of Alcohol and tobacco and were less likely to have low physical exercise and lower fruit and vegetable intake. Those in the lower Economic strata had significantly higher usage of tobacco and alcohol whereas their counterparts had higher levels of physical exercise and fruit and vegetable intake. Additionally it can be seen that mother’s education had a significant negative impact on tobacco and alcohol usage and significant positive impact on physical exercise and fruit and vegetable intake. This study reflects the need that focus of NCD prevention programmes needed to be kept on the most vulnerable populations in order to reduce the overall NCD burden in the years to come.
PLOS ONE, 2021
Background The primary objective of National NCD monitoring survey (NNMS) was to generate national-level estimates of key NCD indicators identified in the national NCD monitoring framework. This paper describes survey study protocol and prevalence of risk factors among adults (18–69 years). Materials and methods NNMS was a national level cross-sectional survey conducted during 2017–18. The estimated sample size was 12,000 households from 600 primary sampling units. One adult (18–69 years) per household was selected using the World Health Organization-KISH grid. The study tools were adapted from WHO-STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance, IDSP-NCD risk factor survey and WHO-Global adult tobacco survey. Total of 8/10 indicators of adult NCD risk factors according to national NCD disease monitoring framework was studied. This survey for the first time estimated dietary intake of salt intake of population at a national level from spot urine samples. Results Total of 11139 hou...
2016
Introduction: Non-communicable diseases are undoubtedly one of the most prominent public health challenges faced by the countries worldwide. With the knowledge that Social Determinants Influence the individual’s vulnerability to NCDs we tried to look in to how various social determinants might influence vulnerability to various NCD risk factors. Methodology: The Study basis on the secondary data analysis of India’s Data of WHO SAGE Study Wave 1. The Variables of Interest are selected and the Data is Analyzed Using Statistical package for social sciences version 21. Descriptive Statistics, Chi-square tests and Regression models are the statistical tests used for analysing the Data. Results: Total number of 12198 in sample, with 4709 males and 7489 females, mean age 49.97 (SD 16.765) NCD risk factors: 4714 (42%) admitted tobacco use, 1457 (13%) informed alcohol use, 567 (4.6%) of the respondents replied that they do vigorous fitness exercise, whereas 1582 individuals responded that th...
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) A Global Burden in India: An Overview
International Journal of Social Science Research and Review
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a growing public health concern in India. These diseases have a high health-care demand and are costly, especially in low-resource settings. According to a WHO study, only 50% of chronic disease patients in developed countries follow treatment recommendations. The low compliance of patients with non-communicable diseases to treatment and medical advice is a major therapeutic challenge. The elderly is one of the most vulnerable and high-risk groups in terms of health. Physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, tobacco use, and harmful alcohol use are the main behavioural risk factors for NCDs. The objective of the study is to concentrate on the risk factors that contribute to non-communicable diseases like diabetes, hypertension, etc. and the necessary steps that must be taken before they have a negative effect on our health. Recommendation: A population-based strategy has been developed for the prevention, management, and screening of prevalent Non-Co...
Prevalence of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in a Rural Population of South India
International Journal of Contemporary Medicine, 2014
India is currently experiencing both rapid epidemiological and demographic transition. The reason behind the epidemiological transition is due to rapid industrialisation and urbanization. Currently the number of people with diabetes in India are around 40.9 million and it is expected to rise to 69.9 million by 2025 unless urgent preventive steps are taken. 1 Recent studies from India showed increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in all the regions like 19.5% in Kerala (ADEPS), 15.5% in Chennai (CURES). The major NCDs viz diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) have common risk factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption and low levels of physical activity. These risk factors are high among poor people and poor nations. 3