Prospects of dedicated biodiesel engine vehicles in Malaysia and Indonesia (original) (raw)
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Potential emissions reduction in road transport sector using biofuel in developing countries
Atmospheric Environment, 2010
Use of biofuels as transport fuel has high prospect in developing countries as most of them are facing severe energy insecurity and have strong agricultural sector to support production of biofuels from energy crops. Rapid urbanization and economic growth of developing countries have spurred air pollution especially in road transport sector. The increasing demand of petroleum based fuels and their combustion in internal combustion (IC) engines have adverse effect on air quality, human health and global warming. Air pollution causes respiratory problems, adverse effects on pulmonary function, leading to increased sickness absenteeism and induces high health care service costs, premature birth and even mortality. Production of biofuels promises substantial improvement in air quality through reducing emission from biofuel operated automotives. Some of the developing countries have started biofuel production and utilization as transport fuel in local market. This paper critically reviews the facts and prospects of biofuel production and utilization in developing countries to reduce environmental pollution and petro dependency. Expansion of biofuel industries in developing countries can create more jobs and increase productivity by non-crop marginal lands and wastelands for energy crops plantation.Contribution of India and China in biofuel industry in production and utilization can dramatically change worldwide biofuel market and leap forward in carbon cut as their automotive market is rapidly increasing with a souring proportional rise of GHG emissions. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1352231010005637/1-s2.0-S1352231010005637-main.pdf?\_tid=6c9340aa-a9c7-11e3-83ec-00000aacb360&acdnat=1394616153\_6a27cdffee5da0c9e9b165848419c285 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231010005637
Energy, 2013
Currently, the main crop for biodiesel in Malaysia is palm oil. Recently, Jatropha curcas has drawn the attention of the Malaysian Government. This paper aims to study the feasibility of Jatropha as a potential biodiesel feedstock for Malaysia. Physico-chemical properties of Jatropha biodiesel and its blends with diesel followed by engine performance and emissions characteristics of B10, B20 and B0 were studied. The results show that viscosities of B10 and B20 are closer to diesel. Moreover, only the oxidation stability of B10 and B20 meet the European specifications (EN 590) of 20h. Therefore, only B10 and B20 have been used to evaluate engine performance and emission. Compared to B0, the average reduction in brake power (BP) is 4.67% for B10 and 8.86% for B20. It was observed that brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increases as the percentage of biodiesel increase. Compared to B0, a reduction in hydrocarbon (HC) emission of 3.84% and 10.25% and carbon monoxide (CO) emission of 16% and 25% was reported using B10 and B20. However, the blends give higher nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission of 3% and 6% using B10 and B20. As a conclusion, B10 and B20 can be used in a diesel engine without any modifications. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544213001904 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0360544213001904/1-s2.0-S0360544213001904-main.pdf?\_tid=b3c260a6-a9c6-11e3-b252-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1394615843\_bdfa33dcf101e4a1d86772c44dd6a02e
Effect of coconut biodiesel blended fuels on engine performance and emission characteristics
5th Bangladesh Society of Mechanical Engineers (BSME) International Conference on Thermal Engineering, ICTE 2012, 2013
Alternative fuels have received much attention due to the depletion of world petroleum reserves and increased environmental concerns. Thus processed form of vegetable oil (Biodiesel) offers attractive alternative fuels to compression ignition engines. The present work investigates the engine performance parameters and emissions characteristics for direct injection diesel engine using coconut biodiesel blends without any engine modifications. A total of three fuel samples, such as DF (100% diesel fuel), CB5 (5% coconut biodiesel and 95% DF), and CB15 (15% CB and 85% DF) respectively are used. Engine performance test has been carried out at 100% load, keeping throttle 100% wide open with variable speeds of 1500 to 2400 rpm at an interval of 100 rpm. Whereas, engine emission tests have been carried out at 2200 rpm at 100% and 80% throttle position. As results of investigations, there has been a decrease in torque and brake power, while increase in specific fuel consumption has been observed for biodiesel blended fuels over the entire speed range compared to net diesel fuel. In case of engine exhaust gas emissions, lower HC, CO and, higher CO2 and NOx emissions have been found for biodiesel blended fuels compared to diesel fuel. Moreover, reduction in sound level for both biodiesel blended fuels has been observed when compared to diesel fuel. Therefore, it can be concluded that CB5 and CB15 can be used in diesel engines without any engine modifications and have beneficial effects both in terms of emission reductions and alternative petroleum diesel fuel. © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813005171 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877705813005171/1-s2.0-S1877705813005171-main.pdf?\_tid=5e4b5e2a-a9c6-11e3-bf53-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1394615700\_6f514888acfcd7853ed1f01e69b09a6d
Environmental aspects and challenges of oilseed produced biodiesel in Southeast Asia
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009
Research on alternative fuel for the vehemently growing number of automotivesis intensified due to environmental reasons rather than turmoil in energy price and supply. From the policy and steps to emphasis the use of biofuel by governments all around the world, this can be comprehended that biofuel have placed itself as a number one substitute for fossil fuels. These phenomena made Southeast Asia a prominent exporter of biodiesel. But thrust in biodiesel production from oilseeds of palm and Jatropha curcas in Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand is seriously threatening environmental harmony. This paper focuses on this critical issue of biodiesels environmental impacts, policy, standardization of this region as well as on the emission of biodiesel in automotive uses. To draw a bottom line on feasibilities of different feedstock of biodiesel, a critical analysis on oilseed yield rate, land use, engine emissions and oxidation stability is reviewed. Palm oil based biodiesel is clearly ahead in all these aspects of feasibility, except in the case of NOx where it lags from conventional petro diesel. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032109001245 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032109001245/1-s2.0-S1364032109001245-main.pdf?\_tid=ad00229e-a9c6-11e3-bf53-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1394615832\_58f3515017c820d394368bb82877d895
Impact of palm biodiesel blend on injector deposit formation
Applied Energy, 2013
During short term engine operation, renewable fuels derived from vegetable oils, are capable of providing good engine performance. In more extended operations, some of the same fuels can cause degradation of engine performance, excessive carbon and lacquer deposits and actual damage to the engine. Moreover, temperatures in the area of the injector tip due to advanced diesel injection systems may lead to particularly stubborn deposits at and around the injector tip. In this research, an endurance test was carried out for 250. h on 2 fuel samples; DF (diesel fuel) as baseline and PB20 (20% palm biodiesel and 80% DF) in a single cylinder CI engine. The effects of DF and PB20 on injector nozzle deposits, engine lubricating oil, and fuel economy and exhaust emissions were investigated. According to the results of the investigation, visual inspection showed some deposit accumulation on injectors during running on both fuels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis showed greater carbon deposits on and around the injector tip for PB20 compared to the engine running with DF. Similarly, lubricating oil analysis presented excessive wear metal concentrations, decreased viscosity and increased density values when the engine was fuelled with PB20. Finally, fuel economy and emission results during the endurance test showed higher brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and NO. x emissions, and lower HC and CO emissions, for the PB20 blend compared to DF. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0306261913005436/1-s2.0-S0306261913005436-main.pdf?\_tid=fb44ff2e-a9c6-11e3-a685-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1394615963\_580ff2c2aedd06e719dd211f966e28c1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261913005436
Life cycle cost and sensitivity analysis of palm biodiesel production
Fuel, 2012
Increased biodiesel production is being proposed as one solution to the need to ease the impact of increased demand for crude oil and to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. Despite this, biodiesel has yet to reach its full commercial potential, especially in the developing countries. Besides technical barriers, there are several nontechnical limiting factors which impede the development of biodiesel such as feedstock price, production cost, fossil fuel price and taxation policy. This study assesses these by undertaking a techno-economic and sensitivity analysis of biodiesel production in Malaysia, the second largest producer of crude palm oil feedstock. It was found that the life cycle cost for a 50 ktons palm biodiesel production plant with an operating period of 20 years is 665million,yieldingapaybackperiodof3.52years.Thelargestshareisthefeedstockcostwhichaccountsfor79665 million, yielding a payback period of 3.52 years. The largest share is the feedstock cost which accounts for 79% of total production cost. Sensitivity analysis results indicate that the variation in feedstock price will significantly affect the life cycle cost for biodiesel production. One of the most important findings of this study is that biodiesel price is compatible with diesel fuel when a fiscal incentive and subsidy policy are implemented. For instance, biodiesel price with subsidies of 665million,yieldingapaybackperiodof3.52years.Thelargestshareisthefeedstockcostwhichaccountsfor790.10/l and 0.18/liscompatibleandlowerthanfossildieselpriceatcrudepalmoilpriceof0.18/l is compatible and lower than fossil diesel price at crude palm oil price of 0.18/liscompatibleandlowerthanfossildieselpriceatcrudepalmoilpriceof1.05/kg or below. As a conclusion, further research on technical as well as nontechnical limitations for biodiesel production is needed before biodiesel can be fully utilized. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0016236112002402/1-s2.0-S0016236112002402-main.pdf?\_tid=3c75730c-a9c7-11e3-b0bc-00000aacb360&acdnat=1394616073\_7998332094a7ca048c7ed86d558cf48c http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236112002402
Compatibility of elastomers in palm biodiesel
Renewable Energy, 2010
In recent time, environmental awareness and concern over the rapid exhaustion of fossil fuels have led to an increased popularity of biodiesel as an alternative fuel for automobiles. However, there are concerns over enhanced degradation of automotive materials in biodiesel. The present study aims to investigate the impact of palm biodiesel on the degradation behavior of elastomers such as nitrile rubber (NBR), polychloroprene, and fluoro-viton A. Static immersion tests in B0 (diesel), B10 (10% biodiesel in diesel), B100 (biodiesel) were carried out at room temperature (25 °C) and at 50 °C for 500 h. At the end of immersion test, degradation behavior was investigated by measuring mass, volume, hardness as well as tensile strength and elongation. The exposed elastomer surface was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was carried out to identify the chemical and structural changes. Results showed that the extent of degradation was higher for both polychloroprene and NBR while fluoro-viton exhibited good resistance to degradation and was least attacked. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096014811000128X http://ac.els-cdn.com/S096014811000128X/1-s2.0-S096014811000128X-main.pdf?\_tid=229f4968-a9c6-11e3-a03a-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1394615600\_60de3d773c708b4f16dd93ec7c5e05b5
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011
Biodiesel, derived from the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, is composed of saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acid alkyl esters. In spite of having some application problems, recently it is being considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels in internal combustion engine. From scientific literatures, this paper has collected and analyzed the data on both advantages and disadvantages of biodiesel over conventional diesel. Since the aim of this study is to evaluate the biodiesel feasibility in automobiles, the first section is dedicated to materials compatibility in biodiesel as compared to that in diesel. The highest consensus is related to enhanced corrosion of automotive parts due to its compositional differences. In the subsequent sections, data on performance, emission and engine durability have been analyzed and compared. In this case, the highest consensus is found in reducing emissions as well as in increasing moving parts sticking, injector coking and filter plugging. This paper has also summarized the factors of biodiesel in contributing these technical performances. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110003448 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1364032110003448/1-s2.0-S1364032110003448-main.pdf?\_tid=f75f6c24-a9c5-11e3-b251-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1394615527\_684db9fd3c64f8d8c14da52223233a79
Biodiesel from palmoil - an analysis of its properties and potential
Biomass & Bioenergy, 2002
If the agricultural products market is limited and much of agricultural land is not utilized as is the case in many countries in the world at present, then agriculture should be directed to the production of new alternative products. The land can be used to produce non-food products including biodiesels for the domestic energy market to diminish imports. Much research has been done on biodiesels over the last 20 yr after the oil crisis in 1973. At present, concern about environmental regulations has been the major reason to look for alternative fuel. A significant level in terms of physico-chemical properties of biodiesel has been obtained but there is a lack of full or partial replacement of fossil fuel that needs to be discussed. This paper presents the experimental results carried out to evaluate the effect of anticorrosion additive in biodiesel (from palm oil) on diesel engines, performance, emissions and wear characteristics. This biodiesel is defined as the methyl ester of palm oil also known as palm oil diesel. The results of this investigation will be used to find compatible lubricant for biodiesel engine. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0961953402000855/1-s2.0-S0961953402000855-main.pdf?\_tid=fa202f84-a9c5-11e3-851c-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1394615532\_4fb21be7c3bdb82b67bf37e37030aab2 www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953402000855
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2014
An ever increasing drift of energy consumption, unequal geographical distribution of natural wealth and the quest for low carbon fuel for a cleaner environment are sparking off the production and use of biodiesels in many countries around the globe. In this work, palm biodiesel and jatropha biodiesel were produced from the respective crude vegetable oils through transesterification, and the different physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesels have been presented, and found to be acceptable according to the ASTM standard of biodiesel specification. This paper presents experimental results of the research carried out to evaluate the BSFC, engine power, exhaust and noise emission characteristics of a combined palm and jatropha blend in a single-cylinder diesel engine at different engine speeds ranging from 1400 to 2200 rpm. Though the PBJB5 and PBJB10 biodiesels showed a slightly higher BSFC than diesel fuel, all the measured emission parameters and noise emission were significantly reduced, except for NO emission. CO emissions for PBJB5 and PBJB10 were 9.53% and 20.49% lower than for diesel fuel. By contrast, HC emissions for PBJB5 and PBJB10 were 3.69% and 7.81% lower than for diesel fuel. The sound levels produced by PBJB5 and PBJB10 were also reduced by 2.5% and 5% compared with diesel fuel due to their lubricity and damping characteristics. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S095965261300629X/1-s2.0-S095965261300629X-main.pdf?\_tid=7a5f35f4-a9c7-11e3-a03c-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1394616176\_9f52fe785496fd9396345c1d71773d07 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965261300629X